A summary of junior high school Chinese literature common sense

1, four books: University, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius.

2. Five Classics: Poetry, Book, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Period.

3. Eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan (Tang);

Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, Ceng Gong.

4. Lu Xun: a great writer, thinker and revolutionary, whose original name was Zhou Shuren.

5. The collection of novels "Scream", "Hometown", "Kong Yiji" and "Social Drama"; Prose Collection Flowers in the Morning: Mr. Fujino

From Herb Garden to San Tan Yin Yue, A Chang and Shan Hai Jing; Collection of Prose Poems "Weeds: Snow and Kites"

A brief introduction to the fifth masterpiece

The first chapter is being sorted out

The seventh-ninth grade masterpieces are summarized.

First, the junior high school must read the famous literature catalogue (18)

Education of love

Author De Amicus country Italy

The main character is Enrico: he loves his motherland, his teachers, his parents and his friends. Enterprising, kind and sincere. Love the people and sympathize with all their misfortunes and pains.

The main plot records what he saw and heard in school, family and society within one year.

Writing features sincere and touching feelings, smooth and beautiful writing, simple and fresh writing.

The commentary expressed sincere love for the motherland, parents, teachers and friends through Enrico's diary. It shapes people with love and guides us to keep an enterprising, kind and sincere heart forever.

Stars and springs

The author Bing Xin (formerly known as Xie Wanying) does not have the personality of the main characters in China.

The main plot praises maternal love and innocence, worships and praises nature, and thinks and feels about life.

The style of writing is concise and the feelings are sincere and profound; The language is fresh and elegant, giving people endless aftertaste and enlightenment.

Comments express inner feelings and thoughts in a few sentences, which are short and meaningful; The language is fresh and elegant, crystal-clear and beautiful, clear and smooth, and has unique artistic charm.

Aesop's Fables

The main characters in ancient Greece in Aesop's fables have no personality.

The main plot alludes to the social reality at that time and shows the life experience and wisdom of the working people.

Writing close-ups satirizes human shortcomings through animal images.

Comments originate from life and are higher than life, with a strong flavor of life and shining with wisdom.

childhood

Author Gorky country, former Soviet Union

Main character

Main content: This book vividly reproduces the living conditions of Russian working people from 65,438 to 70' s and 80' s in 2009 by telling the story of Alessa's childhood from three to ten years old.

Reading experience: it makes people feel sad but not too heavy. It makes people see light in darkness, kindness in evil, light in human nature in ruthlessness, and great power for people to overcome tragic fate in tragic atmosphere.

Characters and their corresponding typical plots and personality characteristics;

Aletha listened to grandma's story, as well as optimistic and simple Zokan, honest old worker grigori, and "good things" of intellectuals who devoted themselves to science. They all gave Aletha strength and help, so that he kept his courage and confidence in life in a dark and dirty environment, and gradually grew into a strong, brave, upright and caring person.

Grandma lit up Alisha's sensitive and lonely heart like a bright lamp. She often told him some folk stories that sympathized with the poor and praised justice and light. Kindness, kindness, intelligence, ability, love of life, generosity and tolerance.

Grandpa often beats grandma and children. For example, Alexei was beaten unconscious by him because he dyed a piece of cloth. Cruel exploitation of workers, hiding usury, encouraging helpers to steal. Mean, greedy, bossy and cruel

The main plot tells the story of Alisa's childhood from the age of three to five.

The characteristic of this article is seriousness and low-key. Reproduce the vulgarity and suffering of the vulgar life of the citizens with the heart of childhood. The novel has strong appeal and can make any suffering and kind heart sigh. In a short space, there are many characters, but most of them have distinct personalities.

Although the whole work is about a painful past, it is full of bright optimism. On the other hand, the novel is described with a child's eyes, which casts a naive color on the tragic scene.

Robinson Crusoe

Author daniel defoe, English countryside

Main content: This book mainly tells the vivid story that Robinson, born in a merchant family, ventured out to sea, was thrown to a desert island by the waves, and spent 28 years alone there.

Reading experience: ① The story is wonderful and bizarre; ② The novel shows Robinson's character of daring to take risks and pursuing a free and unrestrained life; ③ The novel's description of Robinson's life on a desert island is realistic and natural, showing the author's extraordinary imagination and artistic expression; ④ The whole novel adopts the first-person narration, and the plots are completely connected through the confessions of the characters; ⑤ The language of the novel is clear, simple and vivid.

Main character

Robinson built his own house, tried hunting, planted millet, domesticated goats, dried wild raisins, groped for tables and chairs, made pottery, made bread with scarves and screens, rescued and trained a savage "Friday" and made him a loyal servant. In this way, he established his own material and spiritual "kingdom" on a desert island. Dare to take risks, dare to pursue a free and unrestrained life, in the face of life difficulties, Robinson's actions show a tough character and heroic nature, reflecting the creative spirit and pioneering spirit of the emerging bourgeoisie.

Friday: The white prisoner rescued by Robinson is Robinson's faithful servant and friend.

The main plot is Robinson's process of challenging nature on a desert island alone.

Writing features are described and recalled by the first person "I", which makes the novel situation more realistic. He often takes evidence from Robinson's diary and depicts the subtle ideological activities of the characters. The language is clear, simple and vivid. The most striking feature is the detailed description of food.

In fact, everyone doesn't feel lonely in downtown. Robinson, who lives on a desert island, is our bosom friend. Robinson Crusoe makes everyone find their own shadow in it.

Highlights ① Digging a wooden bridge ② Making a crock ③ Enlightening "Friday" ④ Self-styled Governor

insectology

The author Fabres countries French main characters have no personality.

The main plot vividly reveals the little-known life and habits of insects, allowing people to understand the real life scenes of insects through the insect world and reflect social life.

Writing about characteristic insects is endowed with human thoughts and feelings.

Comment on his vivid writing, relaxed and humorous tone and full of interest. This book is full of love for life and praise for all things in nature.

Morning flowers and evening flowers

Author Lu Xun China

The main character "

Mr. Fujino is conscientious and responsible in his work, and his scholarship is rigorous and meticulous; His concern for students from weak countries is characterized by no national prejudice, seriousness and realism, emphasis on investigation and rigorous scholarship.

Fan Ainong: Love the motherland, be stubborn in honesty, refuse to go with the flow and follow the trend.

Chang: talkative but informal, simple and kind, superstitious and worried about children.

The main plot is Lu Xun's words recalling different life experiences and experiences in childhood and adolescence.

Writing features "leisure". It means that the subject matter is "boundless" (10 are all different subjects), and it also means that the writing is arbitrary.

Commentary prose records Lu Xun's life track and experience from childhood to youth, vividly depicts the life picture of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, and is an important artistic document for studying Lu Xun's early thoughts and life and even the society at that time. These chapters are profound, the only essays of Lu Xun, and the classics of China's modern prose.

Rickshaw Boy

The author Lao She is a famous modern writer and novelist in China and a "people's artist".

Main content: This book tells the story of Xiangzi, an ordinary rickshaw driver, who experienced three ups and downs in order to realize his dream of owning a car of his own, and finally lost confidence in life, gave up on himself and degenerated.

Reading feelings: ① Through the changes of Xiangzi, he criticized this dark society mercilessly; (2) The novel shows us a striking figure painting, a world picture with a strong old Beijing style; (3) He is good at mobilizing various techniques to shape characters, and has strong artistic appeal; (4) The creative use of Beijing residents' spoken language makes the popular and simple language vivid, fresh, lively and powerful, full of national style and local characteristics.

Main character

Xiangzi: 1. Xiangzi has two sides. 2. Simple, honest, capable, tenacious, competitive, taking labor as their own responsibility, unwilling to drag out an ignoble existence, and later became miserable, down and out, cunning, taking advantage, eating, drinking, gambling, self-defeating, walking dead. Tigress: 1. With a strong ideology of exploiting class, he used economic advantages to control Xiangzi and satisfy his own desires, which played a catalytic role in Xiangzi's mental breakdown. 2. Tigress is bold, provocative and a little abnormal.

Joey: The image of a weak woman who is insulted and hurt. Beautiful, young, strong and diligent.

Si Liu: The image of a cruel, bossy and inhuman exploiter. He values money more than his daughter and doesn't care about her happiness.

The main plot is the ups and downs of Xiangzi's buying and selling cars.

The first feature of writing is that it vividly depicts the manners and manners of the lower class people in Beiping with processed and refined Beijing dialect, and also depicts the natural features of Beiping and the ancient capital customs of Beijing dialect and Beijing rhyme with simple and natural brushwork, which makes the work have a strong regional cultural color and street flavor. The second is the delicate and in-depth description of the characters' psychology. Third, Xiao Xiang described it very carefully.

The structure of the commentary is simple and meticulous, and the plot arrangement is patchwork, revealing the oppression and exploitation of the working people in the dark old society, expressing deep sympathy for the workers and criticizing selfish and narrow individualism.

highlight

(1) Angry words Yang Zhai (Section 5) (2) Cao Cao is in distress (Section 10)

(3) Dark hell (section 16) (4) Last despair (sections 22 and 23)

How the Steel Was Tempered

Author Ni Soviet ostrovsky

Main content: this book is based on the protagonist Paul? Kochakin's life experience as a clue shows the vast historical picture of Soviet Russia and the people's hard struggle life from 19 15 to 1930.

Reading experience: ① This is a novel with lofty idealism; (2) successfully shaping Paul? Kochakin, a proletarian hero; (3) novels are mainly narrative and description, including inner monologues, letters and diaries, aphorisms and so on. Interspersed among them, the characters are lifelike. ④ The description of scenery, psychology and environment in the novel is also excellent, and the language is concise, beautiful and expressive.

Main character

Paulkochakin: 1。 Strong and decisive, with extraordinary dedication and perseverance. 2. A steel warrior who sees greatness in the ordinary and grows up in the fire.

Zhu: calm and capable, full of organizational ability, doing underground work for a long time.

Tonia: I sympathize with the working people and treat them equally, but I long for comfort in life.

The main plot is 1. Paul's love story. 2. Fighting in the station; 3. site sharpening; 4. With physical disability and blindness, Paul continued to fight with literature as a weapon and wrote with tenacious perseverance.

Writing features: Narrating and describing characters, interspersed with inner monologues, letters and diaries, aphorisms and epigrams, make the characters vivid. The description of scenery, mind and environment is also quite excellent. The language is concise, beautiful and expressive. Through the growth process of the protagonist Paul Kochakin in the revolutionary struggle, the commentary novel reflects the social characteristics and the atmosphere of the times of the Soviet Union from the October Revolution and the Civil War to the restoration of the national economy, enthusiastically praises the younger generation of the Soviet Union who fought for the motherland, and shows their growth process and spiritual outlook.

[Literary Works] Journey to the West

Author Wu Chengen

Main content: This book mainly tells the story of the Monkey King's disturbance in the Heavenly Palace, the birth of Tang Priest and the four disciples' Buddhist scriptures, and praises the fearless and indomitable spirit of the four disciples based on the Monkey King.

Reading experience: ① This novel is good at telling stories and readable; (2) He is good at portraying characters, and his characters, such as the Monkey King and Pig Bajie, are unforgettable; (3) The book is full of wild imagination and bold and peculiar exaggeration.

Main character

The Monkey King: I am defiant, but I dare to do it. Brave and just, brave and fearless, with clear love and hate. The Monkey King, a "deviant" brave man, punishes evil and promotes good in the Three Realms. From the plots of "Fighting in Heaven" and "Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon" in the book, I read his bravery, justice and fearlessness.

In heaven, Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon, the true and false Monkey King, outsmarted Hong Haier, and borrowed a banana fan three times. He was arrogant, aggressive, daring to resist oppression, brave and witty, with clear love and hate, hating evil as hatred, upright and upright, and brave and humorous; Like "wearing a top hat", competitive, like to play some practical jokes.

Pig Bajie: lazy, short-sighted, weak-willed, love to take advantage of petty gain, lust for lust, fear of death. But he can correct mistakes, be helpful, honest and kind, simple and honest.

Friar Sand: Be obedient.

Tang Sanzang: Kindness. The spirit of the Four Saints, Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon, meditates hard, believes in Buddhism, strictly abides by the precepts, has a clear goal, stands firm, goes forward bravely and is indestructible; But sometimes there is no difference between good and bad,

The main plot: the Monkey King and other three disciples fought against the evil spirits in order to save the Tang Priest. Among them, the Monkey King caused havoc in the Heavenly Palace, true and false beauties and other kings, and other plots were fascinating.

Writing features are good at telling stories; It is readable. Good at shaping characters. Full of wild imagination and bold and peculiar exaggeration. Comments on the story of four Tang masters and apprentices who went through eighty-one difficulties and went to the West to learn from the Buddhist scriptures, entrusted that people in ancient times longed for a person like the Monkey King to save people who had lived under the oppression of the old society for a long time.

highlight

(1) the Monkey King made a scene in Heaven (2) True and False the Monkey King (3) the Monkey King borrowed a banana fan three times.

(4) Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon (5) Pig Bajie Gao Lao Zhuang recruits relatives.

Never forget

Author jules verne French

Main character

Captain Nemo: Romantic and mysterious, loving freedom and loneliness. Pierre Aronnax: Curious, brave and knowledgeable.

The main plot is the story of French biologist Pierre Aronnax and Captain Nemo traveling in the depths of the ocean.

The writing features are ingenious and the plot twists and turns are bizarre.

Verne's novels are widely circulated because of his sense of social justice and lofty humanitarian spirit. The characters in his works are all noble people who are dedicated to science and brave and tenacious.

Who is who?

Author Roman Roland country France

Main content: This book tells the hard and bumpy lives of Beethoven, Michelangelo and Tolstoy, and praises their noble character and indomitable spirit.

Reading experience: ① Life will inevitably encounter hardships, and life is not full of flowers and joy; ② If you want to succeed, you must overcome all kinds of difficulties in real life; (3) to evaluate a person, we should look at his quality and value, not judge a person by his appearance, but by his partiality.

Main character

Beethoven: At the end of his life, he wrote an immortal ode to joy. Ordinary and perverse, unfortunate and lonely, music god. Beethoven's perseverance and perseverance as a giant.

Michelangelo: Charity and kindness. A few days before his death, he stood with the statue all day, and finally left Tolstoy's masterpiece: self-improvement, fraternity and piety. At the last moment of my life, I made up my mind to get rid of the aristocratic life.

The main plot tells the hardships and frustrations of Beethoven, Michelangelo and Tolstoy, and praises their noble character and tenacious struggle spirit.

The writing feature is that the celebrities in biographies are world-class artists. Their lives are rich and colorful, their works are profound, and their influence has not faded with the times. Grasping the common ground of these three artists in different fields, this paper focuses on describing their mental journey of enduring suffering for a long time in pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty, and writing with touching pen and ink their lofty courage to fight against fate and their great feelings of bearing the suffering of all mankind. Grasp the master's main personality characteristics, make it the soul of the whole article, and produce touching power.

Comments on the three biographies together form a strong resonance, unlike another "Symphony of Heroes". It is of great significance to improve people's understanding of history and great men and establish a correct outlook on life.

highlight

(1) Beethoven's Will (2) Mi's third "Loneliness" (3) Tuo's Chapter 12 "Confessors and Religious fanaticism"

The Water Margin?

Author: Shi Naian in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.

The main plot: the story of Song Jiang and others gathering for an uprising during the Xuanhe period in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Writing characteristics: Grasping the personality characteristics of the characters and portraying vivid portraits of the characters.

Comments: For the first time, the hero group of Qinglin, which has always been regarded as a scourge, was positively portrayed, revealing the internal meaning and external characteristics of ancient Qinglin culture in China. It has become an important part of China culture and China national character.

Rank of Characters in Water Margin

1. Last name: (Leopard Head). Lin Chong is the commander-in-chief of the 800,000 imperial army in Beijing.

Main deeds: breaking into Baihutang, Fengxue Mountain Temple, burning grass yard, going to Liangshan on a snowy night, and burning with Wang Lun.

Positive comments: honest and kind, strong martial arts, brave and resourceful,

Negative comments: cowardice, forbearance, self-discipline and conformity.

2. Last name: (Black Whirlwind) Li Kui jy

Main deeds: He lived in Zhang Xi 'an County, killed four tigers for his mother, and robbed the Zhongzhou court of Li Kui jy.

Positive comments: honest and frank is honest and hateful and chivalrous, while negative comments: grumpy and simple-minded.

3. Name: (Zhi Duo Xing) Wu Yong

Main deeds: positive evaluation of intellectual robbery: resourceful.

4. Name: (Timely Rain) Song Jiang

Main deeds: releasing Classical without permission, angrily killing Yan Poxi, and fighting Zhujiazhuang with Sanda.

Positive evaluation: being honest and good at employing people; Negative comments: I always want to win the favor of others.

5. Name: (Walker) Song Wu

Main deeds: Jingyanggang killed the tiger, blood blade Pan Jinlian, fought and killed Ximen Qing, drunk and beat Jiang Menshen, made a scene in Feiyun Shop, spilled blood in Yuanyang Building, and destroyed centipede ridge.

Positive comments: advocating loyalty, courage and wit, revenge and kindness, strong martial arts and strong character, he is the most bloody and legendary figure among the lower heroes.

6. Name: (Green Beast) Yang Zhi

Main deeds: killed class, Yang Zhi sold knives.

Positive evaluation: high martial arts, smart and capable; Negative comments: rude and overbearing.

7. Name: (Flower Monk) Lu

Main deeds: punching Kansai Town, uprooting weeping willows, and causing wild pig forests.

Positive comments: hate evil, chivalrous and fearless, rough and detailed, brave and resourceful, open-minded, courageous and skilled in martial arts.

highlight

① Windson Snow Mountain Temple ② outwit the birth class ③ Kill the tiger and Ximen Qing.

(4) Lu Tihai punched Kansai Town and made a scene in Wutai Mountain (5) Song Jiang's anti-poetry (6) True and false Li Kui jy.

A letter from Fu Lei

The author Fu Lei China's main characters have no personality.

Main plot This article excerpts from Mr. Fu Lei's letters from 1954 to 1966.

The characteristics of writing run through the affection of all family letters, that is, let the son know the honor and disgrace of the country and the dignity of art, treat everything with a serious attitude and be an "artist with both ability and political integrity and excellent personality".

Comments on Letter from Fu Lei is a "painstaking teaching article full of father's love" and "the best reading for art apprentices"; It is also a profound portrayal of ordinary and typical "unwise" intellectuals in modern China.

Bacon's essays

Francis Bacon, the author of "The Country", the main figure in Britain has no personality.

The main plot is about truth, death, humanity, high officials, knowledge and beauty.

Gulliver's Travels

Author swift country, England

Main character

Gulliver: 1. He was kind and upright, helped Lilliput defeat the invaders, put out the palace fire and so on. 2. Selflessness, sincerity and respect for nature. Gulliver is a representative with all the excellent qualities of all mankind and an idealized figure, so he looks a little pale.

King of Great Britain: Smart and upright, always caring about his subjects.

Lilliputian: Lilliputian logic is absurd, the police system is corrupt, and false accusations are common.

Adult country: Adult country is an idealized and educated monarchy, and law is also the guarantee of freedom and welfare.

Scientists who fly to island countries: cruel, divorced from people and reality.

The main plot This book tells the story of Gulliver, a British ship doctor, who was stranded in a big country, a lilliputian country, a flying island and a country of wisdom because of his shipwreck. .

Writing is characterized by rich imagination, personification and satirical brushwork.

Comment on this book's relentless criticism, especially the criticism of the ruling class's corruption, incompetence, boredom, malice, debauchery, greed and arrogance.

highlight

(1) Struggle with the "high heel" and "low heel" parties when traveling in Lilliput (2) Dialogue with the king when traveling in Great Britain.

③ Visit the Lagardo Academy of Sciences when flying to the island; ④ Talking with horses when traveling to Huizhi country.

Jane Eyre

Author charlotte bronte, English countryside

main content

Jane Eyre's parents died when she was a child, and she took refuge in the indifferent menstruation, but menstruation abandoned her mercilessly. She worked as a student and teacher in a charity school for six years. At the age of eighteen, Jane Eyre was employed as a governess at Thornfield House and met her master Rochester. Both of them were attracted by each other's unique temperament and rich feelings, so they fell in love deeply regardless of the huge gap between their status and status. Just as they were about to get married, it turned out that Rochester's ex-wife was still alive. Jane Eyre knew that they could not have an equal marriage, so she chose to leave. Later, Jane Eyre met her cousins and inherited an inheritance from her uncle. However, she couldn't resist the deep-rooted yearning for Rochester, so she returned to Rochester, who lost her wealth and was seriously damaged by the fire, and decided to marry him. In the bath of love, Rochester found happiness and health.

character trait

Jane Eyre is a poor, ugly, stubborn, sentimental, independent and self-respecting, brave and persistent, and extremely intelligent girl. She thinks and tries to grasp her destiny, value and status, has a rational understanding of her thoughts and personality, and has a firm pursuit of her happiness and feelings. From Jane Eyre, we can see the images of new women today: self-esteem, self-respect, self-reliance, self-improvement, and firm ideals and persistent pursuit of their own personality, emotions, life, judgment and choice.

Reading experience

This is a realistic novel with strong romanticism. The whole work is written in the form of self-narrative. The extensive use of psychological description is a major feature of this novel. (2) The book is exquisitely conceived and the plot is ups and downs, which creates a gloomy atmosphere for readers without leaving the middle-class family background. (3) The author also describes the sincere love and natural scenery between the protagonists in the style of quotation, with rich and strong feelings. This beautiful, moving and mysterious novel still maintains its unique artistic charm.

highlight

Rochester and Jane Eyre trust each other.

Writing characteristics full of passion and imagination.

Tagore anthology

India by Tagore is the main plot of Tagore's poems.

Writing is characterized by short, pithy and meaningful. The comments on Tagore's works are beautifully written and worth reading.