The Historical Origin of Art Films

Comics were first born in France. 1877, E Reynolds, an optician and painter in Paris, made a new type of toy moving mirror according to the principle of "visual persistence". 1878 won the prize at the Paris World Expo. 1879, he improved the movable mirror. According to the basic principle of animation, he invented the movable mirror film machine with biscuit barrel, which can make continuous picture strips extend indefinitely and show longer moving pictures. Reno drew more than 20 short animation programs, such as Feed the Chicken, Swimming Girl and Monkey Musician. This is the earliest original cartoon in the world. With the invention of the slide projector, 1888 10 in June, Renault used the slide projector technology to make an optical film machine. His cartoon "A Delicious Beer" became the first relatively complete cartoon in the world before the invention of the film. The film tells the story of a tourist fooling around in a small hotel in the country. There are more than 700 pictures, and the length of tape is 32 meters. It can be played at the speed of 3 pictures per second for 12 ~ 15 minutes. After that, he drew many cartoons. From 1892 to 10, Renault publicly performed these films at the Glavan Wax Museum, which was a success. Reno, with his extraordinary creation, became the earliest founder of world comics. He has made important contributions to animation technology, such as drawing the characters separately from the scenery, punching two holes in each picture to fix the position of the characters, and overlapping transparent paper to describe the evolution and repetition of the characters' actions, which laid the foundation for the progress and development of animated films later.

After the invention of film, animation developed with the progress of film technology. 1906, American J.S. Braxton made the first animated film "Humorous Attitude of a Funny Face" shot on film. Since then, animated films have first developed in the United States. W Disney can be regarded as the most representative and famous animation artist in early America. 1923 filmed the animated film Alice in Wonderland, and then embarked on the road of animation art. A large number of his works have great influence not only in the United States, but also in the world. 19 17, French animation pioneer e cole made the animation series "nickel-plated feet" based on Fortune's famous cartoons, cartoonist b lapier made "candy" and Vogalop made "pheasant", which created the history of French animation. After the victory of the October Revolution in the Soviet Union, comics developed rapidly. 1922, Moscow state film academy established animation experimental studio. In the same year, the first cartoon of the Soviet Union, China under the War, was produced, which was a political sketch cartoon. In the early 1930s, the Soviet Union made audio cartoons. After 1936, I began to make color cartoons. In the early 1940s, The Story of Tsar Sardinia directed by brumberg sisters was an influential feature film in the early Soviet cartoons. After World War II, Japanese comics developed rapidly, leading the world in number. Astro Boy, a series of films directed by Hand Bug Control, Space Battleship Yamato directed by Leiji Matsumoto, Prince of the Sun directed by Kang Sheng and Ryotaro directed by Kiriro Urayama are all very influential films. In addition, animation creation in Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Canada, the United States and other countries is very developed.

China's animated films began at 1920. The animation pioneers Wan Brothers (Wan Laiming, Wan Guchan, Wan He Atlas) were inspired by China lanterns, shadow play and American cartoons, and tried animation advertisements. 1926, they finished their first cartoon "Make a scene in the studio". 1934, they filmed the first animated film "Camel Dance", which made great progress in technology. 194 1 year, Wan Brothers produced a large-scale cartoon "Princess Iron Fan", which was 80 minutes long. Adapted from China's mythical novel The Journey to the West, it has exerted great influence in Japan and Southeast Asia. The puppet show "The Emperor's Dream" and the cartoon "Catch a Turtle in a Jar" completed by Northeast Film Studio in 1947 and 1948 respectively are representative works that mark the revival of China fine arts films. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), fine arts films developed rapidly, which had an important impact on the international film industry. Gatway, a chinese comic artist, began to make art films from 1949. He is one of the main pioneers of fine arts films in People's Republic of China (PRC), and also a famous cartoon director. 1954 and 1956, he directed Good Friends and General Pride, which were representative cartoons in the 1950s. 1955, why the crow is black directed by Qian Jiajun was the first color cartoon in China. The successful production of 1960 ink cartoon is a great achievement, which has moved the traditional ink painting form of China to the cartoon screen. Because ink painting has no clear edge line, it breaks the traditional drawing method of animation and is a pioneering work in the history of animated films. Te Wei and Qian Jiajun were the artistic and technical directors of the first ink-and-wash cartoons "Little Tadpole Looking for Mom" and "Moody" directed by them in 1964, respectively, and won high awards in the international film industry. 196 1 ~ 1964, Wan Laiming directed "Make a scene in Heaven", which is an animated film with a length of 120 minutes. Divided into two episodes, more than 65438+ ten thousand pictures were drawn. This is a masterpiece, in which the image of the Monkey King is world-famous. 1979, What Makes the Sea Noisy (the first wide-screen feature film) directed by Wang Shuchen, Yan Dingxian and Jingda Xu, 1980 directed by Jingda Xu, and 1982 directed by Cheng Tang and Wu Qiang all have world influence. Puppet film is a kind of film developed after the appearance of animated film, which is inextricably linked with animation in both creative methods and artistic forms. At the beginning of the 20th century, J.S. Blackton, the founder of American animated films, used the method of "frame-by-frame photography" to shoot a scene in which a knife automatically cuts sausages and a pen automatically draws pictures. Gradually changing the position of the knife and pen, making a lot of pictures, continuous display can also get a touching visual impression. These two simple experiments summed up the basic principle of shooting puppet shows. 19 10, the puppet film Little Faust was produced by French animation pioneer E. Cole. /kloc-after the 0/7th century, puppet shows became popular among Czechs. At the beginning of the 20th century, their puppet show art reached a higher level. 1929, Dr. K. Trummr of the Czech Republic made a puppet film featuring the stage puppet show Kash Parek, which had a great influence. After World War II, Czech puppet film art ranked first in the world. J trenca is the main representative of Czech puppet filmmakers, and his films Good Soldier and A Midsummer Night's Dream are excellent masterpieces. A Christmas Dream directed by H Thielova and K Menzi, Toy Riot directed by Thielova, Another Drink directed by B Podel, etc. They are all important works of the Czech puppet history of film. The puppet show in the Soviet Union also appeared earlier. 1935, A. Putushko combined puppets with a real actor to produce The Travels of the New Gulliver, which was the first large-scale puppet movie in which puppets and real people synthesized voices. In addition, French, German, Hungarian, Japanese, etc. It also influenced the creation of puppet shows.

China puppet film was developed after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC). Artist Jin is a famous director who developed from puppet movies. He directed Magic Pen (1956), Peacock Princess (1963), A Shoe (1959), Who sings best (1958) and Two Generations of Love. In addition, the cock crows in the middle of the night (1964) directed by you lei, the strange ball game directed by Zhang Chaoqun and Zhan Tong (1979), the fool buys shoes directed by Fang Runnan (1979), and the palm directed by Yu Zheguang and Zhang Chaoqun. Film editing originated in Europe. Influenced by ancient shadow play. People perform behind a white curtain, and the image of the actor's performance is projected onto the curtain through light. This art is called "shadow play". After the invention of animated film, a silhouette similar to the form of character game was produced. It can only act through shadows. Artists must design every movement and gesture of characters strictly and carefully to express their feelings. German animation pioneer L. Reiniger started shooting famous edited films such as The Adventures of Prince Ahmed, Babagno and Carmen from 19 19. French animation artists Rolpeck and Cervar have been working together since 1920. Every month, they will make a series of silhouette films called Ducks. This is the first cut film. After World War II, the GDR produced a number of influential works such as The Devil's Name. European newspaper clippings are mainly used in comics, and the form of painting is basically the same as that of comics. Sometimes, some paper-cutting methods will be used in a cartoon, in order to replace the heavy work in the cartoon with this simple method.

China's paper-cut comes from China's shadow play, window paper-cut and other folk arts. Shadow play is an ancient folk drama in China. It is said that it has been popular among the people since the Song Dynasty in the 10 century. Carved into various figures from donkey skin or cowhide, performed by people with sticks on a white curtain. The performances are all traditional operas in China, so the characters and scenery have the decorative beauty of China opera art ... China folk paper-cut is a decorative pattern reflecting folk customs. Chinese paper-cutting began at 1958. The artist Wan Guchan is the main founder of newspaper clippings. His first newspaper clippings, Pig and Pig Eat Watermelon, were a great success. Later, he directed The Golden Conch (1963) and Ginseng Doll (196 1), which was well received internationally. The Red Army Bridge (1964) directed by Qian, The Fox Beats the Hunter (1979) directed by Hu, The Monkey Fishing for the Moon (198 1) directed by Zhou Keqin, and Hu Jinqing (65438).

Chinese origami started at 1960. The first origami directed by Yu Zheguang was The Smart Duck. It and Duckling, shot at 1980, are both works suitable for children to enjoy. Origami has a simple plot and children's interests.

The fine arts films in Taiwan Province Province of China began to develop in the 1970s. From 65438 to 0979, Min-chin Tsai directed the animated film Romance of the Three Kingdoms.