Introduce betel nut

areca

betel

Scientific name: CTU betel nut

Alias: Betelnut Jade, Penang Gate, Penang South and Tsim Penang.

Family and genus: Palmae, Areca.

And betel nut, betel nut or Penang.

Seed of two different plants, chewed in South Asia and East India. It is estimated that110 people in the world have the habit of chewing betel nut. Areca catechu is the seed of Areca catechu. Areca catechu leaves are the leaves of betel leaves of Piperaceae. Betel nut is cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines. The trunk has no branches, up to 12? 15m (40？ 50 feet) with a diameter of about 45 cm (18 inch). Ye Da, 6? Nine gathered at the top of the stem. The fruit is slightly smaller than an egg, with fiber skin and a seed, namely betel nut. The endosperm is hard with gray-brown spots. Eight o'clock? 1 1 Harvest the fruit before it is fully ripe, peel it, cook it, cut it into thin slices and dry it in the sun, and it will be dark brown or black after drying. When chewing, roll a little into the leaves, add a little lime to chew, promote saliva secretion and release irritating alkaloids. Sometimes a little nutmeg, turmeric or other aromatic agents are added. As a result, a lot of brick-red saliva was produced, which dyed the mouth, lips and gums orange. But the teeth of betel nut chewers are not dyed black by betel nut juice, but artificially dyed black. Areca catechu is the raw material of catechu, and its main alkaloid is arecoline, which is used as an insect repellent by veterinarians.

[Edit this paragraph] Functions and features

(1) Plant features straight, cylindrical and unbranched trunk, DBH 10 ~ 15cm, height 10 ~ 13m. The stem has obvious annular leaf scars, young and dry green, and gradually turns gray with the growth of tree age. The leaves are clustered at the top of the stem, pinnately compound, 1.3 ~ 2 meters long, and the petiole is triangular and surrounds the stem. Leaflets are long lanceolate, and the surface is smooth and hairless. Spike, spathe yellow-green; Flowers unisexual, monoecious, perianth 6; Male flowers are in 2 rows, alternating at the top of inflorescence spikelets, with small and many flowers, about 2000; Female flowers are inserted at the base of inflorescence spikelets, with large and few flowers, about 250 ~ 550. male

Areca catechu has 6 staminodes and 3 osmanthus flowers, and the ovary is superior and one room. Nuts, ovoid; Seed 1, conical.

(2) Biological characteristics Areca catechu grows in tropical monsoon rain forest, forming the habit of loving temperature and being good at fertilizer. The optimum growth temperature is 25 ~ 20℃. 65438 06℃ defoliation; Fruit dropping at 5 ~ 6℃; At 3℃, leaves turn yellow and fruits turn black and fall off. Plants die seriously below-10℃. Generally, it grows better in low altitude areas. It prefers damp to stagnant water, and abundant and even rainfall is conducive to growth. Generally, it can grow in areas with annual rainfall 1200mm or more. The relative humidity of air is high (about 80%), which is stable for a long time and is beneficial to growth. Generally, the shading degree at seedling stage should be 50% ~ 60%, and the trees should be fully illuminated when they are mature. Soil is the key to the economic life of betel nut. I like to grow in sandy loam with thick soil layer, black top soil and rich organic matter, and red soil or yellow soil as the bottom soil. Generally, it blooms and bears fruit in 7-8 years after planting, with a full fruit-bearing period of 20-30 years, and the longest life span can reach more than 100 years. After the fruit is harvested, the seeds have the characteristic of ripening in the fruit. The germination rate of yellow ripe fruit is 64.3%. Fruit loses water and reduces germination rate. Accelerating germination indoors, the average daily temperature is 26.465438 0℃, the average daily temperature difference is 65438 0.8℃, and the germination rate is 98%.

[Edit this paragraph] Distribution

Mainly distributed in Central Africa and Southeast Asia, such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Indonesia, Philippines, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and other countries. China has been introduced and cultivated for 1500 years, and it is widely cultivated in Hainan Province and Taiwan Province Province, and also cultivated in Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian and other provinces (regions).

[Edit this paragraph] Cultivation techniques

1. Land selection and soil preparation should choose areas without low temperature and humidity and loose and fertile soil. Contour terraces around mountains with 3-meter row spacing can be opened with a large slope. The slope inclination of terraced fields is about 65438+05. 1 ~ 2 months before planting, dig a pit with a spacing of 2 meters. Let the soil fully weather. The hole is 50 cm wide and 40 cm deep, and soil mixed fertilizer or manure 10 kg is applied to each hole as the base fertilizer, and the surface soil is returned to the hole. In addition, you can also plant fast-growing Eupatorium odoratum or leguminous plants between rows as temporary shade to inhibit weeds and maintain soil moisture.

2. Breeding method

(1) The seed mother tree should be 15 ~ 30 years old, with normal fruits, no pests and diseases, no less than 300 fruits per plant, no less than 3 receptacles, more than 8 leaves and short internodes at the upper part of the stem. In general, it is appropriate to choose the fruits of the second and third supports as seeds. Mature fruits are oval and oval, and golden yellow is the best when ripe.

(2) Germination accelerating method is mostly used in germination accelerating areas. Expose the fruit in the sun 1 ~ 2 days after harvesting, and peel it off 1/4. Then pile seeds on the selected ground. Generally, the seed thickness is less than 20 cm. When there are a lot of seeds, leave a pedestrian walkway every 1 ~ 1.2 m, which is convenient for watering, inspection and other management work. After stacking, cover with a layer of straw to keep warm. After 15 ~ 20 days, check the germination of 1 time every 7 ~ 8 days, and pick out the germinated seeds for seedling raising. The daily average temperature of seedbed is lower than 36.65438 0℃. The daily maximum temperature should be lower than 36.5. If the above temperature is exceeded, the fruit may rot.

(3) Raising seedlings

① The nutrition bag is made of plastic film, with a length of 25cm and a width of 18cm. There are four small holes under the bag, which are breathable and permeable. Nutrient soil and decomposed cow dung are evenly mixed according to the ratio of 1: 1, accounting for 4/5 of the bag, and then the bag is filled with river sand to avoid hardening of the surface soil. Each bag is filled with 1 seed, soaked thoroughly and kept moist.

② Sandy loam or loam with loose and fertile soil near the water source is selected as the nursery, manure or pond mud is plowed and raked, and evenly mixed with soil to make a border, with a length of 4-5m, a width of 1m and a height of 12- 15cm, and a layer of 4 is paved on the border. Dig holes according to the row spacing of 20 cm× 30 cm, each hole 1 seed. When the first leaflet is unfolded, dilute human excrement or ammonium sulfate is applied 1 ~ 2 times a month, and weeding and ridging are carried out 3 ~ 4 times a year.

③ Areca catechu seedlings grow about 1 year, with a height of 50 ~ 60 cm, and can be planted with 5 ~ 6 leaves. Hainan is planted in February-March in spring or 8-65438+1October in autumn, and Yunnan is planted in May-June in warm and rainy season. It is best to plant on cloudy days and water it 1 ~ 2 days before planting. When planting, remove the nutrition bag, cover the grass, water the roots, and keep it cool and the soil moist.

3. Tian Tuan management

(1) Young trees should be weeded 2-4 times a year and ridged.

(2) Top dressing mainly consists of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. Apply fertilizer 1 time every quarter for young children, dig pits or furrows around the crown, and apply fertilizer alternately in four directions. Apply about 5 kg of human manure or 25-50 kg of ammonium sulfate to each plant, mix 5 kg of green manure, cover with soil and water. Fertilize 1 time every year in spring and autumn after 3rd instar and before flowering and fruiting, and apply green manure or manure 10 kg per plant, mixed ammonium sulfate100 ~150g, and calcium superphosphate150 ~ 250g. Fertilize flowering and fruiting trees 1 time in March and1October every year, and apply green manure or manure 10 kg per plant each time, and add urea100 ~150g, calcium superphosphate 250 ~ 500g and potassium chloride/kloc-0.

(3) betel nut drainage irrigation likes humid environment, but don't accumulate water to prevent root rot.

(4) Three years after shading planting is the young age of betel nut, which needs shading and moisturizing. Shrub medicinal materials can be used in intercropping crops, but fertilizer should be added to ensure its vigorous growth.

4. Pests and diseases and their control

(1) Leaf spot mainly includes the following types: Areca leaf spot bacteria. And polychaete leaf spot.

(2) Fruit rot (..) and Fusarium (..) caused olive pedicels to brown rot, leading to fruit drop. Prevention and control as above.

(3) Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Harmful to ears and fruits. Prevention and control methods: remove fallen fruits and leaves and burn them centrally. Spraying Fumei and Domaine to control anthracnose in young fruit and green fruit.

(4) Phytophthora is harmful to seedlings. Prevention and control methods: control soil moisture; Irrigation with 50% carbendazim wettable powder for 800 ~ 1000 times during the occurrence period; Pull out the diseased plant immediately and disinfect the diseased spot with lime.

5] Tirataba Rufai Weina Walker is the main pest of betel nut. Control methods: Clear the garden, and apply 0.25kg/ plant of 3% carbofuran granules in March and April in spring, dig a semicircular ditch with a depth of about 10cm in the rhizosphere, cover it with soil and tamp it, or spray it twice in April, May, August and September, with the dosage of Bt emulsion 100 times and 3% neem.

[Edit this paragraph] Harvest and processing

1. Generally speaking, harvesting is divided into two periods. In the first period, olives were harvested from 1 1 to 12 and processed into dried ham. The best quality is to harvest olives with long oval or oval shape, persistent calyx on the stem and immature slender seeds inside. In the second stage, ripe fruits are harvested from March to June to process jade. It is a good product to collect round or oval orange or bright red ripe fruits, cut open ripe fruits with full seeds and process them into Yu Lang.

The second step process

(1) The ripe fruits in Yu Lang are dried in the sun for 1 ~ 2 days, then slowly dried in the oven with dry firewood, and taken out for cooling in about 7 ~ 10 days. The fruits are mashed and dried in Yu Lang for 1 ~ 2 days. Ordinary 100 kg of fresh fruit can be processed into 17 ~ 19 kg of Yu Lang.

(2) Picking olives, removing branches, then boiling the fruits in a pot for about 30 minutes, taking them out to dry, and then baking them in an oven with wet firewood. Bake for about 2 ~ 3 days, stir fry 1 time, turn twice. It takes about 8 ~ 10 days to insert a stick from the top to the bottom. If it is inserted, the bottom layer is dry. Then it will be taken out and turned into jade. Generally 100 kg of fresh fruit can be roasted to 20 ~ 25 kg.

(3) Pericarpium Arecae Cut the ripe fruit in half, peel it off, dry it in the sun, and dry it loosely.

(4) Areca catechu flowers are made by drying unopened male flowers. It is best to use khaki or light green.

[Edit this paragraph] function

Seeds can be used as medicine, which has the effects of killing insects, breaking accumulation, relieving qi and promoting blood circulation. It is one of the four famous southern medicines in China. Indications: Insect accumulation, food stagnation, qi stagnation, dysentery, snail drive, external treatment of glaucoma, chewing and eating have exciting effects.

Areca nut contains many nutrients and beneficial substances needed by human body, such as fat, areca oil, alkaloids, catechins, choline and so on. Areca catechu has a unique function of preventing dysentery, which is the medicine fruit of doctors in past dynasties and is also known as "Xizudan". Because boils are generally related to irregular diet and qi stagnation, betel nut has been widely concerned for its medicinal properties because it can reduce qi, promote digestion and resolve phlegm.

Herbal Name: Areca catechu

Commonly used insect repellent. It is the dried and mature seed of areca catechu, a palm plant. Location: Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan and other provinces. Betel nut tastes bitter, pungent and warm. Gastrointestinal meridian The efficacy of killing insects and promoting digestion, reducing qi and benefiting water. Indications: Insect accumulation, such as roundworm, tapeworm, pinworm, ginger worm, etc. , indigestion, epigastric pain, edema, beriberi, malaria and other diseases. Modern pharmacological experiments have proved that betel nut has the functions of insect repellent, antivirus and antifungal.

Some people have been beaten a lot. This is a normal phenomenon.

[Edit this paragraph] Source

It is the seed of betel nut, a palm plant.

[Edit this paragraph] Acquisition

Harvest the fruits when they are ripe in winter and spring. Pick the fruit, peel off the skin, take out the seeds and dry them in the sun.

[Edit this paragraph] Medicinal materials

The dried seeds are conical or oblate, with a height of 1.5 ~ 3cm and a base diameter of 2 ~ 3cm. The surface is yellow-brown or yellow-brown, rough, with light-colored reticular concave lines, and occasionally silver-spotted endocarp attached.

[Edit this paragraph] Edible

Betel nut can be eaten and chewed with salt water. It is normal for the first chewer to have a red face and chest tightness.

[Edit this paragraph] Toxicity

Excessive arecoline can cause salivation, vomiting, diuresis, lethargy and convulsion, and even chest tightness and dizziness lead to shock. If it is caused by oral administration, you can gastric lavage with potassium permanganate solution and inject atropine.

[Edit this paragraph] concoct

Betel nut: remove impurities, soak in clear water, change water according to the temperature until it is soaked thoroughly, pick it up, slice it and dry it.

Stir-fried betel nut: put betel nut slices into a pot, stir-fry with slow fire until the color changes slightly, and take them out to cool.

Burning betel nut: when the betel nut slices are fried to brown by fire, spray clear water and take them out to cool.

[Edit this paragraph] Sexual taste

There is bitterness in bitterness and warmth in warmth.

Character; Role; letter

It is quasi-circular. The surface has a gray and brown marble texture. Hard and brittle and brittle. Slight breathing, astringency and bitterness.

Meridian enters spleen, stomach and large intestine.

[Edit this paragraph] Function instruction

Insecticidal, accumulation-breaking, qi-lowering and water-benefiting. The crux of the problem is food stagnation, abdominal distension and abdominal pain, diarrhea, malaria, edema, beriberi and phlegm addiction.

[Edit this paragraph] Textual research

From Li Dang's Medical Records

1. "Southern Vegetation": Betel nut, the tree is more than ten feet high, the skin is like paulownia, the knot is like bamboo, the lower part is not big, the upper branches are not small, and the pavilion is straight. If it is one, there is no show in the forest. There are leaves at the top of the terminal, like bananas, and the stripes (veins) are broken. Looking up at cockroaches, such as bamboo rafts with bananas; The wind moves alone, like a feather fan sweeping the sky. There are dozens of rooms under the leaves, which are as big as peaches and plums. Naturally, the spines are heavy and tired, but the Royal Guards are actually. It tastes bitter. Cut its skin, lick its skin, it is as familiar as it is, as strong as dried dates. If you eat rattan and ancient ash together, it will be smooth and beautiful. Leave Lin Yi.

2. Lei Gong's theory of baking: betel nut sits well, its heart is firm, its text is broken like running water, and it is splendid and wonderful. Those who are half white and half black, guilty, don't take medicine.

3. Tao Hongjing: There are three or four kinds of betel nuts: small and sweet when they leave Jiaozhou; South of Guangzhou, it is big and astringent; There are also big pig betel nuts; Think of it as medicine. Small, laity called betel nut grandson, can also be eaten.

4. "Outline": A big belly comes out of the mountain, and southern Yunnan is a kind of betel nut, which has a flat belly and astringent taste, unlike betel nut, which has a long taste and good ears. The so-called pig betel nut is awkward. Beggars' gangs are also different from local products, and there is not much difference between people today. According to Liu Yao's "Ji Biao Ji", making friends with a wide range of elders is called betel nut, which is white, tender and old. It is eaten with rattan and tile house ash to eliminate furuncle and collect its skin as medicine. Black outside the skin and black inside. In Yunnan, each branch has three or two hundred betel nuts. When you are young, cut them open and eat them with a piece of betel nut leaf and clam powder, which will reduce the astringency. From this point of view, big belly and betel nut can be used together, but the strength is slightly worse than betel nut.

[Edit this paragraph] The movie "Betel Nut"

areca

English name: betel nut

Director: Yang Heng

Script: Yang Heng

Producer: Yang Heng

Starring: Tian Li

Liang Yu

Wu Ming

Dai Qi

Editor: Tian Kun

Produced by: Xiangxi Film Bridge

Film genre: plot

Music: Wu Jun

Duration: 1 12 minutes

abstract

This is a story about the boring life of two delinquent teenagers. Different from other youth films, the film Betel Nut has no sunny youth story, no passionate love story, and some just have no future youth portrait.

Stealing motorcycles, robbing children's money, gang fights, naive love, and the summer vacation life of two teenagers make the pictures taken by director Yang Heng look like scenery. The boating scene in the film seems to remind people of that afternoon summer. They can't see the future, as if they were on vacation. This is the director's emphasis on peace rather than despair.

Look at the girlfriend who left by boat after breaking up with her boyfriend in the film. She looks sleepy, which makes people feel that the story itself seems less important to director Yang Heng, but it is more important to connect the main points of the story. It can be seen from this that betel nut is indeed a youth film with unique style.

Director profile

Director Yang Heng, a native of Tujia nationality in Xiangxi, Hunan Province, graduated from hunan radio and tv university in 1994, majoring in photography in Beijing Film Academy in 20001.In 2002, he began to write scripts and shoot independent films. He has made short films such as Bump, Carriage, Forgotten Moment and Betel Nut, which is his first novel.