Great wall information! ! !

Part of the Great Wall of China. Located in the southwest of Yanqing County, Beijing. Badaling is located at the north entrance of Juyongguan Guangou, with high terrain and strategic position. Badaling Great Wall is exceptionally strong. There are two gates in Guancheng. The east gate is named "Juyongwai Town" and the west gate is named "North Gate Lock Key", which was built in the 18th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (1505) and renovated during Jiajing and Wanli years. Both doors are of masonry structure, and there is a platform on the ticket hole, and there is a passage connecting the Guancheng Wall in the north and south of the platform. The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Expressway passes through the city and is the throat leading to Beijing. From the left and right sides of the lock and key tower at the north gate, the Great Wall extends along the ridge and is built on the mountain. The walls vary in height, with an average height of about 7.5 meters, a bottom width of about 6.5 meters and a top width of about 5.8 meters. Five horses can ride together or ten soldiers can ride in parallel. Below the city wall is a stone abutment foundation, and above it is a huge brick wall shell filled with loess and gravel. The top of the wall is paved with square bricks on the ground. Inside the top is the building wall and outside is the crib wall. There is a crib (observation port) and a shooting hole on the crib wall, which can observe and shoot the enemy.

Build a fortress-like fortress in a dangerous place every 30 ~ 40m or100 ~ 200m on the city wall. Fort platform is built at the height of the ridge, at the corner of the city wall or in dangerous places. There are high and low towers. This tall tower is called the watchtower. There are cribs for shooting on the upper floor, and voucher holes and shooting holes for accommodation, shooting and storage of gunpowder and grain on the lower floor. The lower is the wall platform, which is almost as high as the city wall, but it protrudes outside the wall and is surrounded by piles, which is a place for patrol and sentry. There used to be houses and buildings for soldiers to rest on, but now only the foundation is left.

Looking out from the Badaling Great Wall, there are sporadic smoke mounds in the distance, and the crib is built on it, which is a warning facility to guard the Badaling Great Wall. Not far from the north gate, there is a brick city built in the year of dragon five (157 1), which is the headquarters of Badaling outpost. It can station more than 800 people and store a lot of ordnance here. Badaling Great Wall was in its heyday in the Ming Dynasty, but it lost its historical role of defense after the Qing Dynasty and was no longer repaired. After years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, it has become more and more barren here. After 1949, the four enemy stations, Guancheng, Guanmen and Nanbei, were renovated several times. 1978, rebuild the tower of Juyongguan Waizhen. Badaling Juyongguan, with green hills and lush flowers and trees, is known as Juyongdiecui, one of the eight scenic spots in ancient Yanjing, and is a famous tourist attraction at home and abroad.

the Great Wall

The Great Wall has a long history and a magnificent project, which is a rare miracle in the world. The Great Wall crisscrosses the vast land of our great motherland. It is like a dragon, crossing towering mountains, vast grasslands, vast deserts and heading for the vast sea. According to historical documents, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties built the Great Wall. If you add up the Great Wall built in past dynasties, it is about 10 Wan Li. The length of the Great Wall in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties exceeded 1 Wan Li. At present, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions have the remains of the ancient Great Wall and beacon towers. Among them, the Great Wall of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region alone reaches 3 Vandory.

In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the "outer" Great Wall, the "inner" Great Wall and the "inner three passes" Great Wall were also built. The "Neiguan" Great Wall, based on the Northern Qi Dynasty, starts from Pianguan at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi in the west, Yanmenguan and Pingxingguan in the east, enters Hebei, then turns to the northeast, passes through Yuanyuan, Fangshan and Changping counties, reaches Juyongguan directly, and then reaches Huairou Siguan from north to east, and is connected with the "Outer" Great Wall, with Zijingguan as the center, showing a general north-south trend. The "Neisanguan" Great Wall is parallel to the "Inner" Great Wall in many places. In some places, the two cities are only tens of miles apart. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" have been built. There are 24 "heavy cities" in Yanmenguan area!

The Great Wall is a miracle created by working people in ancient China. Since Qin Shihuang, building the Great Wall has been a big project. According to records, Qin Shihuang used nearly one million laborers to build the Great Wall, accounting for 1/20 of the national population! At that time, there was no machinery, except for animals that could climb mountains, such as donkeys and goats. The working environment was steep mountains and steep cliffs. It is conceivable that this huge project could not be completed without a large number of people working hard.

According to a rough estimate, the number of the Great Wall in Wan Li only existed in the Ming Dynasty. If a wall with a thickness of 1 m and a height of 5 meters is made of masonry and earthwork, it can surround the earth for more than one week. If it is used to pave a road with a width of 5 meters and a thickness of 35 centimeters, it can circle the earth three or four times. If you count the total 10 Wan Li built in past dynasties, this long wall can go around the earth for more than ten times, and this road can go around the earth for thirty or forty times.

Building the Great Wall is an important experience, which was affirmed by Qin Shihuang, Sima Qian wrote in Historical Records. After that, every dynasty built the Great Wall according to this principle. All the passes in Guancheng are built between two high mountains and canyons or at the bend of the river. Or places that will pass by, in order to control the danger, save manpower and material resources, and achieve the effect of "one person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it". Building castles or beacon towers is also an option in Four Essentials. As for building city walls, it is more important to make full use of the terrain. For example, Juyongguan and Badaling Great Wall are built along the back of the mountain. Some sections are very steep from the outside of the wall, but they are very gentle inside, which has the effect of "easy to defend but difficult to attack". In Liaoning Province, the Great Wall of Liaodong Town in Ming Dynasty was called the Mountain Dangerous Wall and the Split Gable, which was made by slightly splitting the steep cliff. There are also some places that completely use cliffs, rivers and lakes as natural barriers, which can be said to be wonderful.

As a great project, the Great Wall has become a precious heritage of the Chinese nation.

The location of the Great Wall

The Great Wall lies in the north of China. It starts from Shanhaiguan in Hebei Province in Bohai Bay in the east and Jiayuguan in Gansu Province in the inland area in the west. It runs through seven provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, including Hebei, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu, with a total length of about 6,700 kilometers, or about 13300 Li. It is called the "Great Wall of Wan Li" in the world.

The history of the great wall

The Great Wall in northern China began in Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period. Why do they want to build such a Great Wall in the sparsely populated north? What role did the Great Wall play at that time? What's the value? This paper will talk about some views on these issues for your reference.

1. Why did Qin, Zhao and Yan build the Great Wall in the north?

Why did Qin Zhaoyan build the Great Wall in the north? This should start from the situation in the Warring States period. The Warring States period is a period of transition from slave society to feudal society in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River in China. With the strengthening of political and economic ties between countries, the exchange and integration between Zhu Xia culture and Qin, Chu and Wu-Yue cultures has become increasingly strong. After the seven countries of Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu, Qi, Qin and Yan, which were carrying out feudal reforms at that time, became powerful, they waged a war of annexation and sought to unify the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River by force. At this time, the ethnic minorities in the grasslands of northern Shaanxi, northern Shanxi, northern Hebei and Inner Mongolia gradually became stronger and plundered the northern borders of Qin, Zhao and Yan. In the north of Qin, there are Yiqu and Xiongnu in the north; There are loufan in the northwest of Zhao, and Huan and Xiongnu in the north. Donghu, the northern boundary of Yan State. These northern minority regimes, apart from engaging in agriculture, make a living by nomadic and hunting. Yiqu is a powerful country on the Loess Plateau in the northwest of China. It fought with Qin for more than one hundred years from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period. Xiongnu, Donghu and other nomadic peoples have high military quality and strong combat capability. According to historical records? Biography of Xiongnu records that Huns live by nomadic and hunting, with horses, cattle and sheep as the most livestock, followed by camels, donkeys and mules. They "migrate by water plants and don't have to live in the city to farm." However, there are also points. "Men learned to ride horses and shoot at an early age." Children can ride sheep and shoot birds and mice with bows; If it grows less, it will shoot foxes and rabbits; Use it to make food. Therefore, once you are an adult, you will become a "rider". "During the Warring States period, the Huns had entered the slave society and had state power institutions. The king is called Khan, and there are left and right sages, left and right kings, left and right generals, left and right commanders, left and right leaders, and left and right leaders. Except for the right and left ministers, all the other ministers are hereditary. Donghu, Hu Lin, Huaneng and Loufan are basically the same as Xiongnu.

It is precisely because the Huns and Donghu people are in the slave society stage that they, like the slave owners' ruling group in Greece and Rome, specialize in plundering the property of slaves and neighbors, and the whole country has become a huge war machine. The custom of the Huns is, "if you are lenient, you will follow the livestock, because you hunt animals for a living, and if you are urgent, you will learn to attack." War has become a part of their lives and is regarded as a glorious cause. "Long soldiers are bows and arrows, and short soldiers are knives. □ (contestant's note: this word sounds good, and the land on the left is replaced by gold. " In its operation, "if it is favorable, it will advance, if it is unfavorable, it will retreat, and it will not be shameful to leave." "Wait for the stars and the moon. If the moon is strong, you will fight hard. If the moon is weak, you will retreat." In the war, whoever beheaded the prisoner "gave a glass of wine and brine, and people thought it was a handmaiden." Therefore, everyone is interested in his own fight. "Be good at luring soldiers, be good at attacking, and dare to accept the impact of the enemy." When you see the enemy, you will seek profits like a bird, and if you fall, you will collapse. "Because they come like a galloping horse and go like an arrow, it is impossible to prevent.

Since the mid-Warring States period, they have been plundering Qin, Zhao and Yan in the northern region. Because they are good at riding and shooting, are good at fighting, take sudden attacks, come and go freely, haunt, and show strong combat effectiveness. In the mid-Warring States period, the combat troops of Qin, Zhao and Yan were mainly infantry and chariots, wearing big sleeves that took off their coats and moving slowly for 30 to 50 miles a day. Naturally, they could not stop the Huns and Donghu people from attacking and plundering. This not only seriously threatened the lives and property of the people in the northern part of the three countries, but also seriously damaged their production and greatly affected the cause of reunification of the three countries. In response to this passive situation, the three countries successively carried out military reforms and built the Great Wall in the north.

Starting from Shang Yang, the State of Qin began to reform and promote Qiang Bing to become a rich country. The army gradually changed into infantry and cavalry, and was rewarded and promoted with military merit, so the combat effectiveness of the army increased and it was invincible. In six years (the first 332 years) and ten years, King Huiwen defeated Wei and seized Weixi County (now Luohe Valley in Shaanxi Province) and Shangjun County (now northeast Shaanxi Province). In the 13th year (the first 225 years), Zhang Yi was ordered to build a county fortress to prevent Hulin and Loufan from invading the south. Then, attack Yiqu on a large scale to bring it to heel. In Zhao Haoqi, Empress Xuan lured Yi Qu to Ganquan (now Ganquan Mountain in the northwest of Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province), killed him, and set out to eliminate Yi Qu and establish Beidi County. In this way, the northern part of Qin was connected with Xiongnu. In order to prevent the Huns from plundering the south, Zhao Haoqi ordered the Great Wall to be built on the northern border of Longxi, Beidi and Shang Jun, and sent troops to station it.

In the 19th year of Zhao Wuling (307 BC), he began to reform the military system and carried out riding and shooting. Since then, the troops have become more powerful. In 20 years, King Wuling went from Hulin West to Yuzhong (now the eastern part of Hetao Plain in Inner Mongolia); Wang Linhu Ma Xian surrendered, just to transfer troops and return. In the twenty-sixth year (the first three hundred years), Zhongshan was broken, and the prosperous place reached Yan and Dai in the north (now northwest of Shanxi), and then extended to Yunzhong and Jiuyuan in the northwest (now from Helinger County to Wujiahe in Inner Mongolia). So he ordered the construction of the Great Wall, merged with Yinshan Mountain (now Daqing Mountain and Wulate Mountain in Inner Mongolia), and went west to reach Dahe River (now Wujiahe River in Inner Mongolia). At the same time, Daijun County, Yanmen County and Yunzhong County were set up to prevent the Huns from plundering south. In order to specialize in Northwest China, the following year, he gave way to his son, Wang Huiwen He, who was named the main father. In the second year of King Huiwen (297 BC), his father went to Xihe (the Yellow River between Shanxi and Inner Mongolia), and the ruined building angered the king and sent troops.

Yan State is the weakest country among the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period, bordering Qiangqi and the newly established Zhao State in the south and East Lake in the north. It was not until he ascended the throne (the first 3 1 1) that Yan became strong, recruited talents and carried out reforms. At that time, Donghu was powerful and often plundered the northern part of Yan. In order to maintain the peace in the north, the Yan army was forced to make peace with King Donghu and held the general hostage. Zhao Shi was born in East Lake. He is clever and brave, and King Donghu trusts him very much. Therefore, he is free to move, and he can understand the dangers and obstacles, protection and laws of military activities in the south of East Lake. After returning home, he led an army to attack East Lake, which was broken, but it was thousands of miles away. And "crossing Liaodong to attack Korea" was extended to Tanshui (now Qingchuan River in North Korea). So, "Yan also built the Great Wall to make Yang (now kangbao county, Hebei, Taibus Banner, Inner Mongolia) go to Xiangping; Put it in Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong counties to refuse Hu. "

To sum up, the reason why Qin, Zhao and Yan built the Great Wall in the north during the Warring States Period was to defend against Xiongnu and Donghu from the south.

The Great Wall developed from cities and castles. As a military defense project, cities and fortresses began as early as the end of the primitive commune. Because it can play an effective defensive role, it has developed in general since it entered the class society. The Great Wall first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, such as Fangcheng of Chu State (in the present Nanyang area of Henan Province). During the Warring States Period, there were the Great Wall of Weixi County, the Great Wall of Zhangzhao Water, the Great Wall of Zhongshan West, the Great Wall of Yanyi Water and the Great Wall of Taishan Mountain. These Great Walls once played a great role in the war. The swift cavalry of nomadic people in the north is unpredictable, and no country can stop their attack and plunder, whether it is infantry or cavalry. Only by building the Great Wall and garrison defense can they be prevented from plundering south. Only by building the Great Wall in the north can we deploy the main forces in the annexation and defense war between countries and complete the great cause of reunification.

Second, the value of the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan

What role did the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan play in the war as a military defense project? To tell the truth, there are few records about its function, especially about Qin Changcheng and Yan Great Wall, and even fewer records about Zhao Great Wall. Does this mean that they have no effect? No, on the contrary, it just shows that after the Three Kingdoms built the Great Wall, Xiongnu and Donghu did not cross the Great Wall and swept the south. The Great Wall played an important role in military defense.

As we all know, the Wang Zhao period was one of the fastest periods for the territory expansion of Qin State. If the Great Wall had not been built in the north, Qin would have sent troops to guard the important passages and passes in the north to prevent the powerful Xiongnu from plundering the south. How can we deploy an army to constantly defeat the allied forces of the six countries and occupy a large area of land in the six countries? Visible, after the completion of Qin Changcheng, only need a small number of troops stationed, can stop the huns south. If the Xiongnu army goes south, it will not be easy to break for a while because of the Great Wall defense; Xianyang and Qin Dou are not far from here, and they can be rescued in one day and one night or two or three days and three nights. Therefore, the Huns dared not go south and failed to recruit themselves. In a word, since King Qin Zhao built the Great Wall, the Huns have never plundered south again, which just shows the military defense function of the Great Wall.

As for Zhao Great Wall, it was built at the foot of Yinshan Mountain (now southeast of Daqingshan and Wulashan), with poor quality and close to Xiongnu, so it was often attacked by Xiongnu troops at first. Although Zhao sent troops to defend and took the initiative to go out of the city to fight, he was defeated repeatedly. During the reign of Zhao Daoxiang (224-236 BC), Zhao's frontier defense was defeated by Xiongnu, and the north was tight, so he sent general Li Mu to the Great Wall to lead the army to defend it. The loss of Wang Xiang gave Li Mu the privilege of cheap appointment and dismissal of subordinate officials, and handed over the business tax and land tax in Yunzhong, Yanmen and northern Dai Jun to Li Mu for military expenditure. Li Mu headquarters is located under the North Great Wall in Yanmen County, so as to give consideration to both things. He is very kind to soldiers, killing a few cows every day to improve food; Teach soldiers to practice riding and shooting every day and reward those who have made outstanding achievements; Strictly observe the beacon tower and constantly send spies to understand the movements of the Huns; He ordered the army: "When the Huns came to plunder, all soldiers immediately entered the Great Wall with cattle, horses and sheep, and whoever dared to catch them would be beheaded!" Every time the Huns invaded, because of the tight firepower and knowing the news in advance, the soldiers and civilians of Zhao took livestock into the Great Wall. Xiongnu plundered people, livestock and wealth and had to retreat. A few years later, although the Huns were not defeated, Zhao Jun was not defeated. The Xiongnu and the border people of Zhao thought Li Mu was timid, and the prince of Zhao also blamed Li Mu. And Li Mu remains the same. The king of Zhao was angry and recalled the shepherd to North Korea and replaced him with another general. The new strategy will be to meet the challenge; Every time the Huns came, he led the army to attack and lost several times. For more than a year, soldiers suffered many casualties and could not graze in the north. The prince of Zhao had no choice but to ask Li Mu to defend the Great Wall again. Li Mu goldbrick, overseers, refused to life. Zhao Wang is a strong shepherd. Let the shepherd guard the north. Li Mu said to the prince of Zhao, "Wang Yi wants to use me. I still use the previous strategy. I dare to be ordered only if you agree. " Zhao Wang had to agree. Li Mu arrived at the Great Wall, as before. After several years, the Huns got nothing. In the end, however, I was afraid of Li Mu. Zhao Shoubian's soldiers "are willing to fight every day if they are rewarded or not." Therefore, Li Mu chose 1, 300 chariots, 1, 300 horses, 50,000 soldiers who could defeat the enemy and capture generals, and 1, 000,000 sharpshooters to train and fight. After practice, I will do a lot of animal husbandry. North of the Great Wall, there are people and animals everywhere. When the Huns heard about it, they came to plunder it. Small entry, grazing will fail, and people and animals will be responsible. Khan was overjoyed, so he led his troops south. Li Mu set an ambush in advance, and under the attack of Zhang's left and right wings, he defeated more than 65,438+10,000 people in tarkan. Khan was defeated and fled to the north. After 10 years, the Huns dared not go near the Zhao Great Wall. Zhao defeated the enemy, destroyed East Lake and surrendered. In this way, the northern part of Zhao is very calm and the people live and work in peace and contentment. From here, we can clearly see the great role of Zhao Great Wall in military defense.

Before the Great Wall was completed, in order to maintain peace in the north, Yan had to make peace with the powerful Donghu and take the generals as hostages. This humiliating way of making peace cannot completely stop Donghu from plundering the south. Since Yan Zhaowang, when Qin Kai attacked East Hu Jun, East Hu traveled thousands of miles to the north and built the Great Wall. East Hu did not dare to plunder the south, and there was no fire in the north of Yan State, so the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. This also shows the great role of the Yan Great Wall in military defense.

At the end of Qin Dynasty and the beginning of Han Dynasty, Xiongnu crossed the Great Wall built by Qin and Meng Tian in the Central Plains War and was bounded by the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States Period. Due to the disrepair of the Great Wall and the scarcity of defenders in the north, the powerful Xiongnu continued to plunder the Great Wall and went deep into Daigu, Taiyuan, Xihe, Shang Jun and Beidi counties. Emperor Gaozu, Hui Di, Wendi and Jingdi were forced to adopt a pro-Xiongnu policy. Marry a princess to be E Shi (queen) for Khan and give him a lot of wealth. However, even this dilapidated Great Wall has played a role in military defense to a certain extent. If it weren't for the Xiongnu army, it would be impossible to enter the Great Wall and plunder. Secondly, if the defenders are effective, even with the Xiongnu army, they can't enter the Great Wall. Hanshu? Biography of Li Guang: When Jingdi was in the capital, he widely "fought Xiongnu for going to the valley". Xiongnu never entered the Great Wall from here. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Han Anguo was defeated by Xiongnu in Yuyang County. Acts (note: this word is suspected of migration) right Beiping, several defeats. Emperor Wu is generally regarded as the satrap of Beiping. "Xiongnu dare not keep the right Beiping, posthumous title' General Han Fei', avoid it. I'm only a few years old, and I dare not enter right Beiping. " Later, the Great Wall was widely regarded as an expedition of Xiongnu. This shows that the Yan Great Wall in the Warring States period still has a defensive function. Like Li Guang, Cheng Wu is also a famous Great Wall Guardian. He was very strict in running the army and was always on guard against the Huns' surprise attack, which also showed that the Great Wall of the Warring States period played a certain role. Later, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing, GongSunHe, Gong and others attacked the Huns, all of which were based on Zhao and Qin Changcheng. This shows that until the early Western Han Dynasty, the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States period was still playing a military defense role, although its defense ability was much worse than that in the Warring States period. It was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty drove the Huns to Mobei, restored the Qin Changcheng built by Meng Tian and built the Outer Great Wall that the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States was abandoned and the military defense function ended.

Third, the historical and practical value of the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States Period.

The Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period has important historical value. First of all, it shows that only by building the Great Wall and increasing a certain number of troops can the lightning attack of nomadic cavalry in the north be prevented. Without the Great Wall, even with a large number of infantry and cavalry, it is still impossible to defend. The historical facts of the Warring States period proved this point. Because the Great Wall was an effective military defense project, it was later adopted by Qin Shihuang. After Qin Shihuang expelled Xiongnu to Mobei, he ordered Meng Tian to build a new Great Wall immediately.

Secondly, the Great Wall built by Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period is quite scientific. It was basically built by taking advantage of the dangerous situation of mountains and rivers. Build tall and thick walls in mountain passes and plains to cut off the entrance and exit of Xiongnu and East Lake cavalry. In addition to the Great Wall, beacon towers have been built at the commanding heights inside and outside, which are used to detect the enemy's situation, deliver news and prepare the defenders on the Great Wall. Barricades will be built at traffic intersections and valleys, and the garrison will strengthen the defense capability of the Great Wall. Within the Great Wall, large cities with garrisons will be built at regular intervals, and communication networks will be set up to deliver news quickly, and unified command and mutual support will be carried out. The Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms and its supporting buildings, such as beacon towers, barriers and city walls, constitute a complete military defense system. This military defense system is scientific and effective. It provides a model for later military defense projects. Although the Qin Changcheng built by Meng Tian is newly built, it is obvious that he designed it on the basis of referring to the Great Wall buildings of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States period, and at the same time, he learned from each other's strong points. For example, he uses mountains and rivers to build cities and obstacles because they are dangerous. He built the Great Wall on a high mountain, making use of ridges and peaks as much as possible, making it impossible for tarquin to cross it. Try to use the river as a barrier, and try to build the Great Wall to the north of the river so that the enemy can't get water. On the hills and plains, build tall city walls, or build them with earth and stone clips or rammed with earth. The sections of the Great Wall are connected into a magnificent dragon to separate the north from the south. Compared with the Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms, the beacon tower in Qin Changcheng has been improved. They are all built on the open hills outside the Great Wall. According to the terrain, there is one in every 10, 20 and 30 miles. The barrier city has also been improved, and two barrier cities, north and south, have been built at traffic intersections or taniguchi. The cities where large troops are stationed are all built to the south of the Great Wall and are closely connected with it. It can be said that Qin Changcheng's highly scientific architectural system is the inheritance and development of the Great Wall architectural system of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States Period.

Finally, the historical value of the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States not only shows the great spirit of the Chinese nation more than 2,200 years ago, but also shows the high wisdom, superb military scientific level and high scientific culture of the people of China at that time.

The Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms also has great practical value. First of all, the Great Wall, as the heroic and unyielding spiritual symbol of the Chinese nation, will inspire us to build our great motherland without fear of violence, difficulties and obstacles, and bravely climb the scientific peak to build our great motherland into a highly prosperous and powerful country.

Secondly, the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States and its underground cultural relics are the treasure house for us to study the military history of the Warring States. Under the situation that the war is still going on and China is still under the threat of war, it is still of great practical value to study the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States Period.

Thirdly, the sites of the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States Period are historical witnesses of natural changes along the Great Wall. From the degree of fracture, erosion and annihilation, we can understand the changing laws of earthquakes, sandstorms and mudslides at various stages. Knowing these changing laws, we can take effective defensive measures.

Finally, there are many tourist attractions along the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period, most of which have not yet been developed. If developed, it will be a great wealth of our country and inexhaustible wealth. I believe it will contribute to the construction of the motherland.

The role of the Great Wall now

With the Great Wall of Wan Li as the intermediary, the Great Wall Belt, which is composed of vast northern and southern regions, runs through a considerable part of Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other provinces (cities, autonomous regions), including parts of the Mongolian People's Republic and the Korean Peninsula in historical period. Its range is hundreds or even thousands of kilometers wide from north to south and thousands of kilometers long from east to west. The Great Wall Belt has been inhabited by many ethnic groups since ancient times, and the development of ethnic groups and their relations is the key to observing and understanding everything in the Great Wall Belt.

In the course of historical development, some ancient ethnic groups in the Great Wall Belt disappeared, and some new ethnic groups merged and formed, all of which are closely related to more than 20 ethnic groups distributed in the Great Wall Belt today. All ethnic groups, whether they have disappeared or continue to develop today, have made important contributions to the historical development of China.

The Great Wall of Wan Li is the product of the development of ethnic relations in ancient China, but at present, the research on the internal development law of ethnic relations between the north and the south of the Great Wall is not sufficient. Summarizing the existing research results, broadening the research fields and revealing the internal relationship between the Great Wall and the development of ethnic relations in China are of great practical significance and theoretical research value for the study of the Great Wall, ethnology and the development of the history of ethnic relations in China.

The Great Wall in China is the greatest construction project in the history of human civilization. It was built more than 2000 years ago during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, it became the Great Wall of Wan Li. Large-scale construction in hamming period. The vastness of its project and the grandeur of its momentum can be called a miracle of the world. As time went on, things changed. Now, when you climb the ruins of the former Great Wall, you can not only witness the majestic posture of the Great Wall among the mountains, but also appreciate the great wisdom and courage of the Chinese nation in creating history.

The Great Wall is located in the north of China, starting from Shanhaiguan in the east and Jiayuguan in the west, with a total length of about 6,700 kilometers. It is commonly known as the Great Wall of Wan Li.

The construction of the Great Wall lasted for more than two thousand years. According to historical records, the Great Wall was built by more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties from the construction of Fangcheng by Chu in the 7th century BC to the Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644). Among them, the Great Wall in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties is more than 5,000 kilometers long. If you add up the Great Wall built in different eras, the total length is more than 50,000 kilometers. If we build a masonry earthwork wall with a thickness of 1 meter and a height of 5 meters for the Great Wall, this wall can circle the earth more than once.

The main project of the Great Wall is a tall wall stretching across Wan Li, most of which is built at the highest point of the mountain. The endless winding mountains are clearly outlined along the ridge, shaping a galloping and magnificent dragon and becoming a symbol of the Chinese nation. On the wall of Wan Licheng, there are hundreds of Xiongguan and Pass, thousands of watchtowers and beacon towers, which break the monotony of the wall and make the undulating terrain more majestic and steep, full of great artistic charm.

Among all the Great Wall landscapes, Badaling Great Wall in Beijing is particularly strong and well-preserved, and it is the best place to watch the Great Wall. In addition, there are Jinshanling Great Wall, Mutianyu Great Wall, Simatai Great Wall and Gubeikou Great Wall. Tianjin Huangyaguan Great Wall, Hebei Shanhaiguan and Gansu Jiayuguan are also famous Great Wall tourist attractions.

The Great Wall in Wan Li, China, is the longest and largest national military defense project in the world. It embodies the blood, sweat and wisdom of our ancestors and is the symbol and pride of the Chinese nation.

According to historical records, since the Warring States period, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties have built the Great Wall. The first is Chu, which began to build the Great Wall to defend the northern nomadic people or enemy countries. Later, countries such as Qi, Yan, Wei, Zhao and Qin began to build their own Great Wall for the same purpose. After Qin unified the six countries, Qin Shihuang sent a famous soldier, Meng Tian, to explore the Xiongnu in the north, connecting the Great Walls of various countries, stretching for more than 10,000 miles from Yao in the west to Liaodong in the east, hence the name "Wan Li Great Wall". But what we see today is mainly the Ming Great Wall.

There are only relics left in Qin Changcheng. Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall with 300,000 people, which created a miracle in the history of human architecture. The construction of the Great Wall objectively played a positive role in preventing the Huns from invading the south and protecting the economic and cultural development of the Central Plains. Dr. Sun Yat-sen once commented: "Although the first emperor had no choice, the Great Wall made great contributions to later generations. In fact, Dayu managed water and so on."

The Han Dynasty continued to build the Great Wall. From Wendi to Xuan Di, from Dawaner Shicheng in the west to the north bank of Heilongjiang in the east, a 10,000-kilometer-long Great Wall was built. Half of the ancient Silk Road was along the Great Wall, which was the longest in history. In the Ming Dynasty, the construction of the Great Wall never stopped in order to prevent the invasion of Tatars and Waci people. From Hongwu to Wanli, after 20 large-scale constructions, from Jiayuguan in Gansu in the west to Hushan in Liaodong in the east, a side wall of 6,350 kilometers was built. (But it is reported that in 1990, the pedometer of a China man who walked the whole Great Wall showed 6700 kilometers. )

The Great Wall has great tourism value and historical and cultural significance. Now, after careful development and restoration, Shanhaiguan, Juyongguan, Badaling, Simatai, Mutianyu and Jiayuguan have become famous tourist attractions at home and abroad. Looking into the distance, with the ancient bosom, the ancient battlefield seems to be just around the corner. Today, the Great Wall, together with the Egyptian pyramids, the Colosseum in Rome and the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy, is known as the seven wonders of the world. It is a monument of China's ancient culture and the crystallization of wisdom, symbolizing the blood and national spirit of the Chinese nation.