The tour guide in Macau asked to pay an additional 120 yuan to see the Venetian. Tourists did not want to be intimidated and were not allowed to get on the tour bus to complain to anyone.

1. Calligraphy

1. What is oracle bone inscriptions?

Oracle bone inscriptions refer to the characters carved on tortoise shells and animal bones during the Yin and Shang Dynasties.

2. What is bronze inscriptions?

Bronze inscriptions refer to the characters engraved on bronze vessels during the Yin and Zhou dynasties.

3. What are the representative works of bronze inscriptions?

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, bronze inscriptions were relatively popular, mainly including "Maogong Tripod" and "Sanshi Pan".

4. What is Shiguwen?

Shiguwen is a text carved on ten drum-shaped stone tablets, also known as "hunting tablets".

5. What is Dazhuan?

All characters written before Qin Shi Huang unified the six kingdoms are collectively called Dazhuan, including oracle bone inscriptions, bronze inscriptions (Zhongding inscriptions), Zhou inscriptions, ancient inscriptions, etc.

6. What is small seal script?

Small seal script is relative to large seal script. The Qin seal script revised and organized by Qin Prime Minister Li Si is called Xiaozhuan script.

7. What are the representative works of Xiaozhuan in the Qin Dynasty?

"Stone Carvings on Mount Tai", "Stone Carvings on Kuaiji", etc. It is said that most of them were written by Li Si, with a rigorous and well-proportioned calligraphy style, dignified and beautiful.

8. What is Wadang script?

Wadang script is the text engraved on tiles during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The content is mostly auspicious.

9. How did official script come into being?

Official script was gradually formed during the long-term writing process of cursive seal script.

10. What is Han Li?

Han Li refers to the official script of the Han Dynasty, especially the official script of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Later generations called the official script of the Eastern Han Dynasty "Han Li".

11. What are the representative works of Han Li?

"Zhang Qian Stele", "Yi Ying Stele", "Cao Quan Stele", etc.

12. What is Zhangcao?

Zhangcao is a kind of cursive script that was formed in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, gradually matured, and became popular in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is the result of fast writing in official script. Famous works of Zhangcao handed down from ancient times include "Jijiuzhang" by Huang Xiang and Shi You, "Pingfu Tie" by Lu Ji, and "Yueyi Tie" by Suo Jing, etc.

13. What is Jincao?

Jincao, also known as "Xiaocao", is one of the most popular fonts in cursive script. Jincao matured during the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The father and son Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty inherited and developed the cursive script originated by Zhang Zhi, giving it a new style. In order to distinguish it from Zhangcao, people call it Jincao.

14. What is Dacao?

Dacao, also known as "crazy grass", is a type of cursive script. The two calligraphers Zhang Xu and Huai Su of the Tang Dynasty further developed cursive scripts that were more indulgent than Jin Cao in the Jin Dynasty.

15. What is regular script?

Regular script is also called regular script, regular script, and true script. The earliest calligrapher in regular script is Zhong Yao, and the oldest regular script is "Declaration Table" and "Ji Ji Zhi Biao" written by Zhong Yao. The regular script of Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty developed further on the basis of Zhong Yao's regular script, making it more beautiful. Regular script can be divided into three types: Jin Kai, Wei Kai and Tang Kai.

16. What are Northern Wei stone carvings?

Northern Wei stone carvings are a general term for Northern Wei stone tablets and Wei stone carvings with similar calligraphy styles before and after the Northern Wei Dynasty, including epitaphs, statues, tablets and cliff carvings, etc. . Some people also call the stone carvings of the Northern Wei Dynasty "Wei Kai".

17. What is running script?

Running script is a style of writing between regular script and cursive script. The fast writing of regular script and some cursive techniques form the characteristics of running script. Early running script emerged around the late Eastern Han Dynasty, which was later than regular script. According to legend, it was created by Liu Desheng in the late Han Dynasty.

18. What is Slim Body?

Skinny Body was developed by Zhao Ji, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, on the basis of his predecessors, and has a strong personal style. His strokes are as thin and strong as iron, and he calls himself "thin gold body".

19. What is Qishu?

Qishu generally refers to a style of calligraphy written by Jin Nong, one of the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou in the Qing Dynasty.

2. Calligrapher Category

20. What are the stylistic characteristics of Zhong Yao’s calligraphy works?

The brushwork is fresh and vigorous, elegant and simple, thin and round, and the fonts are Biankuo means subordinate. Together with Wang Xizhi, he is known as the "Zhongwang".

21. What are Zhong Yao’s handed down works?

No authentic works of Zhong Yao’s calligraphy have been handed down from generation to generation. Among the famous engraved posts, there are "Declaration Form", "Congratulation Form" and so on.

22. What are the characteristics of Zhang Zhi’s calligraphy and his representative works?

Zhang Zhi was a famous calligrapher in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He was good at Li, Xing, Cao and Feibai calligraphy, and learned from Cui. According to Yuan and Dudu's methods, the cursive characters of Bianzhang are divided into one-stroke scripts, and the Qi and pulse are smooth. His handed down works include "August Post", "Champion Post", etc.

23. What are Suo Jing's handed down calligraphy works and their characteristics?

Suo Jing's handed down works include "Yue Yi Tie", "Ode to the Master", "Ji Ji Zhang", etc. His calligraphy is vigorous and courageous.

24. What are the stylistic characteristics of Wei Shuo’s calligraphy works?

“Mrs. Wei” in the Tang Dynasty described her calligraphy as like a flower-arranging dancer, with a low and graceful posture, like a beauty on stage, with a fairy playing shadows. , red lotuses reflect the water, and clouds float on the blue sea. She was Wang Xizhi’s calligraphy teacher when he was a boy.

25. What is Wang Xizhi’s calligraphy style?

Wang Xizhi is revered as the “Sage of Calligraphy” and has a great influence on later generations. Use the "pout inside" technique.

26. What are Wang Xizhi’s running script works handed down from generation to generation?

Ring script: "Lanting Preface", "Er Xie Tie", etc.

27. What are the stylistic characteristics of Wang Xianzhi’s calligraphy works?

Wang Xianzhi created a new style of running cursive that is high-spirited and graceful. Later generations called him and his father "Little King" and "Big King", and they were also called "Two Kings", which have become calligraphy classics for thousands of years.

28. What are Wang Xianzhi's cursive works handed down from generation to generation?

Ring cursive works: "Mid-Autumn Tie", "Yatouwan", etc.

29. What are the stylistic characteristics of Wang Shi’s calligraphy works?

His calligraphy is vigorous and elegant, chic and ancient. His handed down work "Bo Yuan Tie".

30. What are the stylistic characteristics of Zhiyong's calligraphy?

Zhiyong's "Zhencao Thousand-Character Essay" uses a graceful and rounded brush, which is clear and handsome; the structure is flat and elegant, with a wind spirit. Long hair, like the temperament of a handsome young man from a wealthy family.

31. Which calligraphers are the "Four Calligraphers of the Early Tang Dynasty"?

Ouyang Xun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang, and Xue Ji.

32. What are the stylistic characteristics of Ouyang Xun’s calligraphy?

The regular script works are concise and implicit, strong and clear; the structure is tight inside and loose outside, converging on the left and letting go on the right, square Neat and dignified, yet dangerous in its simplicity, yet elegant in its simplicity, it is an outstanding example of both the essence of northern and southern calligraphy.

33. What are Ouyang Xun's regular script works handed down from generation to generation?

"Jiucheng Palace Liquan Inscription", "Huadu Temple Stele", "Yu Gonggong Stele", etc.

34. What are the stylistic characteristics of Yu Shinan’s calligraphy?

His representative regular script work "Confucius Temple Stele" has a beautiful and round style, calmness and stability; the structure is broad and sparse, dignified and free. Both wind and spirit are sufficient.

35. What are Yu Shinan's regular script works handed down from generation to generation?

"Confucius Temple Stele" and so on.

36. What are the stylistic characteristics of Chu Suiliang's regular script calligraphy works?

His regular script representative work "Master Meng's Monument" is Qingyuan Xiaosan, powerful and elegant.

37. What are Chu Suiliang's handed down works?

Regular script: "Master Meng's Monument", "Yanta Sacred Preface", etc.

38. What are the stylistic characteristics of Xue Ji’s calligraphy works?

The pen is thin and hard, and the stipples are exquisite; the structure is mainly vertical, sparse and open, and has the beauty of splendor and splendor. .

39. What are the stylistic characteristics of Li Yong's calligraphy works?

The style of his calligraphy is thin and hard, with strong bone strength.

40. What are the handed down works of Li Yong?

"Li Sixun Stele", "Lushan Temple Stele", etc.

41. What are the stylistic characteristics of Sun Guoting's calligraphy works?

His cursive calligraphy work "Book Book" is highly praised by the two kings for its sharp brushwork, jumping dots, and hidden meanings. implicit.

42. What are the stylistic characteristics of Zhang Xu's calligraphy?

Zhang Xu's cursive script is the most famous. He often shouts and screams when he is drunk, and writes brushes on the wall, which is called "Zhang Dian". called.

43. What are Zhang Xu’s masterpieces handed down from generation to generation?

"Tie of Belly Pain", "Tie of Four Ancient Poems", etc.

44. What are the stylistic characteristics of Yan Zhenqing’s regular script works?

The "Duobao Pagoda Stele" has a clear and graceful writing style; the structure is square and steady, dignified and precise.

45. What are the stylistic characteristics of Yan Zhenqing’s running calligraphy works?

His calligraphy style is romantic and majestic, with mostly center strokes, mellow and powerful, and a seal-like style, which makes him look like the two kings. The crispness of "Zhechaigu" is the astringency of "house leakage marks".

46. What are the stylistic characteristics of Huaisu's calligraphy works?

Huaisu's cursive script uses many centers. The writing is tossing and turning in a continuous and rapid manner.

47. What are Huaisu's masterpieces handed down from generation to generation?

"Autobiography" and "Bitter Bamboo Shoots". ” etc.

48. What are the stylistic characteristics of Liu Gongquan’s calligraphy works in regular script?

The pen is strong and thin, emphasizing the strokes at the beginning, closing and turning points, showing obvious bulges. The knotted ornate phenomenon; the palace in the knot is tightened and the four sides are open.

49. What are Liu Gongquan’s regular script works handed down from generation to generation?

Regular script: "Mysterious Tower Stele". "Shence Military Monument" etc.

50. What is "Yan Jin Liu Gu"?

"Yan Jin Liu Gu" is an evaluation of the calligraphy style characteristics of Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan. , which means that Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy is rich in flesh and little bone, and wins with tendons; Liu Gongquan's calligraphy is rich in flesh and little bone, and wins with bones.

51. What are the stylistic characteristics of Yang Ningshi's calligraphy works?

The characters are well moved, the posture is vivid, and the lines are very sparse, forming a sparse and leisurely layout, which is unconventional and refreshing.

< p>52. What are the handed down regular script works of Yang Ningshi?

"Leek Flower Calligraphy"

53. Who are the four calligraphers of the Song Dynasty? /p>

Cai Xiang, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu

54. What are the stylistic characteristics of Cai Xiang’s calligraphy works?

His calligraphy is elegant, vigorous and vigorous. The writing is concise and full of changes. His representative works include "Hu Cong Tie" and "Beriberi Tie".

55. What are the stylistic characteristics of Su Shi's calligraphy works?

The strokes are rich, the body is plump and flat, the composition is dense and dense, seeking emptiness in the dense, hiding skill in clumsiness.

56. What are Su Shi's representative works in running script?

"Huangzhou Cold Food Poems", "Red Cliff Ode", "Dongting Spring Ode", etc.

57. What are the stylistic characteristics of Huang Tingjian’s calligraphy works?

His calligraphy brushes are jerky, round and vigorous, sharp and tough with toughness, and his body posture is tight and long. Great suppression.

58. What are Huang Tingjian’s representative works in running script?

Running script: "Dongpo Huangzhou Cold Food Poems and Postscripts", "Jing Fubo Shenci Poems", "Songfeng Pavilion Tie", etc. .

59. What are the stylistic characteristics of Mi Fu’s calligraphy works?

The brush strokes are flexible and changeable, with power in the crispness, strong and calm movements, lifting and closing the pen, and lifting the button. , Pause and setbacks at will, flying postures, using both the center and side fronts, unpredictable, "Wind Qiang formation horse, calm and happy", claiming to be "attacking from all sides", the body posture is multiple and sideways, and the tactics are dense and dense.

60. What are Mi Fu’s representative works in running script?

Running script: "Shu Su Tie", "Tiaoxi Poetry Tie", etc.

61. What are the stylistic characteristics of Zhao Mengfu’s calligraphy works?

Zhao Mengfu’s calligraphy is neither aggressive nor aggressive, gentle and subtle, with skillful brushwork, smooth and beautiful knots, and an ancient atmosphere. Zhao Mengfu was a retrotist in calligraphy. He advocated following the example of "King Zhong" and traveled frequently in the Jin and Tang Dynasties. Influenced the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Zhao Mengfu's regular script was listed by later generations as one of the four major regular scripts of Ou, Yan, Liu and Zhao, and was called "Zhao style".

62. What are the representative works of Zhao Mengfu in regular script handed down from generation to generation?

"Dengba Stele", "Xuanmiao Temple Reconstruction of Three Gates", etc.

63. Who are the famous calligraphers in the Yuan Dynasty?

Zhao Mengfu, Kang Liwei, Yang Weizhen, Ni Zan, etc.

64. What are the stylistic characteristics of Kang Liyuyu’s calligraphy works?

The strokes are vigorous and beautiful, and the turns are round and dynamic. The handwritten writings handed down from ancient times include "Fisher Father's Ci" and so on.

65. What are the stylistic characteristics of Yang Weizhen’s calligraphy works?

The brushstrokes are fresh and vigorous, the fonts break away from the sweet and vulgar style, and the ups and downs are strange. His representative works include "Zhen Jing'an Recruiting Yuan Shu Scroll" and so on.

66. What are the stylistic characteristics of Ni Zan’s calligraphy works?

He is famous for his small regular script, but his characters are flat. Because he writes regular script using the official method, he has won the favor of people in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. .

67. What are the "Four Wu Clan Schools"?

Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhengming, Chen Chun, and Wang Chong.

68. What are the stylistic characteristics of Zhu Yunming's small regular script calligraphy works?

His small regular script is exquisite and elegant, and he has learned the methods of Jin people and has his own ideas. The handed down regular script works include "Chibi Fu", "Luo Shen Fu", etc.

69. What are the stylistic characteristics of Wen Zhengming’s small regular script calligraphy works?

The method of "two kings" is adopted, which is gentle, pure and exquisite. His handed down works include "Return and Lai Ci", "Li Sao Jing", etc.

70. What are the stylistic characteristics of Chen Chun’s cursive calligraphy works?

It is vigorous, unrestrained, and free-spirited. The representative works of cursive script handed down from ancient times include "Eight Poems of Autumn Xing".

71. What are the stylistic characteristics of Wang Chong’s small regular script calligraphy works?

His regular script has the charm of Jin people, with rich and varied brushwork, ordinary and unusual structures, and clear and clear composition. Youzhi's works in small regular script handed down from generation to generation include "Preface to Prince Teng's Pavilion", "Biographies of Assassins", etc.

72. What are the stylistic characteristics of Dong Qichang’s calligraphy works?

Using empty brushwork, sparse composition, and moist ink, he pursues a calligraphy style that is elegant, quiet, innocent, and plain.

73. What are the stylistic characteristics of Fu Shan’s calligraphy works?

True and simple, seemingly wild and unrestrained, but in fact he has a deep understanding of ancient methods.

74. What are the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou?

Refers to Wang Shishen, Jin Nong, Li Fangying, Li Xian, Huang Shen, Gao Xiang, Zheng Xie, and Luo Pin.

75. What are the stylistic characteristics of Liu Yong's calligraphy works?

The calligraphy style is rich and vigorous, the appearance is plump and ancient, and the needles are hidden in the cotton. He is known as the "Prime Minister of Thick Ink".

76. Who are the representative calligraphers who were good at seal script in the Qing Dynasty?

Deng Shiru, Wu Xizai, Xu Sangeng, Zhao Zhiqian, Wu Changshuo, etc.

3. Stele and Calligraphy

77. What is a stele?

A stele originally refers to a stone erected on the ground. At first the stele had no words, but later words were engraved, which is what is called "stele" or "stele inscription" in the art of calligraphy.

78. What is Tie?

The original meaning of Tie refers to the words written on silk. Tie in calligraphy refers to the calligraphy style used by people in the Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties using true and practical methods. , cursive writing, and characters expressed in wood carvings and stone carvings are all called calligraphy.

79. What is the Bei School?

The Bei School is an emerging calligraphy art school that emerged in the Qing Dynasty.

80. What is Tiepai?

Tiepai is a concept put forward relative to the emergence of stele studies. It refers to the calligraphy school that took Fa Tie as the object of study and research after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Zhong Yao and Wang Xizhi as its sects. The rise of the style of engraving calligraphy in the Northern Song Dynasty played a great role in promoting the popularity of calligraphy style.

81. What is engraved calligraphy?

The imitation of calligraphy masterpieces from past dynasties on wooden boards or stone slabs is called engraved calligraphy. In ancient times, engraving made calligraphy masterpieces from past dynasties widely circulated.

82. What is "Chunhua Pavilion Notes"?

In the third year of Chunhua in the Northern Song Dynasty (992), Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty ordered Shi Shu Wang to write a summary of the emperors, famous ministers, and officials of the past dynasties. The works of famous calligraphers from past dynasties are compiled into ten volumes, inscribed on jujube wood, and made with Chengxintang paper and Li Ting silicon ink.

83. What is "Sanxitang Dharma Tie"?

In the twelfth year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty (1747), Qianlong ordered Liang Shizheng to compile and copy the Dharma books of the past dynasties collected by the Qing palace, which took three years to complete. From the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the late Ming Dynasty, there are thirty-two volumes. Because Qianlong received three kinds of ink inscriptions: Wang Xizhi's "Kuaixue Shiqing Tie", Wang Xianzhi's "Mid-Autumn Tie", and Wang Shi's "Bai Yuan Tie". These three kinds of ink were also included in the carved ink, so the carved ink was called "Three Ink Calligraphy". "Xitang Dharma Tie".

84. What is Chuan Tuo?

Chuan Tuo is also called Vertebra Tuo. The calligraphy and painting on gold, stone, bamboo and wooden vessels are beaten out with paper and ink to facilitate widespread dissemination, which is called vertebra rubbing.

85. What are rubbings?

The calligraphy and painting that have been rubbed out from the tablets are called rubbings.

86. Whose calligraphy work is "Lanting Preface"? What are the stylistic characteristics?

"Lanting Preface" is also known as "Men Linhe Preface", "Ye Tie", etc. The preface describes the grand occasion of drinking water at the Lanting gathering in Shaoxing and the emotion of the author Wang Xizhi. The calligraphy and writing of this post are both excellent, fully embodying Wang Xizhi's free and elegant calligraphy style, which is known as "the best running script in the world".

87. In what era was "Huairen's Collection of Wang Xi's Preface to the Sacred Teachings" collected?

"Huairen's Collection of Wang Xi's Preface to the Sacred Teachings" was written in running script and inscribed in the Tang Dynasty.

88. Whose calligraphy work is "Manuscript for Nephew Commemoration"? What are the style characteristics?

"Manuscript for Nephew Commemoration" is a calligraphy work written by Yan Zhenqing, a calligrapher of the Tang Dynasty, for his nephew Ji Mingzai A memorial poem written after being brutally killed during the "An-Shi Rebellion". His writing style is vigorous and thick, and his characters vary in size and shape without any reason. Use dry and moist ink alternately, innocent and innocent. Later generations praised the "Manuscript for Memorials to My Nephew" as "the second running script in the world".

89. Whose calligraphy work is "Huangzhou Cold Food Poems"? What are the stylistic characteristics?

"Huangzhou Cold Food Poems" was written in running script by the calligrapher Su Shi of the Song Dynasty. Two self-composed poems. This work expresses his depression after being demoted to Huangzhou. The stippling of this post is solid and affirmative, vigorous and vigorous, calm and dignified, and the writing style is unrestrained, like the tide and the sea, with ups and downs. It is the best work of Su Shu handed down from generation to generation, and is praised by later generations as "the third running script in the world".

IV. Comprehensive category

90. What is the meaning of calligraphy?

Simply put, calligraphy refers to the art of writing Chinese characters with a brush. It includes four basic elements: brushwork, structure, composition, and inkwork. Specifically, it means that calligraphers use ink and brushes as writing tools, Chinese characters as writing objects, rice paper, silk and other suitable writing materials as carriers, and use correct writing techniques, reasonable structures, perfect compositions, and harmonious ink techniques to write. It is a traditional Chinese art that expresses temperament and expresses rich connotations.

91. What are the "Eight Methods of Yong"?

It refers to the eight basic strokes that make up the character "Yong". The first is the dot as "side", the second is the horizontal as "le", the third is the vertical as "nu", the fourth is the hook as "chao", the fifth is the upper left draw as "ce", the sixth is the lower left draw as "plunder", Seventh, the upper right hand is called "peck", and the eighth is the lower right hand, which is "甔".

92. What is reading posts?

To read posts is to read posts, which means to carefully ponder, analyze and understand the use of inscriptions just like reading and analyzing the essentials and principles of articles. Be aware of the writing methods, structural features, and composition layout.

93. What is Lin Tie?

Lin Tie is to place the copybook next to it and imitate the writing techniques, structural features, turning, lifting, pressing, rising and closing, hiding and exposing in the post. Practice writing according to the layout of the chapters. People often use facing, backing, and meaning coming.

94. What is imitation calligraphy?

Copy calligraphy is covered with transparent tissue paper on the stele calligraphy, and is written according to the original calligraphy.

95. What is back-writing?

Back-writing is a method of learning books. On the basis of proficiency in copying, one does not look at the copybooks and writes from memory, striving to be consistent with the original text. The style and charm of the posts are similar and lifelike.

96. What are the "Four Treasures of the Study"?

The "Four Treasures of the Study" refer to the pen, ink, paper and inkstone used in traditional Chinese calligraphy and painting. Rice paper, Hu brush, Hui ink, and Duan inkstone are the four treasures of the study.

97. What is rice paper?

Rice paper is made of green sandalwood bark. It is used for calligraphy and painting and has the special performance of "expressing the wonderful taste of art". Xiaoling in Jing County, Anhui Province is the hometown of rice paper. Jiajiang, Sichuan also produces calligraphy and painting paper, called "Jiajiang Xuan". Rice paper is divided into two categories: raw Xuan and cooked Xuan. Raw Xuan can absorb water and infiltrate, while cooked Xuan does not absorb water and infiltrate.

98. What is ink?

Ink is divided into two categories: pine smoke and oil smoke. Hui ink is the most famous, and the origin of Hui ink is She County, Anhui. Nowadays, most calligraphers use ink, including Li Tingsi ink and Hu Kaiwen ink produced in She County, Anhui Province, Cao Sugong ink produced in Shanghai, Yidege ink produced in Beijing, etc.

99. What is a pen?

A pen refers to a brush used for calligraphy and painting. The most famous one is Hubi, which is produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang. Brushes can be divided into three categories: soft brush, combined brush and hard brush.

100. What is an inkstone?

Inkstone refers to the grinding tool for ink.

The main famous inkstones include Duan inkstone and She inkstone. Duan inkstones are produced in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, and She inkstones are produced in Sheshan, She County, Anhui Province, and Longwei Mountain, Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province.