How many representative couplets are there?

Palindrome is one of the wonderful works of China's couplets (pā). The couplets written in this form can be read in sequence or backwards, which not only has the same meaning, but also is quite interesting. Here are some examples.

There is a mountain in Henan called Jigong Mountain. There are two landscapes on the mountain: Jidu and Longyin. Someone made a pair of insightful palindromes about this.

Ji du shan shan chicken dou

Hidden dragons in the rocks of Long Yin

Second,

Spring Festival couplets are a kind of couplets and a unique literary form. It depicts the background of the times and expresses good wishes with neat, dual, concise and exquisite words, which is China's literary form. Every Spring Festival, no matter in urban or rural areas, every household should choose a pair of bright red Spring Festival couplets and stick them on the door to add a festive atmosphere to the Spring Festival.

Spring Festival couplets originated in Fu Tao (rectangular red boards were hung on both sides of the gate in the Zhou Dynasty). According to the Book of Rites, the peach symbol is six inches long and three inches wide, and the words "Shen Tu" and "Lei Yu" are written on the mahogany board. "On the first day of the first month, I made a peach symbol for this family and named it Xianmu. All ghosts are afraid of it." Therefore, the Qing Dynasty's "Yanjing Shi Sui Ji" said: "Spring Festival couplets, that is, Fu Tao."

Third,

Overlap, also known as "repetition", refers to a word composed of two identical words. When people create couplets, they often apply reduplication to the creation of couplets, that is, reduplication. In the creation of couplets, overlapping is widely used and can be seen almost everywhere.

There are many overlapping couplets in tourist attractions. A pair of folds in the "Wang Song Reading Painting Pavilion" in Suzhou Wangshi Garden

"Yingying Yan Yan, flowers and leaves, very much in love;

Ups and downs, self-knowledge, looking around. "

Commentator: Ye Feng Ruochen Comment Date: Thursday, September 25th, 2009 at 0: 38,

The meaning of elegiac couplet is a special couplet for mourning the dead, mourning and offering sacrifices. It is a mourning for the dead and a comfort to the living, which is social and representative of the times.

Features: Writing elegiac couplets should be positive, in tune with the spirit of the times and play a positive role for the people. In writing, it requires pertinence, truthfulness and credibility, and elegiac couplets can't be written as ordinary couplets, which are all applicable to Zhang San Li Si. Moreover, it should be artistic, pay attention to confrontation, pay attention to level and skill, and be concise and memorable.

Writing: elegiac couplets can be written on long white paper or on long white cloth (silk).

Font: The font for writing elegiac couplets can be block letters, running script, running script, official script and seal script, but most people recognize it better.

Five,

The so-called "couplets" are the couplets posted on the pillars. Because the previous sentence is relative to the next sentence, for example, the previous sentence is "the wind blows the sun and the moon" and the next sentence is "the rain washes the mountain pine", so it is also called "opposite the door" and "couplet".

People in China like to stick it on both sides of the door during the Spring Festival to highlight the festive atmosphere. For example, it says "Welcome to the Olympics again" on the left and "Vientiane updates to see China" on the right, so it is also called "Spring Festival couplets".

Couplets are independent chapters composed of two neat antitheses. Its basic characteristics are that the number of words is equal and the tone of words is relative; Similar parts of speech and syntax; Semantic relevance and linguistic potential equivalence. As a literary genre and cultural phenomenon, antithetical couplets are conceived in "Parallel Prose" and "Regular Poetry", formed after "Parallel Prose" and "Regular Poetry", and independent of "Parallel Prose" and "Regular Poetry". Contrary to the art of calligraphy, it is developed on the basis of "parallel prose" and "regular poetry".

As a literary brand and a cultural phenomenon, antithetical couplets have the most China characteristics, and cannot be translated, rewritten or transplanted.

Couplets vary in length, only one or two words are short; It can be as long as 1000 words. There are various forms of couplets, such as pairs, pairs, flowing pairs, couplets, set sentence pairs and so on. However, no matter what kind of couplets and forms are used, they must have the following characteristics:

First, the number of words should be equal and the sentences should be consistent. In addition to deliberately leaving a place for a word to achieve a certain effect, the number of words in the upper and lower couplets must be the same, neither more nor less.

Second, it is necessary to be honest and have a harmonious tone. The traditional habit is to "pucker up and fall flat", that is, the end of the last sentence of the first couplet is puckered up and the end of the last sentence of the second couplet is flat.

Third, the parts of speech should be relative and the position should be consistent. Generally speaking, virtual to virtual, real to real means that nouns to nouns, verbs to verbs, adjectives to adjectives, quantifiers to quantifiers, adverbs to adverbs and related words must be in the same position.

Fourth, the content should be related and run through from top to bottom. The meaning of up and down links must be interrelated, but they cannot be repeated.

In addition, the traditional practice of hanging couplets must be written straight and pasted vertically, from right to left and from top to bottom, and cannot be reversed.

The horizontal criticism closely related to couplets can be said to be the title and center of couplets. Good reviews can make the finishing point and complement each other in couplets.

Couplets are one of the unique literary forms in China, and their wonderful combination with calligraphy has become a colorful artistic creation of the Chinese nation. Couplets are called "couplets", which are named after the pillars hanging in halls and houses in ancient times.

Six,

Top needle joint

This kind of couplet is called "Julian Pair" and "Lian Jin Pair" because the foot character of the previous sentence is the first word of the latter sentence, which makes the two adjacent sentences end to end. The classic sentence is as follows

If you have no distractions, you will change your mind if you are poor.

Everything comes with fate, nothing outside.

The waterwheel truck is accompanied by water, and the truck stops supplying water.

Fan, fan, fan, fan, fan.

A big belly can hold what the world can hold.

Open your mouth and laugh at the ridiculous people in the world.

Orange Island, the boat is next to the island, and it is unacceptable to go to the island by boat.

Tianxin pavilion, pigeons in the pavilion, pigeons in the pavilion can't fly.

Seven,

Birthday couplet/scroll

Life couplets are mostly five or seven words, and there are dozens or hundreds of words.

The content of birthday couplets. Practical, exquisite, neat and charming is superior.

Therefore, when writing birthday couplets, we must be clear about the object, establish the theme, choose appropriate words and phrases, and pay attention to the smooth momentum. Suitable for people, vivid to things, vivid to things, not aimed at China, let people understand its meaning after reading it, causing * * *.

Life couplets contain many meanings in order to use a few words. Therefore, we often use classical Chinese, idioms, allusions and proper names.

But when using idioms, allusions and proper names, we should first understand their meanings, such as "Hua Jia" for 60th birthday and "Gu Xi" for 70th birthday. However, it is wrong to wish a woman a birthday with the word "Antarctic" and a man a birthday with the word "Baopo".

Commentator: Ye Feng Ruochen commented on September 25th, 20091:15.

Love-free couples are acquired by accident, but they are by no means successful. Sentences should also have a complete meaning. If they are unexpected, they can also be interesting and unforgettable.

The so-called unfeeling pair, also known as claw pair, is a word game that arose among literati in the late Qing Dynasty. Its characteristic is that the literal antithesis is as neat as possible, and the contents on both sides are as separate as possible. It also stipulates that improvisation belongs to rights and cannot delay time;

For example, the first part: Samsung brandy. Part II: Huangmeitian in May. The words are relative, the upper part refers to the weather, and the lower part refers to the name of wine, which has nothing to do with it. It is a model without love.

As we all know, couplets generally require that the contents of the upper and lower couplets should be related and closely coordinated. But there is a kind of couplet, which only pays attention to the relative characters of the upper and lower couplets. As for the content, they are all different, absolutely irrelevant, which makes people feel curious and interesting. This is the so-called "heartless couple".

Song Gongzhiming's "Biography of Wu" contains that a gentleman surnamed Ye went out to join the group: "The cockscomb flower has not been released." Someone said, "Mr. Setaria."

Words are relative, but their meanings are irrelevant. The first sentence is a subject-predicate sentence, which means that before the cockscomb blooms, the antithesis sentence becomes a partial structure sentence, and "green bristlegrass" becomes the attributive of "sir", which greatly mocks Mr. Ye.

general idea

A loveless couple must have three main points.

First, word for word;

Second, there must be a strong ambiguity effect from top to bottom, so as to make people smile or amaze;

Third, borrow a lot of methods.

The first point is as mentioned above, but it is like:

Shanglian: Want to relieve worries, indulge in wine;

Bottom line: It is better to enjoy the scenery and complain about others than to write poems.

Nine,

Inscribed couplets, as the name implies, are couplets with names embedded in them.

Inscription and postscript couplets originated in the Western Jin Dynasty, which is called "* * * language".

Shi Shuo Xin Yu contains: On one occasion, Lu Yun and Xun met Zhang Hua, a writer, and Zhang Hua asked him to introduce himself in * * * language, so there was such an inscription: "Sun Zhongxun, Lu Shilong in the cloud."

The inscribed couplets are concise in language, rich in emotion and clear in meaning. With the evolution of history and the development of art, many characters and forms have been formed, and the forms are more active. As far as seven-character couplets are concerned, their word lattices include crane top lattice, swallow chin lattice, deer neck lattice, bee waist lattice, crane knee lattice, Yanling lattice, phoenix tail lattice and so on. , so that the author can use various techniques more flexibly to create more distinctive works, and endow the names of people or businesses with the aura of heaven and earth, the philosophical thinking of sages, the elegant style, the charm of poetry, the rhythm of calligraphy, and so on.

The author should not only master and skillfully use various methods of embedding names, but also have profound cultural literacy, otherwise it will be difficult to embed them in a stable and appropriate way.

Embedding couplets is widely used in wedding couplets and gift couplets, and the embedding methods are also varied according to the situation. Mosaic couplets are generally divided into whole mosaic and sub-mosaic, and sub-mosaic can also be divided into several types.

1. Integral embedding:

It is to embed the whole name into the couplet and keep the integrity of the name. For example:

Lin Xiangru and Sima Xiangru, their names are similar, but they are not.

Wei Wuji and Sun Chang are mowgli, and this is mowgli.

The first couplet wrote a sentence for Li Mengyang, a great writer in Ming Dynasty. The antithesis was done by a poor Confucian scholar with the same surname. Li Mengyang came up with a clever couplet to correct him, intended to tease him. Who knows the poor coward answered the dialogue fluently and brilliantly, and Li Mengyang appreciated him very much. Four names are embedded in the couplet, and then the names are converted.

Embedding the end of a sentence is called embedding the end of a sentence, which is also called hiding the end.

Inserting the names of celebrities on couplets regularly is called arranging flowers.

(2) horizontal embedding: a name called horizontal embedding is embedded in the couplet. For example, when Mr. Yu Xinle was a child, he answered the teachers' union:

Xin Yu was built in Lexinle.

Shizai Shi Kefa Kefa

(3) Embedding:

Is to embed a name in the upper part and then in the lower part. Two couplets are embedded horizontally to form a system to suggest the theme. For example, Wang Xiangqi presented Yuan Shikai's couplets:

The people are still there, and the country is still there.

In a word, in a word.

(4) Buried:

Embeddable names appear in the case of a makeover, and the method of splitting characters is generally adopted. For example, a candidate satirizes politics, and examiner Wu engages in malpractices for personal gain:

How to read with few eyes?

Qian Jin 'an is expected to be famous.

The author took the word "saving iron" apart, combined the meaning of the word with the meaning of the word, and directly poked its pain.

(5) overlap:

It is to embed two or more nouns in a couplet regularly. For example, there is a couplet in "Remaining Scab":

Before the lights on winter nights, Xiahou read Chunqiu Zhuan.

On the east gate, Nanjing people sing "North West Chamber".

(6) Anti-embedding: This embedded word starts from the end of the joint and is arranged in the joint order. Please check the next link:

Ji Zi dares to talk loudly, which is contrary to my opinion.

The vassal minister made a mistake in his country, so he asked me what happened to your economy.

The first line of the couplet on the scroll

The anti-embedding is left, that is, left, and Zeng Guofan is embedded in the second part.

Ten,

Tea couplets are tea-themed couplets, a literary and artistic carrier and calligraphy form of tea culture.

There are often such couplets and plaques on the doorways or stone pillars of teahouses, teahouses, tea gardens and tea kiosks all over China. Tea shop couplets such as:

Cao Rui shoots and splits the tongue,

Famous flowers gather into a dragon group.

Que Tongue and Long Tuan are famous teas.

Teahouse couplets such as:

Tea smells like mountains and clouds.

Water is sweet, spring is frosty and snow is spiritual.

Praise the quality tea and water used. Tea couplets beautify the environment, enhance the cultural atmosphere and enhance the taste of tea. Zheng Banqiao, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty, created many couplets in his life, including many excellent tea couplets, such as:

Celebrities can never judge water,

Monks have loved fighting tea since ancient times. It's from Yangzhou Qinglianzhai. Common tea quantities are: Lu Yu's Legacy, Mingjia Shizhen, Tea Garden and Xiangcuitang.

Eleven,

Conversation is a special creative technique. "Set" has done the solutions of "aggregation" and "set" here.

It selects two related sentences from ancient and modern literati's poems, essays, inscriptions and classics. Form couplets according to the requirements of rhythm, antithesis and leveling. It not only retains the words and phrases of the original text, but also makes the language muddy and new, giving people an artistic appeal of "shine on you is better than blue".

At the same time, the collection of couplets can naturally remind people of the original collection, which invisibly provides a broad artistic space and is of great benefit to cultivating sentiment and communicating with the soul.

The antithesis can collect different poems of the same author, poems of different authors, poems of the same generation and poems of different generations. The scope of definite sentences is also limited. For example, Tang poetry and prose must be relative. No matter what the scope of the definite sentence is, when the integrated work is skillful, we must not let the stipulation of the definite sentence bind our hands and feet and affect the quality of the work.

The origin of antithesis is similar to that of poetry. He said in Textual Research on Poems of Past Dynasties: "(Wang Anshi) begins with a group of sentences, many of which have rhyme, all of which are in the same strain as the sentences of predecessors, and semantic duality is often more intimate than this poem." Wang Anshi can be said to be a master of couplets, but couplets did not start from Wang Anshi. According to the Records of Liaohua Prefecture, couplets appeared as early as the early Song Dynasty.

There are many kinds of couplets, including poems, words, parallel prose, tablets, posts, religious classics, and even idioms, vernacular Chinese and proverbs.

Twelve,

Trade associations, the so-called industries, here refer to commerce and some industries and handicrafts. Some industries, such as restaurants, inns and blacksmiths, have existed since ancient times, and trade associations appeared earlier. With the development of handicraft industry, the division of business is very fine.

By the end of the Qing Dynasty, transportation, hydropower and other industries were out of sight, enriching the content of trade associations. Today, there are more branches of the economic sector, new "industries" emerge one after another, and trade associations have made new developments and changes. Couplet writers should not only often participate in various commercial couplets, but also often write couplets for new enterprises and shops, so it is more important and practical to create good commercial couplets.

Summarize the experience of establishing trade associations in the past and combine the characteristics of establishing new trade associations. To write a good trade association, we should pay attention to the following aspects.

1 historical review

introduce the product

Thirteen,

The lack of words, also known as argot, hidden lack and missing words, is a special manifestation of couplets.

This technique deliberately hides the last word or that word in the couplet, and suggests the missing word to the reader with the words displayed in the couplet, which means that the couplet can still form a very regular confrontation on the vacant words.

Careful people can easily see the hidden meaning of couplets from the literal expression. The couplets made by the method of missing words generally have the function of riddles or banter or ridicule, which is meaningful and interesting to guess, and shows its ingenious artistic charm well.

Look at the Spring Festival couplets written by a poor family:

2345;

Six seven eight nine.

Horizontal batch: North and South

Literally, readers will know that the author is playing word games. The upper couplet lacks the word "one" and the lower couplet lacks the word "ten". What the hell does this mean? We should understand from the homonyms of the missing words. "One" and "clothes" are homophonic, "ten" and "food" are homophonic, and the word "thing" omitted in the horizontal review is self-evident. The original intention of the All-China Federation is "lack of clothes and food, nothing". This couplet is cleverly conceived and vividly expresses the three major difficulties of the poor in the new year. It is not only a missing couplet, but also a digital couplet. It is also possible to regard it as a homophonic couplet.

Please look at a pair of ridiculous couplets:

Not necessarily fierce;

There have been ups and downs.

According to legend, there was a quack named "Jisheng", who was low-level but boastful, so someone posted this couplet on his door to mock him.

Fourteen,

Tongue twister Tongue twister, as its name implies, is a small command that bypasses the mouth.

It consciously combines some words that are easily confused in sound, rhyme and tone, which is confusing to read, but interesting. Couplet tongue twisters are clever and interesting.

Boys hit tung trees, tung trees fall, boys are happy;

The girl gnawed at the duck head, which was salty. "With the homonym of Hyun-woo, two scenes are formed: a boy is very satisfied with Tung Chee and a girl is very dissatisfied with eating duck's head. also

Wild geese cross the Wild Goose Pagoda to prevent them from falling;

Small fish cannot escape from the net. "

Look, I'm not me, I'm not me,

Whoever pretends to be like who pretends to be like, and so on, also has his own tricks.

15,

The antithetical couplet is a unique form of antithetical couplet.

Word segmentation, also known as word analysis and clutch, is to separate the components of Chinese characters into other words (or shapes) and give each word (or shape) a new meaning.

There's a small room here, called Li Zhu Xian 'an, with a couplet engraved on it:

Pinquan tea, three mouthfuls of white water;

Zhu Xian 'an, a native of two mountains.

This is a calligraphy couplet. The first part of the book has three mouths, and the spring is divided into white water. The second part divides Zhu into two "people" and "immortals" into "mountain people". The spelling of the upper and lower couplets is natural and neat, which also expresses a leisurely mood.

16,

Divine couplets, the word, have two meanings: couplets and literary phenomena during the Spring Festival.

Divine couplets-The custom of Spring Festival couplets in China Lunar New Year belongs to one kind of Spring Festival couplets. Every year after the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, thousands of families always exchange new peaches for old ones. What the people pay attention to is that there is a god paste, and the quantity is large and comprehensive. The couplets in front of the statues are particularly particular about praying for good luck.

Shen Lian-It means good luck and prosperity when people approach the Year of the Year. Shen Lian-duplex scheme

Heaven and earth are in harmony: heaven is as deep as the sea, and earth is as heavy as the mountain.

Land god alliance: Bai Yu was born in the soil, and Jin was born in the ground.

God of Wealth: God of Wealth in the sky and God of Wealth on the earth.

Well-God connection: the well can connect the four seas, and the home can connect the three rivers.

Granary corral: the grain is abundant and the six livestock are prosperous; Seventeen,

There is a strange form in couplets and poems, that is, every sentence of them is written in Chinese characters with the same radical or radical.

Couplets written in this form are called "couplets"; Poems written in this form are called "frontier poems".

Once upon a time, there was a boatman who posted such a couplet on the boat:

Clear waves in rivers, lakes and oceans.

Tongda Xiaoyao travels far and near

The first part is written in the word beside the word water, and the second part is written in the word at the bottom of the road. The All-China Federation uses Chinese characters, the Ministry is well chosen, and the upper part uses the "residence" department; The second part is written by the "gang" department. The water comes first and then goes. The characteristics of the ship are tightly buckled and the objects are clear. The first part describes the environment in which the ship is located, and the second part describes the scope of the ship's activities and the mood of the owner. Eighteen,

The so-called glass pair refers to the couplet composed of characters that can be recognized on both sides of the glass.

Its characteristics: as far as fonts are concerned, the upper and lower or left and right font structures are basically symmetrical and consistent, resulting in a form beauty of the text itself. Such characters are written on the glass with seal script. No matter from the front or the back, the fonts are the same, such as "big", "text", "cause" and "heaven".

A glass couplet wrote:

Sunrise in the mountains;

The wind blows from the water.

In Liang Zhangju's Continued Couplets in Qing Dynasty, it was said: Wu Shan respected the bachelor's degree, which started the glazed couplets. Enjoy it bright and elegant.

Glass couplets use seal script on glass, and the choice of characters must be symmetrical and unified in order to achieve positive and negative. This pair of couplets is concise, concise and accurate, which meets the basic requirements of glass pairs. This is a wonderful absolute. Please check the next link:

Wen Tong drew two or three bamboos;

Ding Jiasheng is eighteen males thin.

This couplet is contained in Li Boyuan's Nan Ting Hua Si in Qing Dynasty. Wentong in couplets is a great painter in Song Dynasty. He is famous for painting bamboo and mountains and rivers. "Ersan" refers to bamboo leaves, just like the word "Ge". Ding Gu was a member of the State of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He was a junior official. Because he dreamed that the pine tree was born in his belly, he said to people, "I am a male for eighteen years." The official consequence is Situ (called Sima, Situ and Sikong in Chinese). This couplet is not only appropriate anyway, but also has natural allusions, which can be called the perfect unity of form and content.

Nowadays, there are many kinds of fonts, and it is easier to make glass pairs, which requires you to know the words like the back of your hand. In today's market economy, decorating the glass door of the shop window with glass pairs and carving with small circles can solve the problem of left-right asymmetry well, and it is in line with the aesthetic feeling of glass window decoration advertisements. Reading from the inside out, from left to right, you can understand the sentence clearly.

On the basis of palindrome couplets, adding glass couplets is even more interesting. This is a glass couplet written by Taimei Shopping Mall.

Spring is coming in Thailand, spring is coming in Thailand,

Beautiful scenery, golden sun, golden beauty!

Including palindromes, hidden heads and hidden tails, and glass pairs. In this way, we can write a lot according to the specific artistic requirements, which is the charm of our Chinese characters. Nineteen,

A kind of door couplet, which is directly attached to the door. Generally, door couplets are square (also called bucket couplets), with fewer words.

Our common "blessing" is that the door is connected with the heart. Twenty,

Horizontal batch 1. Qing Li Yu's Essay, Living Room and Screen Axis: "Ten years ago, there were only three kinds of screens and axes used in calligraphy and painting: Chinese, square and horizontal." Ma Lisan Zhang Qingsen's "Opening a porridge factory": "Fu Zi, Buddha, horizontal criticism, fighting side." See "cross dressing".

2. Refers to the banners that match the couplets. Zhou Libo's "Lazy Egg Card": "There is a new red paper on the lintel, which reads' A match made in heaven', and the couplets on both sides are:' Crops will last forever. " "

Horizontal batch refers to the banner (horizontal curtain, banner) attached to the top of a pair of couplets, which is generally only used for several indispensable couplets. The so-called "horizontal" refers to the writing method of horizontal writing; "Approval" means revealing and commenting, which means supplementing, summarizing and perfecting the theme of the All-China Federation. Long-term appreciation

Sun Ranweng, a famous Kunming scholar, visited Daguanlou and left a deep impression. The whole association is as follows:

Five hundred miles of Dianchi Lake, running to the fundus, draped on the shore, happy and boundless.

Look: Shen Jun in the east, Lingqi in the west, winding in the north and Wusu in the south.

Why not choose to win and board?

Ride the crab island Luozhou, combing the package in the wind and fog; It is even more beautiful, dotted with some jade feathers and Danxia.

Not lonely: fragrant rice and clear sand all around, hibiscus in September and willow in March.

A thousand years of past events, noted in my heart, make the wine empty, sigh who is the hero?

Thinking: Han Xi Louchuan, Tang Biao Iron Column, Song Huiyu Axe, Yuan Yue Leather Bag.

Wei Liefeng tried his best to move mountains.

Draw a bead curtain building, which can't be rolled up like dusk rain; Then I broke the wreckage and gave it all to the pale smoke.

Only win: a few minutes, half a river fishing, two rows of autumn geese, a pillow clearing frost.