Senior high school geography compulsory course is to summarize the review materials! Urgent need!

. 1 population growth, migration and reasonable capacity

1. Related concepts

Natural Population Growth: Birth Rate-Mortality Rate

Mechanical population growth: namely population migration.

2. Demographic transition theory

3. Population growth pattern

Causes, problems and countermeasures of pattern feature distribution

everywhere

Natural disasters, wars and diseases in primitive communities with birth rate and death rate around 35% (before industrialization); The level of productivity is low, nutrition is insufficient, medical and health conditions are backward, basic survival and life are not guaranteed, and productivity cannot be developed.

Transition mode

High growth stage

(Pre-industrialization) First of all, the death rate has dropped rapidly, and the birth rate is still high. In some developing countries (Ethiopia, Tanzania and Kenya), the development of social productivity, the improvement of food supply and nutrition, and the improvement of medical and health conditions.

Population growth is fast, population pressure is high, and the supply of natural resources and social resources is tight.

Family planning, open source and reduce expenditure, sustainable development

Transition mode

Growth decline stage

In the late stage of industrialization, the birth rate dropped rapidly and the death rate dropped slowly. In some developing countries (such as Turkish, Argentine, Indian, China, Korean and Singaporean), families are willing to have fewer children, and social insurance and welfare undertakings have developed.

After industrialization, the "three lows" model, most developed countries (especially western Europe, negative growth, slightly increased mortality);

In addition to the social reasons for the decline in the growth stage, it is also related to the increasingly rich social and cultural life, the late marriage of young people and the decline in fertility rate, the slow population growth, the aging population, the shortage of labor and the shortage of national defense personnel. The social burden is heavy, and the old people live in difficulties and loneliness.

Encourage fertility,

Encourage immigration,

4. Application example

World population growth

Slow growth before 1770: before industrialization

1770- 1950 rapid growth: western countries began to industrialize.

1950- 1999 grew even faster: developing countries began to industrialize.

From 1999, it began to slow down: developed countries began to experience negative growth, and some developing countries entered the stage of declining growth.

5. Special reminder

A The amount of population growth in a certain period depends on the natural growth rate of population and the size of population base.

B the fundamental reason that affects the changes of birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate and population growth pattern is the development level of social productive forces.

The change of population growth began with the decline of mortality.

D "three lows" population growth model Due to the high proportion of the elderly population, the mortality rate may rise.

Supplement:

The transformation mode of population growth is short average life expectancy, high birth rate, high proportion of children in the total population and low proportion of the elderly population, which is a young population structure (mostly in developing countries); In the "three lows" population growth model, due to the further decline of the birth rate and the extension of the average life expectancy, the proportion of children continues to decline, while the proportion of the elderly population increases, becoming the elderly population structure (mostly developed countries); In the process of changing from transition mode to "three lows" mode, there will be an adult population structure. Due to the decline in the birth rate, the proportion of children in the population has declined slightly, while the proportion of adult population has increased, becoming an adult population structure.

Supplement:

1. world population distribution: horizontally, it is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, where 90% of the population lives, while only 10% of the population lives in the southern hemisphere. In the northern hemisphere, the population is mostly concentrated in temperate and subtropical areas between 20 and 60 north latitude. Population distribution also tends to be concentrated in coastal areas. The population is distributed vertically, concentrated in low-lying areas, and relatively sparse at high altitudes.

2. At present, the order of population of all continents in the world is Asia > Europe > Africa > North America > South America > Oceania > Antarctica.

3. At present, the population distribution density of all continents in the world is Asia > Europe > Africa > North America > South America > Oceania > Antarctica.

1.2 population migration

1, concept

Population migration: people move to a certain distance for a certain purpose and change their settlement behavior.

Judgement method of population migration:

A. Spatial transfer: from the place of immigration to the place of emigration

B. Change of residence: crossing administrative boundaries

Time limit: permanent or long term.

It can be divided into domestic population migration and international population migration according to whether it crosses national boundaries or not.

2. Application Example-International Population Migration

Before the discovery of the new continent, people's migration activities were mainly concentrated in the old continent.

From the Discovery of the New World to the Mainstream Immigrants before the Second World War

Direction: Old World (Asia, Europe and Africa) and New World (North America, Latin America and Oceania)

Reason: In order to alleviate the population pressure in the old continent and develop new territory, immigrants with dreams of making money voluntarily moved, and trafficked slaves were forced to move.

C. Mainstream immigrants since World War II

Direction: underdeveloped areas (Asia, Africa and Latin America) developed areas (Europe, North America and Oceania)

Reasons: the population pressure in underdeveloped areas is great, and the economic conditions in developed areas are good and there are many opportunities.

Note: Europe has changed from an immigrant area to a net immigrant area; Latin America has changed from a net immigrant area to a net immigrant area; North America and Oceania are still the largest immigrant areas.

3. Push-pull theory and examples

The push of emigration, the pull of emigration and the way of regional contact contributed to population migration. Specifically divided into:

A. Economic reasons-main reasons

Such as brain drain from developing countries, rural population flocking to cities, Three Gorges immigrants, and immigrants caused by western development.

B. Political reasons (including war, national policies and political persecution)

For example, in 1972, Ugandan Asians were driven to Britain by dictators, immigrants in the history of China, and refugees in the Palestinian war.

C social and cultural reasons (including religion, nationality, race, school education)

If more and more students go abroad to study, 1947,150,000 divided Muslims in India will emigrate from India to Pakistan.

D. Ecological causes (including differences in natural environment, environmental damage and natural disasters)

For example, the migration of the elderly in the United States to the "sunshine zone" in the south, and the migration caused by droughts and floods.

E Other reasons (including family and marriage, relatives and friends, age)

For example, fallen leaves return to their roots, and men have more motivation to migrate than women.

4. Special reminder:

A The largest country established by immigrants in hundreds of years: the United States.

B common spatial forms of population migration in developing countries: population migration from rural areas to cities.

C The reason for the concentration of foreign workers in the Middle East is that since 1970s, Iran, Saudi Arabia and other oil-producing countries have attracted a large number of foreign workers because of their rapid economic development due to the substantial increase in oil revenue.

Typical example

1.3 environmental carrying capacity and reasonable population capacity

Environmental carrying capacity (environmental population capacity) reasonable population

Maximum and optimal values of features

Computational basis? Natural resource conditions, natural resource conditions and social conditions

The influencing factors are the openness of natural resources, science and technology, culture, natural environment and resources, the level of science and technology and the level of social and economic development.

Relativity is constantly changing, but in a certain historical stage, it is possible to determine a range of values relatively.

Special reminder

A The largest population in China is about 654.38+06 billion.

B The reasonable population capacity of China is 800-900 million, which should be 700 million.

C The largest population in the world is about 654.38+0 billion.

The reasonable population of the world is about 6 billion.

2. 1 urban spatial structure

1, concept

Urban functional area: The demand for the same type of land is often the same, which leads to its spatial agglomeration. The ribbon mainly has some functions, and may also have other functions. There are not necessarily clear boundaries between functional areas.

Urban spatial structure (regional structure): the rule combination of different functional areas in the city, and it is constantly changing for various reasons. (refers to the spatial position and combination of elements that make up a city)

2. Features

Area, location and characteristics of functional areas

The central business district is located in the center or sub-center of the city, with tall and dense buildings, frequent economic activities, convenient transportation and developed communication. The population moves in the morning and evening, and the population changes greatly day and night.

Small business districts are distributed in points or strips in the city center, on both sides of the traffic trunk line or at street corners, which have the highest requirements for traffic conditions.

The largest residential area

The most common land price is moderate, and the environment is clean. There are high-level and low-level residential areas, and they are distributed backwards.

The expansion and migration of the industrial zone to the outer edge of the urban area has a high degree of specialization and strong agglomeration along the main traffic lines, forming a flaky industrial zone, which is far from the urban center because of reducing costs and environmental requirements.

3. Causes of formation

A Historical factors: the continuation of its early functions (the Forbidden City was the political center of China in the early days, and now it is a cultural tourist area).

B Social factors: social status, religious belief, lifestyle, (differentiation between high-level residential areas and low-level residential areas, Chinatown in London, England, and Hui community in niujie, Beijing)

C. Administrative factors: government policies, urban planning

D. Economic reasons-main reasons

Economic location (accessibility of traffic and distance from downtown) determines the land use value (land rent), and functional areas with corresponding ability to pay rent will be stationed in this area.

Rent payment ability: business district > residential district > industrial district; rent payment ability decay rate: business district >; Residential area > industrial area

There are some special cases in this theory, such as clothing industry, printing industry and high-tech industry, which can be located in cities because of their small land occupation, low pollution and strong ability to pay rent.

4. Differences in service functions of cities of different scales.

1, urban scale and urban regional differentiation

Generally, the population size is used to represent the size of a city.

Generally speaking, the bigger the city, the more obvious the differentiation of its regional structure:

Small towns: Land use functions are mixed, and there is no obvious regional differentiation.

Medium-sized cities: residential areas are formed on the periphery, and industrial and commercial mixed areas are often formed in the city center.

Big cities: There are many kinds of functional areas with obvious differentiation.

According to the number of non-agricultural population, cities are divided into four grades:

Megacities with a population of more than 4 million; Megacities-population1-4 million;

Big cities-population 500,000-6,543.8+0,000; Medium-sized cities-population 200,000-500,000;

Small cities-population below 200,000

2, the city center theory:

A. The service areas of different levels of cities overlap and crisscross each other in space, forming a nested urban system.

B the service area of the center at the same level is a hexagon without overlapping and gaps.

C Generally speaking, the bigger the city, the higher the level, the stronger the service function (high level and many types), the larger the service scope and the farther away from each other. But it doesn't mean that the size of a city is directly proportional to the size or strength of its service function, because some small cities may have their own characteristics and strong service functions.

Special reminder:

The land rent in the city center is the highest, which gradually decreases along the traffic line, then increases at the road intersection, forming the center with the second highest land rent, and then continues to decline.

2.2 Urbanization

1, the connotation and symbol of urbanization

A. economic structure: from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries.

B. population: concentrated in cities.

C. region: agricultural land is developed into urban land.

2. The process and characteristics of urbanization

A. Rapid urbanization process

B the urbanization process in developed countries is different from that in developing countries.

Urbanization in urbanized suburbs: reverse urbanization and re-urbanization.

The reasons for urbanization and anti-urbanization in suburbs are: ① overpopulation, land shortage, high land price and environmental deterioration in the central area; ② The development of transportation such as automobiles and expressway network.

Developing countries have a large rural population and a low level of industrialization. In most developing countries, urbanization takes precedence over industrialization, and a large number of farmers flow into cities, which leads to the rapid expansion of urban population.

Megacities are developing rapidly.

The phenomenon of urban population concentration in developing countries to megacities is more obvious.

There are more megacities in developing countries than in developed countries.

There is a huge urban belt.

The Atlantic coastal urban belt in the northeastern United States (new york)

Great Lakes Urban Belt in North America (Chicago)

Japan's East Coast Urban Belt (Tokyo)

Southern England Urban Belt (London)

Western European urban belt (Paris)

Yangtze River Delta Urban Belt (Shanghai)

Question 2: The impact of urbanization on the geographical environment

Cities are the areas where human beings have the most profound and concentrated impact on the environment, and they are also the areas with the most serious environmental pollution.

Environmental problems: waste gas, waste water, waste residue and noise.

Traffic problems: congestion, automobile exhaust.

Social problems: employment, public safety, poverty

Housing problem: the problems in developing countries are prominent, crowded and simple; The decline of the developed inner city of China

Establish a satellite city or a new city

Improve urban traffic and living conditions.

Protecting and Governing the Urban Environment

Special reminder:

The symbol of urbanization: the proportion of the total urban population to the total population (the most important indicator)

The essence of urbanization: the establishment and agglomeration of the second and third industries.

2.3 Regional culture and urban development

Question 1: the influence of regional culture on cities

1, concept

Regional culture: it is the product of human activities created through long-term production and life based on the natural environment within a specific geographical scope. Including material aspects and non-material aspects. It is the result of the comprehensive action of natural factors and human factors. It is regional, comprehensive and relatively stable.

2. Impact on the City Regional culture has a wide impact on the city, including urban architecture, transportation, roads, food, clothing, residents' psychology and customs. But what can best reflect the regional cultural characteristics is the architecture in the city. Regional culture affects the spatial layout, architectural structure and architectural style of urban buildings.

A. Impact on urban spatial layout

B. Impact on urban architectural structure

Reasons for the performance of urban architecture

build

build

knot

Gou China

Building walls are the main landscape, including city walls, courtyards, houses and temples. Gardens pay attention to subtlety, being explicit but not revealing, citing without expressing, avoiding seeking pleasure directly, and avoiding being wide and narrow. There are differences between Chinese and Western regional cultures, and China regional culture is very introverted and closed.

United States of America

There are few walls in the building; Gardens emphasize unity, balance and symmetry, frankness and openness, and are famous for telling all the stories of western culture.

C. Impact on urban architectural style

Reasons for the performance of urban architecture

build

build

wind

Ge China's architecture is the red wall, yellow tile, cornice and bucket arch of the palace-style architecture in China, and the buildings, platforms, halls and pavilions in the court are its representative architectural styles; China "Siheyuan" is the representative of traditional residential buildings, and the ancient oriental architecture highlights the important position of imperial power and feudal hierarchy; Siheyuan contains China traditional culture and architectural etiquette.

Luxury palaces, tall churches, open squares, fountains, gardens and sculptures in western architecture are typical architectural landscapes in Europe. Gardens, houses, hedges and meadows are typical American urban residential buildings, which represent European urban buildings and show the dominant position of religious influence. Modern residential buildings reflect the living environment of different income classes.

3. 1 Agricultural location factors and regional types

Question 1: agricultural location factors

1, natural factors (slow change, relatively stable)

A. climate-the most important thing. Include light, heat and precipitation.

Such as sugar cane in Cuba, three-season rice in the Pearl River Delta and sugar beet in Songnen Plain.

B topography-the flat land is suitable for planting, and the sloping land is suitable for forestry and animal husbandry.

Such as: vertical (three-dimensional) agriculture in mountainous areas

C. Soil-including fertility, acidity and alkalinity

Such as: tea trees in the hills of the south of the Yangtze River, soybeans in Heilongjiang and peanuts in Shandong.

D. Water source-irrigation

Such as: grain and cotton in Hexi Corridor and Ningxia Plain (bordering Jiangnan) and cotton in southern Xinjiang.

2. Socio-economic factors (changing rapidly and becoming more and more important now)

A. Market-ultimately determines the type and scale of agricultural production.

Such as: agricultural and sideline products bases (cows, flowers, vegetables) in the suburbs of cities.

After the reform and opening up, agriculture in China's subtropical coastal areas has undergone a change of "paddy field-sugarcane field-fish pond-flower shed"

B. transportation-high freight products or perishable products.

For example, horticulture and dairy industry need convenient and fast transportation conditions.

Note: Modern transportation and cold storage insurance technology reduce the inevitability of perishable food approaching the market. Generally, the farther the transportation distance and the larger the volume, the lower the unit freight rate, so that the agricultural type with higher intensive degree can stay away from the market.

B. policy-the government adopts subsidies and other forms.

For example, Germany subsidized farmers to promote sunflower planting to increase the output of edible oil, thus greatly increasing the sunflower planting area.

C. science and technology-can transform unfavorable natural factors and expand the scope of agricultural location.

The increase of output per unit area reduces the cost, which means that farmers' ability to pay freight is improved, and the influence of the distance between products and the market on agricultural site selection is reduced.

Question 2: Characteristics and formation conditions of agricultural regional types.

1, primitive agriculture (3 species)

Nomadic industry, migratory agriculture and agriculture that first settled.

Note: Migratory agriculture does not use animal power and tools, its production technology is extremely simple, and there is no fixed farmland.

2. Traditional agriculture (4 kinds)

Rice agriculture, traditional dry farming, traditional mixed agriculture, Mediterranean agriculture

Note: Mediterranean agriculture is close to European market, and the production of vegetables, fruits and horticulture has been greatly promoted. Therefore, in many areas, traditional diversified agriculture has been replaced by specialized commodity agriculture (fruits, vegetables and gardening).

B. The difference between traditional dry grain agriculture and migratory agriculture is that its cultivated land is cultivated continuously.

3. Modern agriculture (6 kinds)

Planting, modern dry farming, modern mixed agriculture, dairy products, market gardening, pasture animal husbandry.

Note: Distribution Map of Wheat Belt in Mianyang, Australia (P54)

Question 3: The impact of agricultural production activities on the geographical environment

1, soil salinization (due to poor irrigation and drainage, the groundwater level rises, and evaporation leaves minerals in the water on the soil surface, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, such as the North China Plain).

2. Desertification (due to vegetation destruction, agricultural water transition, wetland destruction, over-cultivation, over-grazing)

3. Water pollution, soil pollution and ecosystem damage (pesticides)

3.2 Industrial Location → Reference Textbook?

Question 1: Main industrial location factors

1, fixed-point type of raw materials

Reason: raw materials are inconvenient to transport for a long distance or the cost of transporting raw materials is high.

For example: aquatic product processing, canned fruit, sugar factory.

2. Market-oriented

Reason: The product is inconvenient for long-distance transportation or the transportation cost is high.

Examples: brewery, soda factory, printing factory, furniture factory, petrochemical processing factory, cotton factory, automobile factory, flour factory, etc.

3. Dynamic pointing type

Reason: It needs to consume a lot of energy.

Examples: nonferrous metallurgy (aluminum smelting), chemical industry.

4, cheap labor point

Reason: a lot of labor is needed.

For example: clothing, packaging, umbrella making, shoe making and electronic assembly.

5. Technology-oriented

Reason: High technical requirements.

For example: aircraft, satellites, integrated circuits, precision instruments, biotechnology.

Question 2: Development and change of industrial location factors

The influence of raw materials and fuels on industrial location is gradually weakened, and the influence of market on industrial location is gradually strengthened;

Traffic conditions are very attractive to industry.

As an industrial place, the accessibility of information communication network becomes more and more important;

The demand of industry for the quality of labor force is increasing gradually.

For example, there are three changes in the location of iron and steel plants: close to coal in the early 20th century, technical improvement, reduced coal demand, close to iron ore after World War II, technical improvement, reduced transportation costs, and close to the seaport.

Question 2: Formation and development of industrial zones

1, concept

Some factories are often called industrial agglomeration in closed space. The area formed by industrial agglomeration is called industrial zone.

2. The reason for the formation of industrial zones-industrial links

* * * Use of infrastructure (transportation, labor, resources, energy); The upstream and downstream relationship of products or the assembly relationship of parts.

3. Development of industrial zones

Industrial site: several factories, the smallest.

Industrial zone: a large industrial zone in a city. Such as Zhongguancun.

Industrial center: an important industrial city. Such as: Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Wuhan and Xi.

Industrial Zone: Several industrial cities are connected together. Such as Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou, central and southern Liaoning, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and Pearl River Delta Industrial Zone.

Not all industrial zones can be developed into industrial centers or industrial zones. Such as iron and steel industry, petrochemical industry, machinery manufacturing, etc. Due to the complicated production process, it needs to be matched with many industries and services, and it can often develop into a higher-level industrial area. So there was a "steel city" instead of a "candy city"

Question 3: Formation conditions and development characteristics of major industrial areas in the world.

Conditions of industrial zone, characteristics of industrial sector development

Western Europe industrial zone is rich in coal, oil and other resources, with developed transportation, good industrial foundation, broad market, high level of science and technology, and developed heavy industries such as steel, machinery and petrochemical. High-tech industries such as electronics and aerospace were industrialized earlier and highly developed.

The industrial areas in North America are highly developed, with a high percentage of microelectronics.

The industrial zone in Russia and Ukraine is dominated by heavy industry.

China-Japan Industrial Zone imports raw materials and fuels, and exports products.

Mainly distributed in the coastal areas of mid-latitude in the northern hemisphere, with convenient transportation.

Traditional industrial zone high-tech emerging industrial zone

Representative areas: Ruhr District, Central England, Northeast America, Silicon Valley, Zhongguancun, China Liaozhongnan Industrial Zone.

Industrial sectors: textiles, steel, machinery, coal, chemical electronics, aviation, biotechnology.

Develop basic coal and iron ore research institutions and universities.

Location conditions: rich coal, iron and water resources, convenient transportation, broad market, beautiful environment, suitable climate, sufficient talents, convenient transportation and broad market.

With large industrial enterprises with production scale as the core, the industrial distribution is highly concentrated and the scale is small.

The development trend faces problems such as large resource consumption, large traffic flow and heavy pollution. It began to decline in 1950s, especially after 1970s, and experienced a long-term transformation process. The growth rate is very fast, the product is updated quickly, the R&D expenditure accounts for a high proportion of sales, and the products are oriented to the world market.

Question 4: The influence of industrial production activities on the geographical environment

3.3 Regional contact

Question 1: the main ways and characteristics of regional contact

At present, various regional contact modes are developing towards networking, rapidity and specialization.

1, transportation (more, faster, better and cheaper)

2. Communication-postal communication and telecommunication communication

3. Commercial trade-procurement, storage, transportation and marketing

Question 2: The importance and influence of regional connection (taking traffic as an example)

It affects all aspects of nature and human beings, taking the following two aspects as examples.

1, the impact on the settlement form

A. Due to the rise of waterways, it develops along the river zone.

B. Railways and highways make residential areas develop along the traffic axis.

C. comprehensive transportation makes the city develop in many directions.

D. Cities evolve from cohesive to radial, and satellite cities or new cities are scattered to the periphery.

2. The influence of the distribution of commercial outlets

"Point": all kinds of "nodes" that gather people and logistics, and all kinds of traffic lines are compiled into "networks".

Where transportation is convenient, the density of commercial outlets is higher.

The decline of the downtown business district is next to the suburban expressway. The reasons are: on the one hand, due to the population pressure in the inner city, the environment is deteriorating, the land price is high, and the environment in the outer city is beautiful; On the other hand, the construction of expressway network and the popularization of automobiles.

3. Conditions for the formation of a business center

Relatively stable commodity source areas and sales areas

Convenient traffic conditions

4. 1 causes and harms of environmental problems → refer to textbooks?

Question 1: Causes, harms and countermeasures of global environmental problems.

The Causes of Criminals and the Harmful Countermeasures

Global warming CO2① Human causes: the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas; Vegetation destruction;

② Natural reasons: During the interglacial period, the temperature was relatively high. ① Sea level rise leads to land inundation and soil salinization.

② The rainstorm and flood increase, and the abnormal climate improves the energy utilization rate;

Looking for alternative energy sources;

Strengthen international cooperation to reduce emissions.

CFC refrigerants, foaming agents, cleaning agents and other products that destroy the ozone layer contain CFC compounds: ① skin cancer, cataracts and infectious diseases;

(2) burning animals and plants, affecting their growth. So as to destroy the ecosystem and find alternative substances;

International cooperation to reduce emissions

When sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in acid rain burn coal, oil and other fuels (excluding natural gas), they produce sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides and destroy forests;

Lake acidification, fish and shrimp death; Soil acidification and crop yield reduction; Corrosive buildings; Improve energy efficiency;

Looking for alternative energy sources;

Recovering waste gas to produce acid.

Soil erosion and vegetation destruction;

Loose soil and steep slope afforestation

Desertified vegetation destruction;

In order to plant trees, water resources have dried up.

water resources protection

Question 2: Distribution of environmental problems

1. The three major acid rain areas in the world: Europe, North America and China, south of the Yangtze River (all due to high industrial and population density).

2. The reason why the acid rain disaster in the south of China is more serious than that in the north is that there is more rain in the south; The soil in the south is acidic; The hilly terrain in the south is not conducive to the diffusion of harmful gases.

4.2 The evolution of man-land relationship thought

The relationship between people and the evolution of people's thoughts

Question 2: Sustainable thinking

1. Concept: It not only meets the development needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

2. Principles: fairness (intra-generation fairness, intergenerational fairness and responsibility fairness), sustainability and * * * same sex.

3. Connotation: social sustainability (purpose); Economic sustainability (conditions); Ecological sustainability (basic)

3. Countermeasures: change ideas (resources, development, environment, consumption and ethics) and adjust actions.