Advantages and disadvantages of tourism development on the inheritance of traditional culture

The Influence of Tourism on Naxi Traditional Culture

abstract:

As a complex human behavior, tourism is not only interpersonal communication, but also economic circulation, and it is also a process of cultural exchange and interaction. It affects people's production and life extensively and profoundly. With the acceleration of modernization and globalization, tourism plays an increasingly important role in social development with its unique industry characteristics, which has brought all-round and profound influence to the reception area. On the one hand, it promoted the revival of traditional culture, on the other hand, it also had a negative impact on traditional culture. Based on the analysis of the dual influence of tourism on the traditional culture of Naxi nationality, this paper discusses the cultural protection in Lijiang tourism development in order to promote the sustainable development of Lijiang tourism.

abstract:

Tourism is a complex human behavior, and it is a process of interpersonal communication, economic exchange and cultural interaction. Tourism affects people's lives extensively and profoundly. With the development of modernization and globalization, tourism plays an increasingly important role in social development with its own characteristics, and has a comprehensive impact on the destination. On the one hand, tourism can accelerate the revival of traditional culture; On the other hand, it will also bring negative effects. Starting with the double influence of Naxi traditional culture, this paper discusses the cultural protection in the development of Lijiang tourism, with a view to promoting the sustainable development of Lijiang tourism.

Key words:

Tourism, Naxi traditional culture, influence

Key words:

Tourism, Naxi nationality, traditional culture, influence

foreword

In recent years, Lijiang's tourism industry has developed at an unprecedented speed, which has produced increasingly extensive and far-reaching influence at home and abroad. According to the statistics of tourism authorities, in 2005, * * * received 4,042,300 domestic and foreign tourists, and the comprehensive tourism income exceeded 3,859 million yuan. Lijiang has changed from a "forgotten corner" to a tourist hotspot city with dual identities of world natural heritage and world cultural heritage. Lijiang, which combines natural scenery and human landscape, has attracted more and more attention and treasure. It is in this context that Lijiang's tourism industry has taken off rapidly from the beginning. Lijiang has also become the most attractive tourist destination because of its unique national traditional culture. It can be said that traditional culture plays an important role in Lijiang tourism development. On the one hand, the prosperity of tourism promotes the revival of traditional culture, on the other hand, it also brings some negative effects to the protection of traditional culture. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to correctly understand the positive and negative effects of traditional cultural changes on tourist reception areas and analyze the internal reasons for their evolution.

First, the positive impact of tourism on Naxi traditional culture

In recent years, tourism has promoted the economic and social development of Lijiang. With the pace of the times, Lijiang, a resounding name, has become world-famous and one of the most worth visiting scenic spots in the world. However, the influence of tourism on the traditional culture of Naxi nationality in Lijiang is also various.

Tourism has promoted the revival of traditional culture.

With the continuous influx of thousands of tourists, it has brought a lot of demand, especially the demand for local traditional culture, which has enabled many traditional spiritual and material cultures that are on the verge of being lost to be revived under the touch of the tourism tide, and integrated into the tourism market, which has been rebuilt and reborn. For example, many cultural landscapes have been restored; The protection of Dongba culture and Naxi ancient music has been promoted to the height of legalization; Dongba papermaking technology has been restored; Traditional handicrafts such as copper, silver and pottery have been reborn; Traditional folk diets, such as bean jelly, hair sugar, Baba and butter tea, have become favorite flavor foods for tourists. It is particularly worth mentioning that Dongba culture, as the core part of the traditional culture of the Naxi nationality in Lijiang, covers the social life, customs, moral concepts, culture and art of the Naxi nationality, and is known as the "encyclopedia of ancient Naxi society". However, with the rapid change of social and political system, Dongba culture has gradually fallen into a deep crisis of overall decline or even extinction since the 1950s. Until 1980s, with the improvement of domestic situation, especially the development of local tourism, it brought opportunities for the recovery of Dongba culture. Dongba culture, which was originally confined to academic research and considered mysterious and profound, quickly entered the market, becoming the most beautiful cultural landscape in the area and the main cultural factor to promote Lijiang tourism tide.

(2) The demand of tourism for traditional culture has enhanced people's awareness of protecting traditional culture.

Tourism has promoted the development of local economy and improved people's living conditions. While enjoying the great benefits brought by tourism, local residents have gradually discovered the irreplaceability of their traditional culture, thus eliminating their cultural inferiority in the face of the so-called mainstream culture in the past, cherishing their traditional culture more and more, sincerely producing a sense of responsibility and mission to safeguard traditional culture, and increasing their conscious awareness of protecting traditional culture. Traditional culture is being protected and passed down in various ways. For example, the local government, people and enterprises in Lijiang increase their income through tourism, and return part of the tourism income to the restoration of the ancient city, cultural protection and rescue, and traditional cultural consolidation, thus promoting and promoting the protection and development of national culture. There are also schools established to revive and inherit Dongba culture with the strong appeal and advocacy of Naxi intellectual elites and the support of local governments. For example, Mr. Guo Dalie, a well-known Naxi scholar, opened Dongba Culture Learning Institute in Hong Wen Village of Huangshan Town, and Mr. He Limin opened Naxi Culture Learning Museum in Jinshan Township, as well as Dongba Culture Museum and Dongba Culture School. 1999 and 200 1 year, China Lijiang International Culture and Art Festival and China Lijiang International Dongba Cultural Tourism Festival were successfully held one after another, which made Dongba culture, an ancient cultural treasure, shine again.

Second, the negative impact of tourism on traditional culture

Just as everything in the world has advantages and disadvantages. The development of tourism activities not only promotes the revival of traditional culture, but also brings a series of negative effects to local traditional culture. The influence of tourism on traditional culture is wider and deeper than that on the natural environment, which will affect the sustainable development of local society and should attract more attention.

(A) the weakening and assimilation of traditional national culture

With the development of tourism, under the strong impact of different cultures, the original cultural characteristics of the reception area have changed to a certain extent, from clothing, architecture, lifestyle to language and writing. They are more and more similar to foreigners, and the local traditional culture is gradually diluted, assimilated and even distorted.

[1] National language is an important carrier of national culture. Due to the process of "cultural integration" triggered or accelerated by tourism, its function is being weakened and gradually dying out. Compared with 10 years ago, there are fewer and fewer people speaking their own language in urban areas and dam areas of Lijiang, and it has become a trend to teach children to speak Chinese since childhood. About 70% local residents, especially young people, no longer speak Naxi. In the streets and lanes or on the bus, you can hear the strange phenomenon that parents speak Naxi language and parents speak Chinese with their children. Now speaking Naxi language is not the identity symbol of Naxi people, but the identity symbol of rural people, that is, among those young people who can speak Naxi language, the vocabulary of Naxi language is disappearing in large numbers, so there is a situation that "grandparents who can wittily impart traditional cultural knowledge and wisdom to their descendants in their mother tongue can only stutter with their grandchildren who can only speak Chinese".

[2] With the development of tourism, a large number of tourists keep pouring in for a long time, and each tourist will not stay for a long time, but for the Naxi nationality, the tourist destination is receiving tourists every day. So this contact and influence is lasting. "Generally speaking, tourists from culturally strong areas will have a demonstration effect on residents in reception areas in culturally weak areas, and the ideas and cultures they bring will become the objects that local residents (especially youth groups) will strive to emulate. To a certain extent, they subtly changed their daily behaviors and values. From the initial blind imitation of clothing and entertainment, to the later deliberate pursuit, they began to get more and more tired of their original lifestyle, and even developed to the final complete abandonment. "

[3] For example, the Mosuo people living in ninglang county, Yunnan Province, are one of the ancient aborigines there. With rich national culture, its unique Mosuo cultural system dominates all aspects of social life. However, with the development of tourism, the ancient and peaceful Mosuo society has also experienced an impact, and the phenomenon of sinicization is becoming more and more serious. In order to cater to tourists' preferences, they wear light and dexterous Han costumes and speak Mandarin. The simple and vigorous Mosuo folk songs and modern popular Han songs echoed on Lugu Lake at the same time. Matrilineal marriage and family are also affected. People who go out to work are willing to settle outside, and Mosuo girls are also willing to marry out of the village. There are not a few such examples. In more and more tourist destinations, the China of architecture, clothing, language, diet, festivals and even customs is becoming more and more serious, "making people think of the border village as Hangzhou".

(B) Stage and commercialization of traditional culture

In the tourism market, the main means of tourism development at present is to unilaterally pursue tourism benefits, ignore the characteristics of local social and cultural resources, operate in full accordance with tourists' tastes, package national culture in the form of modern art, and make its traditional stage artistic and commercialized. Although it can effectively stimulate tourists and produce the effect of tourism consumption in a specific time and environment. However, its fatal weakness is that the traditional national culture has lost its original cultural connotation and become increasingly commercialized. Most tourists don't really care about the value of that culture, but are driven by curiosity. For a tourist, what he wants is fresh, amazing, hard-won and invisible in other places. He chooses between what he approaches and what he buys. "Everything that can attract tourists in the reception area is marked with the price of' for sale'. Traditional culture simply serves the economy, but the real connotation is often dismembered, castrated or even forged and faked by people, and the original cultural value is completely replaced by commercial value, resulting in the so-called' national costumes',' national songs and dances' and' national customs and habits' being tampered with beyond recognition to cater to tourists. All kinds of etiquette and customs, which were originally held only at a specific time, place and occasion in accordance with the traditional content and methods, were repeatedly invited to break the routine and appear on the stage. Everything has become so impressive, the atmosphere is warm and even spectacular, but it has no special significance and value in essence. It is just a staged, stylized and commercialized performance. " For example, the river lantern was originally a folk form for Naxi people to pay homage to the dead. Now it has been transformed into a wishing game, which brings wealth to operators every day. On the surface, the traditional culture of the reception area still exists, at least in the external form, but in fact its purpose of existence has been fundamentally different from the past.

Take the revival of Dongba culture, the most typical representative of Naxi traditional culture, as an example, it is not and cannot be the "original" Dongba culture. Dongba culture, with Dongba religion as an important carrier, has a long history and is extensive and profound, which is an indispensable part of Naxi social life. For thousands of years, it has built the spiritual world of Naxi nationality with strong vitality and lasting influence, and is the sacred soul of Naxi nationality. Now, the revival of Dongba culture is no longer to meet the spiritual needs of Naxi people, but to all kinds of domestic and foreign tourists. They don't believe in Dongba, just want to know, and even some tourists are just curious. Therefore, there is a lack of important emotional foundation on which religious beliefs depend. Therefore, "the revival of Dongba culture, its essence is only the rise of a cultural industry." Dongba characters are known as "the only living hieroglyphics in the world" and are very decorative, so many people regard Dongba culture as a tool to make money. Farmers in the mountains cut logs to make wooden pallet, which is sold to craftsmen in the city, who then wholesale the finished products to vendors. Figures carved or painted on wooden trays, such as the frog god, the eagle god and Dongba, were regarded as sacred objects of faith in traditional society, but now they are hung in rows in shops and shops in the ancient city, waiting for tourists to buy them. Due to the lack of authoritative cultural product certification institutions, all kinds of Dongba cultural shirts and wall hangings that sell well on the street are full of fallacies, and even the shopkeepers don't know what to say. This not only caused many tourists to be deceived, but also directly led to the superficiality and vulgarization of Dongba culture, thus laying a fatal hidden danger for the sustainable development of traditional culture.

(3) the change of living environment and way (taking Old Town of Lijiang as an example)

The world-famous ancient city bears the long history and culture of Lijiang and is a symbol of the wisdom of the Naxi people. However, under the impact of the wave of tourism, the ancient city has to cater to the needs of tourists and become increasingly commercialized. There are more than 1600 merchants in a narrow area of 3.8 square kilometers in Old Town of Lijiang. There are many shops and noisy people, which destroys the original tranquility and simplicity. More than 70% of the shops or inns are rented by foreign businessmen. Although the influx of foreigners has brought great vitality to the development of Lijiang society, it has inevitably diluted the unique traditional cultural atmosphere of the ancient city. These foreign businessmen dressed in Naxi costumes shouted with various accents, competing to attract tourists, and foreign goods without ethnic characteristics filled the streets and alleys of the ancient city. As a result, the peaceful and quiet traditional lifestyle of the residents of the ancient city has been seriously impacted, which has led to the reluctance of the original residents to live in the ancient city and move out of the old houses where their ancestors lived.

With the conflict of interests, the plundering of survival and demand space, the homeland where Naxi people live is being quietly replaced. Traditional culture that has been passed down for thousands of years will no longer exist. With the transfer and loss of cultural subjects, Old Town of Lijiang will completely lose its cultural advantages when it declares its heritage. Old Town of Lijiang can find a new site to copy and build according to its original appearance, but without the landscape of Naxi people, the intangible traditional culture will gradually disappear over time and cannot be regenerated. Wanderers who have come back from their hometown for several years marvel at the prosperity of the ancient city, but they also feel that something is missing. The same colorful stone alleys, the same small bridges and flowing water, it is difficult to find this ancient city in their childhood memories. Not a tourist area, but a place of home. We can imagine people walking on the streets of the copied ancient city, wearing Naxi costumes and speaking local accents. What we will see is a strange social and cultural phenomenon, which has nothing to do with the real Naxi life. Therefore, Yang Fuquan, vice president of Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences and a famous Naxi scholar, pointed out:' The soul of an ancient city lies not in the small bridges and flowing water, but in people's homes and the culture of this nation'.

The degradation or even loss of traditional cultural values.

Values are the core of national culture. Although the cultural values of ethnic minorities are very different, the values of all ethnic groups are still the same. Such as hospitality, simplicity, kindness, valuing righteousness over profit, etc. However, with the development of tourism activities and the influx of tourists, they intentionally or unintentionally brought their own different values, which made the values of residents in the relatively closed reception area in the past change dramatically. There are also positive factors of progress, but it has also caused the degradation or even loss of traditional cultural values of local residents, resulting in some phenomena such as the loss of tradition and moral anomie. It has greatly destroyed the original good and standardized tourist atmosphere in the reception area and directly affected the sustainable development of society. For example, Lijiang people regard water as life, cherish water, cherish water, protect water and use it rationally. It is an unwritten rule that tea is boiled in the upstream, rice is washed in the middle and vegetables are washed in the downstream, and clothes and feet are washed in the downstream. It is customary not to throw sundries into the river, pour dirty water or wash clothes upstream. I don't know how many years these agreements on love and water conservation have been followed. However, with the popularity of Lijiang, a large number of people entered, which also brought bad habits. Throwing garbage into the river, pouring dirty water and spitting can be seen everywhere. The elderly residents of Lijiang said sadly, "In the past, we could drink water from the river, but now it is no longer possible. How about tomorrow? " I can't imagine. "

In commodity trading, Naxi people have always paid attention to the ethics of honesty and fairness. However, stimulated by tourists rushing to buy tourism products and induced by foreign business methods, some Naxi residents began to deviate from their own moral norms, selling fake and shoddy handicrafts to tourists at high prices, making huge profits and even cheating. This not only harms the interests of tourists, but also damages the local reputation, resulting in a very bad social impact. For example, some foreign merchants make inferior Lijiang Baba, which makes tourists think that Lijiang Baba has only this level, which seriously affects the reputation of Naxi people and the image of the ancient city. At the same time, some illegal solicitation activities, such as gambling and pornography, which violate traditional cultural concepts and are unacceptable to social morality, have greatly deteriorated the local social atmosphere, increased various crime rates, and further seriously affected the stability of social order in the reception area.

Naxi is a hospitable people. However, with the development of tourism, the influx of tourists hinders and interferes with the normal life of local residents, causing them to have xenophobia. Residents' attitude towards tourists has changed from initial friendly enthusiasm to dissatisfaction or even disgust. They put up a wall in their hearts to separate themselves from tourists. Three years ago, tourists could walk into any small courtyard in the ancient city at will, enjoy the owner's gardening and talk with him. But now residents are not interested in this kind of communication. In order to be safe and undisturbed, many families have changed the long-established habit of not closing the door during the day and isolated themselves from the outside world with closed doors.

The emphasis on education is relatively low.

Naxi people have a tradition of respecting teachers and attaching importance to education. According to Yunnan province 1990 census data, the illiteracy rate and semi-illiteracy rate of Naxi nationality are 27.45438+0%, which is lower than that of Han nationality (32.7%). Naxi nationality is one of the five ethnic groups with higher education level than Han nationality. However, with the development of tourism in recent years, the improvement of economic level is not proportional to the progress of education. The reality is that Naxi people pay less attention to education, which is reflected in the serious phenomenon of middle and high school students dropping out of school. One of the main reasons is the increase of employment opportunities in the process of urbanization, which is different from previous years because of low income, inability to pay for education or insufficient family labor. Because the service jobs created by the tourism economy do not need a high level of education, it is easy to find job opportunities without higher education, which weakens parents' attention and support for education. Students who are tired of learning will abandon their studies, or they will stop learning after one stage, or they will simply abandon their studies and work. According to the author's understanding in Baisha Township, Lijiang, in recent years, the number of people who take the exam again after the first entrance failure in primary schools, junior high schools and senior high schools has been greatly reduced, and most of them can be directly employed. From the point of view of posts, waitresses who are concentrated in jumping queues, restaurants and hotels in tourist attractions, among whom women account for the majority. Paying relatively low attention to education will not be conducive to the improvement of national quality and the sustainable development of national culture.

Third, the protection of traditional culture countermeasures and thinking

Traditional culture is the catalyst to promote the development of Lijiang tourism, and the humanistic spirit of Naxi nationality is the highlight to attract global attention. Lijiang has preserved a complete and rich national culture and is a world-class human cultural wealth. Cultural resources are Lijiang's biggest advantage resources, and Lijiang's biggest advantage is also cultural advantage. If we lose this point, Lijiang tourism will lose its due value and the world cultural heritage will be unworthy of its name. Therefore, it is imperative to protect national traditional culture.

(1) Strengthen the education of national traditional culture and enhance the self-protection awareness of Naxi people.

There are many ways to protect traditional culture, but it is particularly important to strengthen national traditional education and enhance the self-protection consciousness of Naxi people. In today's world integration, while enjoying modern civilization, Naxi people should also consider how to integrate tradition with modernity and how to protect, develop and inherit their excellent traditional culture. However, the efforts of the government and relevant departments alone are far from enough. The most important thing is to awaken Naxi people's awareness of protection. First of all, strengthen the national traditional education in various organs, rural areas and schools, and cultivate the national pride and pride of Naxi people. The second is to strengthen bilingual teaching in rural schools, so that students can enrich their mother tongue vocabulary and love their own nation while learning Chinese. Third, through community education, parents are encouraged to take the initiative to pass on culture to their children, and people are encouraged to be proud of speaking Naxi dialect and take it as their duty to maintain traditional culture. Fourth, through the development and standardization of traditional festivals, costumes, songs and dances, and diets. The splendid traditional culture of Naxi nationality can be further developed.

(2) Further standardize the tourism market and strictly control the excessive development of culture.

In areas affected by tourism, local culture, as a tourist resource, is bound to be commercialized. Although Lijiang has built a brand based on culture, which has made huge profits and promoted economic development, it has also attracted more foreign developers to play cultural ideas, which has intensified the commercialization trend of local culture, and the culture has been greatly altered and changed beyond recognition. As Naxi people, we should be soberly aware that developers use the habits of superior culture to sort out, process and package the national culture, making the stage of national traditional culture artistic, commercialized and even vulgar. In fact, this is a predatory development of national culture, which has become a fake national culture, thus destroying the changing track of national culture and is extremely unfavorable to the sustainable development of tourism in ethnic areas. Therefore, cultural development must be strictly controlled, and relevant departments should do the following work: First, standardize the tourism market and resolutely put an end to the short-term behavior of so-called "cultural" development. Second, we must correctly guide the local people to actively participate in tourism and consciously be the messengers of maintaining tradition. Third, continue to give full play to the role of experts and scholars in ethnic studies and make suggestions for the government to further standardize the cultural market.

(3) Protect the ancient city and its cultural landscape.

Old Town of Lijiang is the traditional settlement of Naxi nationality and the most important and representative carrier of Naxi traditional culture. For hundreds of years, Naxi people have lived here for generations, enjoying a quiet and peaceful life. This "living" historical and cultural city was created by the residents who have called the ancient city their home for generations, and their daily production and life constitute a unique "living" ancient city culture. Therefore, the most important thing to protect the ancient city culture is to retain the local aborigines. A series of measures and methods adopted by the government before are effective, but this work must grasp the following aspects: First, we must mobilize community participation, take community residents as the main body of tourism development, and incorporate them into the decision-making and implementation system of major issues related to tourism development, such as tourism planning and tourism development. The environmental, social and cultural background of the community should be incorporated into the tourism development plan, so that the overall goals and priorities of tourism development can be coordinated with those of local residents, and local residents should be correctly guided to consciously safeguard traditional customs and living habits while relying on tourism to gain benefits, and actively participate in the maintenance of traditions. Second, we should pay attention to the living conditions of the residents of the ancient city and solve practical difficulties for them. If we turn a blind eye to the demands and difficulties of the residents of the ancient city, most residents will look at the benefits brought by the tourism economy and will not benefit from it. On the contrary, they will have to endure the negative impact of tourism and bear the costs of tourism development (including environmental and social costs). When this contradiction accumulates to a certain extent, it will inevitably produce resistance, negativity and hostility. Therefore, this requires us to fully consider the wishes, demands, attitudes, viewpoints and rights of local residents, and respect local ideology, traditional culture and folk customs from their immediate interests. By applying local knowledge, absorbing local practices, and combining local cultural values and traditions with the development of folk tourism, the tourism activities can be recognized and supported by local residents. Constantly consult and adopt the opinions and suggestions of local communities, and further improve and perfect them. Let residents reflect the superiority of living in the ancient city from the tourism income and become the masters of tourism development, not bystanders or victims. Third, constantly improve residents' cultural quality and awareness of commodity economy, and gradually enhance their ability to adapt to the market and protect their own culture.

(4) Carry forward the national spirit and strengthen the education of national traditional morality.

Due to the influence of foreign culture, the traditional moral and ethical system of Naxi nationality has been strongly impacted, which has led to some phenomena such as the loss of traditional morality and out of control, giving people a negative impression that people are not old and the world is declining, greatly destroying the original good and standardized tourism atmosphere in Lijiang and directly affecting the sustainable development of society. Therefore, we should vigorously carry forward the national spirit, so that the traditional morality of the Naxi nationality can be restored and the fine traditions of the Naxi nationality can continue to be inherited and developed. When weak ethnic groups are confused by strong mainstream culture, it is more important to carry forward the national spirit and strengthen traditional moral education. We should keep pace with the times, combine the construction of socialist spiritual civilization with traditional virtue education, and establish the image of Naxi nationality with good moral customs. The development of modern material civilization has brought great survival crisis to mankind, and at the same time it has worsened the relationship between people, leading to the crisis of faith, morality, emotion and family. Naxi society, on the other hand, attaches importance to emotional life, and the elderly are loved. Affection and friendship are the basic means to maintain the existence and development of society, and the warmth it creates covers every member of society, so that they can find happiness from life. Human relations and family ties are the spiritual pillar of human existence, and calling for love between people should be the eternal spiritual wealth of human beings, while Naxi culture just has the people-oriented spiritual quality and is an important compensation for modern civilization. Therefore, carrying forward the national spirit is not a turning back, but an inevitable requirement and choice of historical development, which will be conducive to the sustainable development of Lijiang tourism.

(5) Pay attention to education and constantly improve the overall quality of Naxi people.

Education is the hope of a nation and the foundation of social and economic sustainable development. Since ancient times, Naxi people have a fine tradition of respecting teachers and attaching importance to education. The outstanding figures of the past dynasties and the memorial archway of "after the rain clears up" left us with a warning and encouragement, instead of going back after eating ancestral rice. With the praise of the so-called advanced and civilized Naxi people, we should pay more attention to rural education and the phenomenon of dropping out of middle school. First, carry out further education, encourage students to love their hometown and nationality, and establish lofty ideals and aspirations. Second, continuously improve the service level of tourism, raise the standards and requirements of employing people, and gradually raise people's understanding of long-term investment in education and actual economic benefits.

Fourth, knot

Traditional culture is the continuation of a nation's historical life in the real society. It carries a nation's value orientation, affects a nation's lifestyle, and embodies a nation's wisdom, rationality, creativity and self-restraint that have been continuously formed in its historical self-survival and development. It is the soul of a nation and the soul of the sustainable development of tourism. The protection of Naxi traditional culture has become a hot issue, and vigorously strengthening the protection of Naxi traditional culture should be a concern of the whole society.

Precautions:

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