The specific situation in Myanmar

Myanmar is located in the west of Indochina Peninsula, bordering China in the north; The northwest borders Bangladesh and India; Southwest near the Bay of Bengal; Adjacent to Laos and Thailand in the east, it is the largest country in Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. The terrain of the whole country is high in the north and low in the south. Several big rivers all originate in China, and the upper reaches of salween are the Nujiang River in China. Irrawaddy River originates from Longchuan River in China.

Myanmar has a monsoon tropical rainforest climate, but due to the different topography and the distance from the ocean, the whole year is obviously divided into three seasons: March to May is summer; June-10 is the rainy season; 1 1- February of the following year is the cool season. The average precipitation is 3000-5000 mm, most of which is rainstorm, with the most precipitation in July.

China has a territory of over 670,000 square kilometers, a population of over 40 million and more than 40 nationalities. All ethnic groups mainly belong to three major language families: Sino-Tibetan, South Asian and Austronesian. The main ethnic group is Burmese. 80% people believe in Buddhism.

Yangon, the capital of Myanmar (Myanmar means invincible), has many Shwedagon Pagodas, monks, nuns, Buddhist temples and stupas. Some people call Myanmar "the country of ten thousand towers".

Myanmar (Southeast Asian countries)

Country name: Union of Myanmar.

Independence Day: 65438+1October 4th (1948)

National Day: 65438+1October 4th (1948)

National flag: it is a horizontal rectangle with an aspect ratio of 9: 5. The flag is red, and there is a small dark blue rectangle in the upper left corner, with a white pattern painted inside-14 pentagram surrounding a14 tooth gear, which is hollow and contains a spike. Red symbolizes courage and decisiveness, dark blue symbolizes peace and unity, and white symbolizes purity and virtue. 14 five-pointed star represents 14 provinces and states in the Union of Myanmar, and gears and ears of grain symbolize industry and agriculture.

National emblem: The center is a gear with 14 teeth, surrounded by ears of grain, with a map of Myanmar painted on it. There is a lion on each side of the ear of wheat. The lion is called the national animal of Myanmar, and it is a symbol of good luck. A five-pointed star at the top, decorated with Burmese flowers on both sides and around the ears of grain; The ribbon at the bottom says "Union of Myanmar" in Burmese.

National Flower: Orchid of East Asia

National tree: teak

National bird: crow

State dignitaries: Senior General Than Shwe, Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council, took office in June 1997 1 1.

Physical geography: Myanmar covers an area of 67658 1 km2. Located in the west of Indian zhina Peninsula, between Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Malay Peninsula. It borders India and Bangladesh in the northwest, China in the northeast, Laos and Thailand in the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea in the southwest. The coastline is 3200 kilometers long. It belongs to tropical monsoon climate. Forest coverage accounts for more than 50% of the total area.

Population: 53 million (2004). * * * There are 135 ethnic groups in Myanmar, mainly including the Burmese, Karen, Shan, Kachin, Qin, Kai, Meng and Rakhine, and the Burmese account for about 65% of the total population. More than 80% of the population in this country believes in Buddhism. About 8% of the population believes in Islam. Burmese is the official language, and all ethnic minorities have their own languages, among which Burmese, Kachin, Karen, Shan and Meng have written languages.

Capital: Yangon, once located on the left bank of yangon river, a tributary of the Irrawaddy River, is the political, economic and cultural center of Myanmar. Yangon has beautiful natural scenery and charming scenery. The world-famous Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon was built more than 2,500 years ago, with a height of 100 meter and more than 4,300 gems embedded in the top. The whole tower is covered with 205 16 pieces of gold, forming a brilliant appearance day and night. Yangon Port, built in 1852, is the largest port in Myanmar and one of the major rice export ports in the world. In 2005, the Burmese military government suddenly moved the capital to Binmana, a small town 320 kilometers north of Yangon, and built many government office facilities around Binmana. This move surprised many people. Binmana has never been regarded as the capital in history, but it is only a local timber transshipment center, not a transportation hub. However, since moving the capital, the Myanmar government has built many expressway from Yangon to Binmana, and now the transportation in Binmana is also very convenient.

165438+2005 10 On 7 October, the spokesman and information minister of Myanmar, Brigadier General Kyaw Shan, said that since the 6th, Myanmar government departments had moved to Binmana, a city in central Myanmar. Jueshan confirmed that the first nine departments that began to relocate included the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of National Defense, the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Agriculture. Other government departments will also move to Binmana one after another. Binmana is a county-level city in central Myanmar, located 390 kilometers north of Yangon and about 300 kilometers away from Mandalay, the second largest city in northern Myanmar. It is supported by the nearby Bo Gu Mountains, and its current resident population is estimated to be less than 654.38 million. Binmana has three universities in agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry.

Brief history: Myanmar is an ancient civilization with a long history. After the unification of 1044, it experienced three feudal dynasties: Bagan, Wu Dong and Gongbang. Britain launched three wars of aggression against Myanmar from 1824 to 1885, and occupied Myanmar. 1886, Britain designated Myanmar as a province of British India. 1937 Myanmar broke away from British India and was directly ruled by the British Governor. 1942 Japanese troops occupied Myanmar. 1945 national uprising, the recovery of Myanmar. After Britain regained control of Myanmar. Britain was forced to declare Myanmar independence act. 1948 65438+1On October 4th, Myanmar declared its independence from the Commonwealth and established the Union of Myanmar. 1974 65438+ 10 was renamed the Socialist Republic of the Union of Myanmar, and 1988 was renamed the Union of Myanmar on September 23rd. Myanmar Currency >>& gt Yuan Dynasty (1206- 1368)

Myanmar is a famous "Buddhist country", and Buddhism has been introduced to Myanmar for more than 2500 years. /kloc-More than 0/000 years ago, Burmese people began to carve Buddhist scriptures on a tree called Bedolo, and made them into Bayeux scriptures. In Li Shangyin's poem, it is mentioned that "I remember the lotus seat and smell the Bayeux sutra". More than 80% of Myanmar's 46.4 million people believe in Buddhism. Every man in Myanmar must get a haircut and become a monk within a certain period of time. Otherwise, it will be despised by society. Buddhists advocate building pagodas, and building temples means building pagodas. There are many pagodas all over Myanmar. Therefore, Myanmar is also known as "the country of stupas". Different shapes and resplendent stupas make Myanmar a tourist attraction.

Economy: Agriculture is the foundation of Myanmar's national economy, and crops mainly include rice, wheat, corn, cotton, sugarcane and jute. Myanmar is rich in forest resources, with 3410.2 million hectares of forest land, covering about 50%, making it the country with the largest teak production in the world. Teak is tough and corrosion-resistant, and it is the best shipbuilding material in the world before human beings build ships with steel. Myanmar regards teak as the national tree and is called "the king of trees" and "the treasure of Myanmar". Myanmar enjoys a high reputation in the world for its rich jade and precious stones.

Diplomacy: Myanmar pursues an independent and active foreign policy and is not attached to any big country or group of countries. China advocates friendly relations with other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peace, and attaches importance to developing good-neighborly relations with neighboring countries.

Relations with China: China and Myanmar are friendly neighbors linked by mountains and rivers, and the two peoples have lived in friendship for generations. The two countries established diplomatic relations on1June 8, 950. In 1950s, the two prime ministers advocated the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. 1960 5438+00 In June, the two governments signed the China-Myanmar Border Treaty, which took the lead in successfully solving the border issues left over from history. The leaders of China and Myanmar have always maintained the tradition of exchanging visits. Premier Zhou visited Myanmar nine times and the Prime Minister visited China 12 times. China-Myanmar friendship is known as "cell wave" (brotherly) friendship. In July 2004, Premier Qin Niu paid an official goodwill visit to China. In March 2006, Premier Soe Win visited China.

history

The history of Myanmar can be traced back to 5000 years ago. At that time, all the villages along the Irrawaddy River in Myanmar were inhabited by human beings. Myanmar is divided into "Upper Myanmar" and "Lower Myanmar", which is an artificial division after British colonial rule. It is said that in 200 BC, Pyu entered the upper reaches of Irrawaddy River and took control of the trade routes between China and India. Two centuries later, the Mongols came to Xitang River. In 849, the Burmese took over Sihe River and established Pagan.

Bagan dynasty (1044-1287)

The Bagan Dynasty was founded by King Anawata (reigning 1044-1077) in1044. It was the first unified empire in Myanmar, with Hinayana Buddhism as the state religion. King Anulutuo conquered Khan and Meng successively, and also expanded his territory continuously. During the reign of King Tu of Halansy (111-167), Hinayana Buddhism gradually became the mainstream and reached its peak at the beginning of13rd century. Of the more than 3,000 temples built at that time, 100 have been preserved to this day. 1287, Kublai Khan, the ruler of the Yuan Dynasty, led the Yuan army to invade, ending the Bagan dynasty. Since then, Myanmar has entered the Shan State period.

Dongyu Dynasty (153 1 year-1752)

153 1 year, Ti Ying (1531-kloc-0/550) unified Myanmar for the second time, established Dongyu Dynasty and claimed to be the king, and 1546 established its capital, Bagu. After that, Bayinlang ascended the throne, and his resources were exhausted due to repeated wars with Ayutthaya, the powerful kingdom of Thailand. Finally, Baku was occupied by Akka on 1599 and moved to Ava. Dongyu Kingdom finally fell at 1752. 1753, Alangpaya, a Burmese, appeared, driving away the Mongols who captured Awa at that time and establishing Daguangcheng.

Pound dynasty (1752-1885)

1782-18 19 was the autocratic period of King Botavaya. Because of his ambition to invade Thailand many times, Britain, which occupied India at that time, could not help worrying about the possible threat from Myanmar.

Colonial period (1885-1948)

The tension between Britain and Myanmar reached its peak in two wars: 1824-1826 and 1852. Britain won both wars, and finally captured stereotyped writing city, which was called Lower Burma. After the British entered Myanmar, the economy of Upper Myanmar also improved significantly. 1886, Britain won the third British-Burmese war again. At this time, Britain accepted Myanmar as a province of India and set the government in Yangon.

During the British colonial rule, Myanmar's transportation and education were greatly improved. The British devoted themselves to developing waterways, which enabled countless ships to sail on the Irrawaddy River. Railways and highways have also been built and improved to make up for the shortage of waterways. At this time, a large number of Indian immigrants poured in, resulting in cheap labor and threatening the local economy. As a result, the Burmese people began to hate Indians, so that anti-Indian riots broke out on 1930.

1936, in the first and only election under British rule, Dr. Ba Maw was elected as the Prime Minister of the British-controlled government. 1937, Britain created a unique Burmese constitution, which allowed Burmese people to control their internal affairs.

During World War II, the Japanese army occupied Myanmar in May 1942 and established the executive government of Myanmar headed by Ba Maw. With the support of Japan, General Aung San, who opposed the British colonial government and longed for independence, organized the Myanmar Independent Volunteers. 1942 led the army to participate in the battle with the Japanese army, and then announced Myanmar's independence from Britain with the support of the Japanese army. 1943, Ba Maw and Aung San were invited to visit Japan and returned to China to reorganize the Myanmar government, and Aung San became the Minister of National Defense. From 65438 to 0944, Aung San began to support the United States and Britain and organized the "Anti-Fascist People's Freedom Alliance" to fight against the Japanese army. 1945 After Japan surrendered, Myanmar was declared independent and effective. After the war, Myanmar was still under British control, and Aung San was assassinated in July 1947. Aung San's successor, Tarkin Nu, continued to lead the independence movement. 19481After the British Parliament officially recognized Myanmar's independence on October 4, 1948, the Union of Myanmar was formally established.

Chronology of major events

1044: form a unified country.

1886: Britain classified Myanmar as a province of British India.

1937: Britain separated Myanmar from British India and ruled it directly by the British governor.

1942: Japanese troops occupied Myanmar.

1945: After Japan surrendered, Britain reoccupied Myanmar.

1948 65438+1October 4th: The Union of Myanmar was founded.

1974: renamed as the Socialist Republic of Myanmar,

1September 23, 988: changed its name to the Union of Myanmar.

65438+September 0988: The State Law and Order Restoration Council was established as the highest authority in the country.

1May 27, 990: Myanmar holds its first multi-party general election. But the military government will not hand over power to political parties.

1997165438+1October 15: Myanmar established the State Peace and Development Council and abolished the State Law and Order Restoration Council.

June 5438+065438+1October 7, 2005: The Myanmar government suddenly announced that it would move its capital from Yangon to Binmana.

Chinese full name: kyat

currency conversion

1 kyat = 100 point

Currency: 1, 5, 10, 25,50 minutes and 1 kyat.

Text introduction

National flag:

The white pattern in the dark blue rectangle at the top left consists of rice ears and gears with 14 teeth, which symbolize agriculture and industry respectively. There are 14 stars around the gear, representing the whole country 14 provinces and states. Red symbolizes courage, white symbolizes purity and dark blue symbolizes peace.

National emblem:

At the center is a 14 tooth gear with a map of Myanmar painted on it. There are ears of rice around the gear. There is a lion on each side of the ear of rice. Lions are called national animals and are a symbol of good luck. The top of the pattern is a five-pointed star with Burmese flowers on both sides. The ribbon at the bottom says "Union of Myanmar" in Burmese.

Token name: cents