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The definition of automobile

According to the authoritative statement of Ci Hai: "The car is a trackless vehicle that can drive by itself, mainly used for transportation. Originally called' automatic car', because there are many gasoline engines used, it is simply called a car. " Modern Chinese Dictionary explains that "an automobile is a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine, which mainly travels on highways or expressway, and usually has four or more rubber tires. Used to transport people or goods, but this definition of a car is not strict. Then a motorcycle is also self-driving, trackless and gasoline engine; Second, tractors also use internal combustion engines and trackless vehicles with four or more wheels; Third, steam locomotives that used external combustion engines in the past; Fourth, today's cars can also use natural gas, gas, methanol and other fuels, not to mention solar cars, electric cars and so on. Therefore, there are some limitations in the current explanation of automobile, and it is necessary to discuss it in order to reflect the characteristics of automobile scientifically.

We believe that the following factors must be considered when defining a car: First, the emergence and development of a car. The emergence and development of automobiles have experienced more than 200 years of history. Cars in different periods have different structural characteristics, and the types and uses of cars are changing with each passing day. Second, based on the original intention of the car. The automobile originated in the west and should be defined based on the original meaning of western language and modern automobile. The English word "automobile" is defined as "auto" and "Mobif". Can you move? ",this is a car? Cars? "Origin means that it can be moved, that is, an automatic car; Third, cars are different from other similar machines. In the definition of automobile, all features of similar machinery should not be completely covered.

Let's analyze this problem from the emergence and development of steam locomotives.

The first is a car driven by a steam engine.

Since ancient times, people have been using human and animal power as the power source of vehicles, and later developed to use natural forces to manufacture wind-driven vehicles. With the development of machinery industry, some people have produced pulley cars, clockwork cars and so on. However, these vehicles are not recognized by the world because of their lack of use value.

/kloc-in the middle of the 8th century, the appearance of Watt steam engine became the fuse of the first industrial revolution in Europe, which laid the foundation for the birth of steam locomotive. 1769, N.JCUGNOT, a French engineer and captain of the army artillery, made the world's first front tricycle driven by a steam engine (title). At that time, the main purpose of making this kind of car was to tow artillery. The car body is made of wood and supported by three huge wheels. The front wheel diameter is1.28m, and the rear wheel diameter is1.5m. There is a pear-shaped boiler at the front and two cylinders with the volume of 1 1 gallon behind the boiler. The steam generated by the boiler is sent to two cylinders to push two pistons to move. The force generated by the piston movement is transmitted to the front wheel through a simple crankshaft, and the front wheel drives the whole vehicle. Although the car looks heavy, it is poorly made and inefficient. But it uses mechanical power to realize automatic driving, which is "automation" in the modern sense and can be said to be a historic leap. Taking this as a starting point, by the end of 18, European countries and the United States have successively produced more widely used steam locomotives for carrying materials and personnel, and the body structure has also been greatly improved. By the middle of19th century, steam locomotives were in their heyday (this article refers to highway steam locomotives). Therefore, steam locomotives play an important role in the history of human transportation. Compared with modern cars, steam locomotives are self-driving, independent of tracks and stringing, equipped with wheels, and can travel on roads. The difference is that it is powered by an external gas turbine. However, both external combustion and internal combustion belong to the engine category, but in different forms. In this way, from the perspective of power source, no matter what fuel you use, as long as you drive yourself, you already have the basic conditions for a car. Therefore, a steam locomotive can be called an automobile.

Second, cars driven by internal combustion engines.

1885, German engineer Carl Benz manufactured the world's first modern automobile "Mercedes-Benz 1" (Figure 2), and obtained the patent right. There are three wheels with solid rubber tires on the car, one front wheel and two rear wheels; A single-cylinder four-stroke gasoline engine is installed between the two rear wheels; The power generated by the engine is transmitted to the rear axle with differential through the gear and chain mechanism, and the driving direction is controlled by the joystick. In order to improve the comfort of passengers, a leaf spring suspension is installed between the frame and the axle, which makes it more characteristic of modern cars.

Taking the internal combustion engine as the driving force can make the car body light, with high degree of automation and labor-saving operation. At the same time, the automobile industry has been sublimated in technology and concept. The word "car" is a foreign word. The word "car" has no meaning of internal combustion engine, external combustion engine and what fuel to use, let alone gasoline as fuel. Its original meaning is "automatic driving". Therefore, the definition of a car, as mentioned above, is inevitably one-sided.

Three. Different fuels and

Cars with different uses coexist.

1898, Frenchman diesel exhibited his diesel engine for the first time in Munich exhibition, challenging the dominance of gasoline vehicles. In the same year, American Aldorf Bush successfully built the world's first diesel vehicle. The appearance of diesel broadens the way for people to develop automobile fuel. With the development of automobile manufacturing industry and the progress of science and technology, scientists have developed automobiles powered by natural gas, gas and methanol, and electricity and solar energy. The successful development of these cars powered by different fuels and different forms of energy not only broke the conceptual framework that people used to think that cars were powered by gasoline, but also broke the view that cars were powered by "internal combustion engines". With the development and utilization of new energy, the automobile family has been growing and used more and more widely, and then various power machinery has been derived, which makes the automobile form a beautiful scenery in people's minds. Such as sprinklers, fire engines, engineering vehicles, large flat-bed transport vehicles, snow sweepers, dump trucks and various military mission vehicles. (figure 3). Although these cars are varied, colorful and have different uses, they all stem from the instinct of transportation. According to the definition of western "cars" when they first appeared, they should all belong to the category of "automatic cars".

Motorcycle is a transliteration of English motorcycle. A motor is an engine, a bicycle is a bicycle? Run faster and faster, Jiangsu Children Press 1999). There are two kinds of three-wheeled motorcycles, one is a side-mounted three-wheeled motorcycle made by adding a side car with wheels to a high-powered two-wheeled motorcycle; The other is a three-wheeled motorcycle, with one wheel at the front and two wheels at the rear. This shows that motorcycles are made by adding engines to the body of bicycles or similar bicycles. Its frame is quite different from that of a car. Three-wheeled motorcycles are derived from two-wheeled motorcycles. Although it belongs to the category of "automatic car", it is not a "car".

Tractor is a kind of agricultural machinery, and its use is separated with the development of automobile industry. Before 1970s, tractors were everywhere on the roads in both cities and villages, and people regarded tractors as important means of transportation and agricultural machinery, which was more common in China. As can be seen from the use, a tractor is not a car. However, compared with cars, tractors have obvious differences in overall structure. The car body is inseparable. Except for a few vehicles such as large flat-bed transport vehicles, the cabs and carriages of other types of vehicles are either integrated or fixed on the same frame. Tractor body? Compared to cars? It is divided into two halves with a flexible connection in the middle. Cab and carriage can not be fixed together, the driving wheel is large and the driven wheel is small. Boss? . Therefore, tractors also belong to the category of "automatic cars", but they are not "cars".

To sum up, cars belong to a developing family in the category of "automatic transmission cars", and cars in different periods have different technical performance and structural characteristics. Automobile is a wheeled vehicle driven by its own power, independent of track and stringing, with four or more wheels, and the cab and carriage are integrated or fixed on the same frame, which can run on the road, as well as trackless automatic vehicles with other special uses derived from it.

It is not easy to give an accurate definition of a car, but it must be admitted that a car is a public thing and belongs to the whole world. It is the responsibility of all autobots to give it a veritable explanation.

The world's four major automobile brands

Just as there are only a few big car companies in the world, there are only a few brands of ultra-luxury cars. Because only large companies have the manpower, material resources and financial resources to develop and produce cars for very few people.

The future four kings of Germany and even the world will be Audi's House, BMW's Rolls Royce, Mercedes-Benz's Maibakh and Volkswagen's Bentley. An important feature of these cars is that they are only sold to people with certain social status and status.

Mercedes-Benz Maibakh not only has the longest body, but also has the highest status in German hearts. Almost from the beginning of having a car, its name stands for luxury.

Why do big companies have their own superstars? I won't talk about other reasons here, but I can only get a glimpse of the customer's car buying psychology. Everyone has his own advantages. According to experience, everyone tends to some brands of cars: those who drive mercedes benz c-class cars will buy S-class cars if they have more money. What about those who drive S-class cars? Without Maibakh, he might buy a Rolls Royce or other brands. Mercedes-Benz S-Class cars sell tens of thousands of cars every year. If one percent of customers are "furious", then hundreds of Maibakh cars are needed, and the profit is equivalent to selling tens of thousands of small cars.

Similarly, people who drive Audi A3 or A4 have more money, and most of them have changed to Audi A6 or A8. Then A8 people are "angry" again? If there is no better Audi, he can only buy other brands. People who drive BMW 3 Series and 5 Series will definitely change to BMW 7 Series if they have more money. Then it was incredible that there was no BMW higher than the 7 Series, so BMW bought a Rolls Royce.

BMW: Rolls-Royce

After BMW acquired British Rolls-Royce, the company will launch a new Rolls-Royce in 2003, which is a top luxury car with 65,438+02 cylinders and 450 horsepower. The price is 750 thousand marks.

Benz Extreme Edition: Maibakh

Forget all your car dreams, because the real luxury car has already appeared. Mercedes-Benz will produce the most luxurious German RV "Maibakh". The price starts at 650,000 marks, and the V 12 engine has 476 horsepower. At present, the most expensive Mercedes-Benz RV is 200,000 marks, so Mercedes-Benz does not intend to list it as a series of Mercedes-Benz brand products, but to sell it as a separate brand.

Audi Zhizong: I'm so happy.

Audi may launch a super-top luxury car "Haoxi" on the basis of its top car A8.

"HORCH" is the German word "Audi", while "Audi" is the Latin word "Horch" and the Chinese word "Listen", which is the name of the founder of Audi.

It is estimated that "Hao" will use V 12 twelve-cylinder engine, and use the same platform as A8 and Volkswagen's "Bentley" and other top cars.

Volkswagen to China: Bentley

Rolls-Royce and Bentley were originally two merged companies in Britain. After being acquired by BMW, Bentley was resold to Volkswagen. As a result, Volkswagen bid farewell to the history of only producing Volkswagen and launched a top luxury RV belonging to Volkswagen in Germany.

The most expensive Mercedes-Benz S-Class car only costs 220,000 marks, and the cheapest one in Maibakh costs 650,000 marks. The huge empty pawn in the middle was left to Bentley with an estimated value of 300,000 marks. It is said that Queen Elizabeth of the British royal family used to ride Rolls Royce, but now she rides Bentley.

Top Ten Fastest Production Cars

Forbes magazine recently published the list of the fastest production cars in the American market.

Champion: Ford's SSCUltimateAero supercar topped the list with a top speed of 273 mph (about 437 km/h). In contrast, the world's fastest passenger plane, Concorde, takes off at a speed of only 360 km/h.

Champion: SSC Ultimate Airlines

Runner-up: Catherine S7 Twin Turbocharger

Third place: Bugatti Veyron (406km/h)

Fourth place: Koenigsegg CCR(388km/h)

Fifth place: Ferrari Enzo (350km/h)

Sixth place: dodge viper SRT- 10 (348km/h)

Seventh place: Zongda, pagani (345 km/h)

Eighth place: Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren (334km/h)

Ninth place: Lamborghini Murcielago(330km/h)

Tenth place: Porsche Carrera gas turbine (330 km/h)

Of course, many high-speed production vehicles can compete with combat fighters, and the sixth Dodge Viper SRT- 10 surpassed the F- 16 fighter within 800 meters. It should be pointed out that the former 10 high-speed cars are all production cars.

classify

Cars are generally divided into four categories.

Cars are divided into bicycles and trains according to the overall structure. Bicycle is the basic form. Generally, 4×2, 6×4, 4×4 and 6×6 symbols are used to represent the driving characteristics. The former figure represents the total number of wheels (one wheel is still counted when double tires are installed together), and the latter figure represents the number of driving wheels. If all the wheels are driving wheels, it is called an all-wheel drive vehicle. A train consists of a tractor or a bicycle dragging a trailer or a semi-trailer.

Cars are divided into road vehicles and off-road vehicles according to road conditions. The former is designed according to the requirements of expressway and urban roads; The latter is designed for mining areas, dirt roads and other special roads or areas without roads, and is not limited by road regulations on the axle load and overall size of automobiles.

Cars are mainly divided into gasoline-powered cars and diesel-powered cars according to the power devices used. In addition, there are electric cars, solar cars and so on. The hybrid vehicle that appeared in the late 1960s is a vehicle equipped with two kinds of power devices, one of which must be an energy storage device with an energy recovery system. Common compound power devices are internal combustion engine and battery.

Cars can be generally divided into six categories according to their uses: ① Cars are also called passenger cars, which generally have no more than nine seats (including the driver's seat). ② Passenger cars, with more than 9 seats (including driver's seat), including city buses, road buses and tourist buses. Trucks, commonly known as trucks, are mainly used to transport goods. (4) Tractor, specially used for towing trailer or semi-trailer. ⑤ Special transport vehicles, designed according to the special requirements of transporting goods, have special carriages and are equipped with corresponding auxiliary equipment, such as dump trucks, liquid tankers, refrigerated trucks, bulk cement trucks and container trucks. ⑥ Special vehicles are mainly used to complete other tasks, such as ambulances, fire engines, garbage trucks, sprinklers and various engineering vehicles.

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