The story of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period

From 770 BC to 476 BC, the history is called the Spring and Autumn Period. During these two hundred and ninety years, social storms raged, which can be said to be smoke everywhere and war raged. There are more than 480 military operations in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Lu alone. Sima Qian said: In the Spring and Autumn Period, "36 people killed the king, 52 people died, and countless governors failed to protect the country." According to legend, there were 140 vassal states and nationalities in the early Spring and Autumn Period. After years of merger, only a few are left. These great powers also attack each other for hegemony. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Emperor of Zhou lost his previous authority and became attached to a powerful vassal. In order to compete for hegemony, some powerful vassal States fought with each other to be the hegemon. The five vassal States that dominated successively were called "the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period".

In Dongming County, Shandong Province, there is a village called Wubagang. According to the old man, this is the name of the village left by the five tyrants during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The situation map of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period (453 BC)

The five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period refer to Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang. This statement can be found in Historical Records. Another way of saying it is the King of Wu, the King of Yue and the King of Wu. This theory can be found in Wang Bao's "Four Disciplines on Morality". Some people say that it is,,,, King Wu and He Lv. Some people also think that the so-called "five tyrants" should be empty fingers, not real ones.

Edit this paragraph's introduction to the "five tyrants".

Qi Huangong

Guan Zhong was appointed as the Prime Minister, promoting national reunification, and "nine kings rule the world together" became the first overlord. Qi Huangong was in the 6th year BC.

Acceded to the throne in 1985. He carried out a series of political and economic reforms. Coupled with the advantages of Qi being close to the Bohai Sea, mountains, seas and fishing, it quickly became strong. Qi Huangong adopted Guan Zhong's opinion and played the banner of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries", that is, in the name of respecting the Zhou royal family, he joined forces with other governors to jointly fight against the neighboring ethnic minorities that threatened the Central Plains, and also sent troops to stop the southern power of Chu in the north, thus establishing prestige among the vassal States. Later, in Kwai Shan, the vassal states were called to join the Union, and the Zhou royal family also sent people to attend, thus formally recognizing the hegemony of the country.

Chu Zhuangwang

When Qi was dominant, Chu stopped moving northward because of Qi's suppression, and instead annexed some small countries in the east to make them stronger. After the decline of Qi State, Chu State expanded northward and competed with Jin State for hegemony. In 598 BC, Chu Zhuangwang led an army to fight the Jin Army in Zhai (now Zhengzhou, Henan) and defeated the Jin Army. Countries in the Central Plains have abandoned gold and returned to Chu, becoming the overlord of the Central Plains.

Jin Wengong

Then Jin Wengong. In 633 BC, Chu Chengwang led Chu, Zheng and Chen Dajun to besiege Shangqiu, the capital of the Song Dynasty (now south of Shangqiu County, Henan Province). Song sent someone to ask Jin for help. Jin Wengong adopted the correct opinions of his subordinates. He won Chyi Chin's participation in the war and strengthened his own strength. Then it improved the relationship between Jin and Cao and Wei, and isolated Chu. At this time, the State of Chu ordered that the official name was Yin, and he was furious and sent troops to attack the Jin army. In order to avoid the sharp edge of the Chu army and repay the hospitality of the Chu king when he fled from the State of Jin (when he fled, he promised that if he could return to the State of Jin as a king, once the war broke out, the Jin army would retreat from the three houses, and the ancient army marched 30 miles, which was called one house and 90 miles was the three houses), and ordered the army to retreat 90 miles backward. 8 jin j "retreat", retreat to the city of wei pu (now yanxian county, shandong province). Chengpu is close to the State of Jin, which is convenient for replenishment and meets the concentrated forces of Chyi Chin and Song Allied Forces. In April 632 BC, the two armies of Chu Jin began a decisive battle. The Jin army lured the enemy deep, and the Chu army fell into a tight encirclement, and the whole army was wiped out. The battle of Chengpu created a famous example of giving in first and then taking the initiative. Since then, Jin Wengong invited King Xiang of Zhou to join the vassal in Jiantu (now Guangwu, Henan). Zhou was named "the head of a vassal" and given black and red bows and arrows, indicating that he had the right to conquer freely. Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains.

Duke Mu of Qin

When the state of Jin dominates, the state of Qin in the west becomes stronger. Qin Mugong tried to dominate the Central Plains in the east, but because the passage in the east was blocked by gold, it annexed a dozen small countries in the west and ruled the area west of Hanguguan, which was known as "dominating Xirong" in history. "Take 12 years as our country and open Wan Li" (Chapter 10 of Everything is done wrong). In the ninth year of Helu (506 BC), the King of Wu and Lu led their troops to defeat the Chu army, and it took only 10 days to invade the capital of Chu (now northwest of Jiangling, Hubei Province), creating a precedent for capturing the capital of a big country in the Spring and Autumn Period. The following year, He Lu personally went to war and defeated the Vietnamese army. In the 11th year of Helu (504 BC), he conquered Chu again, forcing Chu to move to Tan (now southeast of Yicheng, Hubei). Since then, Wu has been a great shock to China.

Gou Jian

In 494 BC, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, attacked the State of Yue, besieged Gou Jian, the king of Yue, in Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) and forced the State of Yue to yield. Then defeated the Qi army. In 482 BC, in Huangchi (now near Fengqiu, Henan Province), he joined forces with the princes and became king. After being defeated by the State of Wu, Gou Jian, King of Yue, was determined to avenge himself. After decades of hard work, he turned weakness into strength and destroyed Wu. Gou Jian took advantage of the situation to go north, and in Xu (now Shandong County), he joined forces with Qi, Jin and other governors to proclaim himself emperor.

The main symbol of hegemony

The hegemony between vassals and great powers showed the weakening of the imperial power in the Zhou Dynasty. Since 770 BC, when the capital was moved to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan Province), the royal family of Zhou Dynasty declined even more. Once upon a time, the emperor was the commander-in-chief of the princes. "Rites and music were conquered by the emperor." Now these powers are in the hands of princes, "Rites and music were conquered by princes", "Rites and music were conquered by doctors" and even "accompanied the ministers in state affairs". The new landlord class rose in succession to seize power. Slavery in the Zhou Dynasty was in a state of "bad manners and music". The main symbol of the overbearing princes is the "Meng Hui" princes, and the five princes who completed this important ceremony were Qi Huangong Xiaobai, Jin Wengong Zhong Er, Chu Zhuangwang Brigade, Wu Wang Fu Cha and Betty Wong Gou Jian, so the real five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period should be them. At the same time, this statement is also used in the current high school history textbooks published by People's Education Publishing House, so this statement is more authoritative. Song Xianggong is arrogant, taking advantage of Chu Wei's opportunity to make an appointment with the governors, and he will lose his life if he does not seek hegemony. He is not one of the top five at all. On the contrary, Zheng Zhuanggong, the first tyrant in the Spring and Autumn Period, saved the Zhou Dynasty from collapse, but was not mentioned. Zheng Zhuanggong should be considered as one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Edit the eight sentences of "Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period" in this paragraph.

There are two versions of Spring and Autumn Five Bullies on the Internet, which are actually wrong. Since ancient times, there have been at least eight "five tyrants" written by Qi Huangong.

In addition, there are some sayings that include some warriors in Xia and Shang Dynasties, which are beyond the scope of the Spring and Autumn Period. These eight statements are as follows: 1. "Qi Huan, Jin Wen, Qin Mu, Song Xiang, Chu Zhuang"-Historical Records 2. "Qi Huan, Jin Wen, Chu Zhuang, He Lv, Gou Jian"-Xunzi Wang Ba 3. "Qi Huan, Jin Wen, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuang Gong. Fu Cha —— Preface 6 of Kings of Han Dynasty. , Jin Xiang, Jin Jing, Jin funeral and other 7 people. Zheng Zhuang, Qi Huan, Jin Wen, Qin Mu and Chu Zhuang-Ci Tong 8. "Qi Huan, Jin Mu and Chu Zhuang" was also passed by Chu Zhuangwang with a high vote, while Qin Mugong barely passed, and both of them gained considerable recognition rate. He Lv, King of Wu, and Gou Jian, King of Yue, were temporary heroes, but the problem is that the word "five tyrants" existed before them, so we can rule out the second, third, fourth, fifth and eighth kinds of the above viewpoints. The sixth view is too partial to Jin State, and it is unreasonable to exclude Chu Zhuangwang. Only 1 and 7 are left. The members of the two groups are similar, but the difference is only in the places of "Zheng Zhuanggong" and "Song Xianggong". There is no doubt that Zheng Zhuanggong is far more qualified to be included in the hegemonic arrangement than Song Xianggong, while Song Xianggong is not worthy of the name. Needless to say, Sima Qian regarded him as one of the "five tyrants" because of his benevolence and righteousness, but in fact, Song Xianggong also did some inhuman things, for example, he imprisoned Teng Ziying and was criticized. Of course, some people suspect that Sima Qian was not included in the historical records. Zheng Zhuanggong was often rejected by ancient historians because he challenged the imperial power and seriously violated the concept of Confucian scholars in later generations. However, Confucianism loves to show off its "spring and autumn brushwork" and often whitewashes the "diligent king" behavior of careerists, but does not explain the fact that they annexed neighboring countries and plundered them. When they practiced unscrupulous tactics, they had to apply a layer of "benevolence, righteousness and morality" lubricant to their faces, and so did the battle between Jin and Chu. In other words, because Zheng Zhuanggong is a lean man of Cao Cao and Sun Quan, he only wants to strengthen himself rather than "diligent king", so Confucian historians also disdain his eyes, and simply let Song Xianggong, who speaks righteousness, replace his hegemony. In fact, it is unrealistic to adhere to the so-called "five tyrants". It can be said that Zheng Zhuanggong, Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong, who are resourceful in the Central Plains, Qin Mugong in Xirong, Chu Zhuangwang in the Central Plains, Jin Daogong who revived the hegemony, He Lv, the king of Jianghuai, and Gou Jian, the king of Yue, who lived in the southeast, connected in series throughout the Spring and Autumn Period. They witnessed the ups and downs of these hundreds of years.

Edit this paragraph to introduce the Spring and Autumn Overlord

Zheng Zhuanggong

Ji, the word (757-70 BC1), was the monarch of Zheng in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was called "the overlord of the Spring and Autumn Period". According to the Chronicle of Twelve Governors in Historical Records, he was born in Zheng Wugong in the 14th year (757 BC). Zheng Zhuanggong succeeded his father Zheng Wugong and became a courtier of Zhou Pingwang. Later, Zhou Pingwang favored Guo Gong, and the relationship between Zheng Zhuanggong and Zhou Dynasty began to deteriorate. During the reign, Zheng was very powerful, and many wars took place, including the rebellion launched by Zhuang Gong's brother Duan and the war of Chen, Cai and Guo who defeated Wang. The latter, in particular, laid the "bully" situation of Zheng, ruined Zhou's reputation and made it famous. Old enemies such as Song, Wei and Chen came to make peace, and Zheng became the most powerful vassal state in the Central Plains at that time. The dispute between Zheng and Song is one of the important events in my life. Zheng adjoins Song State in the east and Wei State in the north. Zheng is in conflict with the Song and Wei Dynasties and is in danger of being attacked by the Song and Wei Dynasties at any time. In 7 19 BC, the state of Song assembled the allied forces of Wei, Chen, Cai, Yan and Lu, and besieged the state of Zheng twice, which was likely to raze it to the ground. In this case, Zheng Zhuanggong is calm and unyielding. On the one hand, he strengthened his defense militarily and stubbornly resisted the enemy; On the other hand, handle relations with other countries in diplomacy, let bygones be bygones, turn enemies into friends, and unite all political forces that can be United as much as possible. For example, although he invaded Zheng, he took the initiative to make up with Chen after being defeated. In the battle of Zheng, Lu sent troops to help the Song Dynasty, but it did not hate Lu, but took the initiative to make peace with Lu until it formed an alliance. Qi was a powerful country among the vassal states at that time, and attached great importance to the relationship with Qi, so as to use the power of Qi to contain the Song people. In addition, if you have a bad relationship with Zhou, you should also pay attention to strategy. Although defeated by Julian Waghann, he still sacrificed to Zhong Laowang at night. He hated Zhou Wang for abandoning himself and using his power to attack his old enemy. 7 13 years ago, Zheng Zhuanggong was ordered by the emperor to join forces with Qi and Lu to attack the Song Dynasty. Qilu Army was defeated in Kan (now southeast of Wucheng County, Shandong Province). Zheng Jun first captured Gao (now east of Wucheng County, Shandong Province) and Fang (now west of Jinxiang County, Shandong Province), and then defeated the joint forces of Song, Cai and Wei, and finally gave in. Zheng Zhuanggong was a hero, but he also made two important political mistakes. An important mistake was that he didn't make proper arrangements for the position of Prince Tu Li (that is, Zheng) during his lifetime, so that when he died, Zheng immediately fell into a dispute between Zheng and (the son Su Du), which made Zheng form a chaotic situation in which the two kings stood side by side, causing great harm for a long time. Another important mistake was to reuse Gao Qumi, which left serious trouble for Zheng. Zhuang Gong wanted Gao to go to Miqing, but Prince Zhao Gong objected. Zhuang Gong refused to listen and insisted on using Gao Qumi as his minister. With Zhao Gong as king, Gao Qiu was afraid that Zhao Gong would take the opportunity to kill himself, so he took the opportunity to go out hunting with Zhao Gong, shot him, and conspired with the powerful minister Jizhong to replace Zhao Gong's disciple with the king. In the forty-third year of Zheng Zhuanggong's reign, in 70 1 year BC, he formed an alliance with the governors of Qi, Wei and Song, and became the overlord of the governors. However, he died only a few months later, and Zheng turned from prosperity to decline.

Qi Huangong

Qi Huangong was the first15th monarch of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period. His surname is Xiao Bai, and he is Qi Xianggong's younger brother. From 685 BC to 643 BC, he was the first monarch to dominate the Central Plains. Qi Xianggong is a tyrannical monarch, and there are many complaints at home, and everyone harbors resentment. Xiao Bai went into the palace to remonstrate, but Xianggong didn't listen. Persuaded by Bao, he went to Ju 'an. In 685 BC, Gongsun, the younger brother of Xianggong, was ignorant, colluded with the minister to launch a coup, killed Xianggong and usurped the throne. After more than a month, the people of Qi killed Sun Ignorant, and welcomed Gong Zijiu, the younger brother who fled to Lu, to return to China and take the throne. Gao, Guo and other domestic nobles supported the succession. Xiaobai cut corners, first returned to Linzi, the capital of Qi State, and became a monarch, namely Qi Huangong. He reused Guan Zhong, let bygones be bygones, and appointed Guan Zhong, who had assisted Gong Zijiu, as prime minister. Under the auspices of Guan Zhong, he carried out a series of reforms in politics, economy and military affairs, especially the development of fisheries according to local conditions, which made Qi rich and strong and laid the foundation for its ultimate hegemony. In order to expand his influence, he mobilized the army to attack Lu, and won a great victory, destroying the Sui country attached to Lu. Later, he returned the land he seized in the war. The governors of all countries think that he is a credible and wise king and are willing to form an alliance with him and make him famous. He sent envoys to worship the king who had just succeeded to the throne, and was favored by Zhou. He called the governors of various countries to a meeting in Beixing and was elected as the leader. Later, in a secluded place, he made an alliance with eight countries, including Song, Yu, Wei and Cao. Qi's hegemony was finally established, and it became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period ("first" can be interpreted as "first" or "most outstanding"). After the death of Guan Zhong and Bao, Qi Huangong reused the villains such as Yi Ya and Shu Diao, and let them master the national politics. After 43 years in office, Qi Huangong died in 643 BC. His five sons were busy with civil war because of the struggle for power and profit, and their bodies were buried 67 days after their death. At this time, the social contradictions in Qi intensified and the hegemony declined.

Jin Wengong

Ji surname, the 24th monarch of Jin State. After Qi Huangong, there was no real hegemon in the Central Plains, and it was not until Jin Wengong (reigned from 636 to 628) that he regained the banner of "respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries". In his early years, Wen Gong went into exile for 19 years because of the "Li Ji Rebellion" and went through all kinds of hardships. That is, after the accession to the throne, Hu Yan, Zhao Shuai and other talented people were appointed to rectify the internal affairs, reform politics, develop the economy, consolidate the military and martial arts, win the trust of the people, stabilize the royal family, and reconcile the state of Qin, which greatly boosted the national strength. When Fang Wengong ascended the throne, there was civil strife and it was difficult to get rid of Zheng's rule. Zhao Shuai pointed out to Wen Gong: "Hegemony is like entering the week. ..... Jin Fang respects the king, and jindun also. " In 635 BC, Jin Wengong single-handedly worked for the King of Jin, helped him and welcomed King Xiang back, which made the Jin Dynasty famous. In the twentieth year of King Xiang of Zhou (633 BC), the Chu army surrounded Shangqiu, the capital of the Song State. At the beginning of the second year, Jin Wengong led the troops of Qi, Song and Qin to fight with the Chu army in Chengpu (now southwest of Shandong Juancheng). Since the founding of the State of Chu, there has never been a record of defeat, and even Qi Huangong dared not go to war with the Chu people, so at that time, everyone thought that the State of Jin was doomed. Jin Wengong insisted on giving up three houses (about 45km) before the war in order to repay the support of King Chu Cheng when he was in exile. Withdraw troops before the enemy fled without fighting, so Jin Wengong was under great pressure. Even in the Jin army, he dreamed that he was knocked down by King Chu Cheng and ate his brains, so he was scared to give up the rumor of decisive battle. But in the end, Kim won the battle. Dan Rong's Jin army broke the myth of Man Jing's unbeaten Chu army. On the way home, he was a vassal of the Congress (now north of Zhengzhou, Henan Province), and the son of heaven sent someone to call him "Bo" (Ba). Later, Jin Wengong became a vassal in Heyang (now west of Mengxian County, Henan Province), and King Xiang of Zhou was also called to a meeting. Jin Wengong was the dominant vassal because of his victory over Chu. After Jin Wengong's death, the hegemony of the State of Jin lasted for one hundred years.

Chu Zhuangwang

Chu Zhuangwang was the monarch of Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period. His surname is Mi (ǐ), a famous traveler (traveling companion) Xiong, the son of a merchant of the King of Chu, and his reign was from 6 13 BC to 59 1 year BC. Chu was originally a small country in the south. After the development of being a king of literature and becoming a king, it gradually stagnated when it came to King Mu. King Zhuang was less than 20 years old when he ascended the throne, and there were many domestic contradictions, and a rebellion was launched by his two masters, Xie Hezi. Although the rebellion was put down in time, it was a great test and an unfavorable start for him as a young master. In the complicated situation, he took a negative attitude, showing that he was addicted to wine and never asked about political affairs. Three years later, he had a basic understanding of the political situation and various figures in Chu. He reused loyal ministers such as Wu Ju and Su Cong, attacked and destroyed the invading army, and expanded the influence of Chu to the northwest. He appointed Sun Shuai as your Yin, and listened to Sun Shuai's advice on governing the country with an open mind. During the period of King Zhuang, the monarch and the minister were in harmony. He took the lead in law enforcement, attached importance to social production, developed economy and enriched national strength. His pragmatic rule made Chu society stable, people's customs frugal and people's lives improved. If Chu wants the north to enter the Central Plains and dominate one side, it must first win over its neighbor Zheng. After Chu defeated Jin Jun in Beilin, Zheng began to take orders from Chu, but he still wavered. In order to become the overlord, there was a long war between Chu and Jin. In the end, the Chu army won a great victory, and the country became stronger and stronger. However, the prestige of Jin declined in small and medium-sized countries and it lost its ability to rule them. Soon, Xiao was destroyed, and he attacked Song for three consecutive years, forcing Song and Chu to make peace. Chu Zhuangwang's desire for hegemony was realized by drinking horses from the Central Plains. The governors of the Central Plains all obeyed the orders of the State of Chu, only Nuo Nuo, and some dared to go against the will of the State of Chu. The soldiers of the State of Chu did not fall apart quickly. Chu Zhuangwang fought for many years, but he tried his best not to violate the farming season and sympathized with the people, so he won the support of the people. This is his genius. His foreign war also adopted the strategy of both weeds, not only focusing on the gains and losses of a certain land, but also focusing on leading the world with morality, so that his hegemony was finally successful.

Song Xianggong

Song Xianggong (? ~ 637 BC), during the Spring and Autumn Period (650 BC ~ 637 BC), the monarch of Song State, the son of Duke Huan of Song Dynasty, surnamed Zifu, ascended the throne in 650 BC. Song Guo was originally a vassal state of Wei Ziqi, a nobleman of Shang Dynasty in the early Zhou Dynasty. Its territory is now the border area between eastern Henan and Jiangsu, Shandong and Anhui, and its capital is Shangqiu (now Shangqiu, Henan). When Song Xianggong arrived, the country's momentum was growing, and its desire to rule the Central Plains became stronger and stronger. In 645 BC and 643 BC, the masters of the State of Qi, Guan Zhong and Qi Huangong, died one after another. After the death of Huan Gong, his five sons competed for the throne with each other, and Yi Ya colluded with the palace forces to make an insurrection, making the son king without losing money. Qi's national strength gradually declined due to civil strife and completely lost its hegemonic position. In 642 BC, he took the ambitious opportunity to join forces with Cao, Wei, Zhu and other countries to send troops to crusade against Qi, and helped his son Zhao, who had taken refuge in Song, to become the monarch of Qi. Song Xianggong's action was praised by various vassal states, and the status of Song State was also improved. Song Xianggong, who wants to inherit the status of Qi Huangong, is self-reliant and ambitious, trying to dominate the Central Plains. In 639 BC, Song Xianggong initiated an alliance with Shang Lu (Song Dynasty, now Fuyang South, Anhui Province). In this regard, Mu Yi, the son of Song State (Song Xianggong's ordinary brother), advised Song Xianggong many times: "It is a disaster for small countries to strive for alliance. Song Qi is dead! " (Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Twenty-one Years) But Song Xianggong, who dreamed of being king, did not accept Mu Yi's suggestion. He once again invited countries to meet in Song State, and discussed meeting with vassal States to conclude an agreement, so as to enhance his reputation. In the autumn of the same year, he made an alliance with the kings of Chu, Chen, Cai, Zheng, Xu and Cao in Yu (Song Dynasty, now Sui County, Henan Province). Arrived as promised, refused to listen to the advice, and insisted on not bringing troops, while Chu set an ambush in the urn and captured him alive. Later, the State of Chu rose up to attack the Song Dynasty, but it met with stubborn resistance from the soldiers and civilians of the Song State, led by Song Xianggong.

The Chu army surrounded Song for several months and failed to conquer it. After mediation, it was released by Chu. Throughout Song Xianggong's life, he was indeed a man with lofty aspirations and brilliant talents. After the death of Qi Huangong, Chu was the most powerful vassal, and the king of Chu actually ruled the Central Plains. Song is a weak country with weak strength. It could not seek hegemony originally, but it overreached itself and went its own way in an attempt to compete with Chu for hegemony. In the political contest with Chu State, Song State has always been at a disadvantage. However, in the flood battle that decided his fate, he talked about benevolence and morality, stuck to the ancient duel tactics of "no drums and no columns" and refused to take advantage of the enemy's "half crossing" and "no array" As a result, he died in defeat and was laughed at by the whole world. Mao Zedong evaluated it as "pig-like benevolence". Song Xianggong's hegemony is actually paving the way for Chu to establish hegemony. "The so-called' hegemony of Song Xiang' is actually the hegemony of Chuncheng." Song Xianggong was called one of the "five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period" in the old history, which was not worthy of the name. The most pragmatic Zuo Zhuan did not bully him.

Duke Mu of Qin

Duke Mu of Qin

Qin Mugong, surnamed [1], with a good name, is the youngest son of Qin Degong and the younger brother of Qin and Qin Chenggong. He reigned for 39 years from 659 BC to 62 BC1year, and was an effective monarch in the history of Qin State. During his reign, Qin began to rise because he tried to solve the internal affairs of the country and sought hegemony from the outside to unify Gansu, Ningxia and other places. Qin was originally a tribe living in Qin Ting (now Sol Zhang, Gansu Province), named Won. Because of his meritorious service in escorting Ping, he was named a vassal and a land in the west of Qi State, and Qi State was formally established. Scripture, constitution, martial arts, morality, propaganda, the territory of Qin moved eastward, and by the time Mu Gong succeeded to the throne, it had occupied more than half of Guanzhong. After Qin Mugong acceded to the throne, he was ambitious and diligent. He made great use of such sages as Priscilla and Uncle Jian, promoted the policy of enriching the people, and relied on them to improve politics, develop the military and reward production, which greatly enhanced the national strength. Qin Mugong's talent selection can break the boundaries of inferiority, select people outside the nobility and select people from other countries who have defected. For example, a former slave exchanged him for Chu with five sheepskins. When Priscilla, who was over 70 years old, was brought back to the State of Qin, Qin Mugong personally unbuckled him and discussed state affairs with him. On Prissy's recommendation, Mu Gong invited Uncle Jian to the State of Qin and appointed him as a doctor. Qin Mugong's practice of recruiting talented people fully shows that he is a far-sighted monarch. With talented people, if you want to complete the hegemony, you must win the hearts of the people. Qin Mugong attached great importance to people's support, so he implemented some measures to ease class contradictions and lighten people's burden. He emphasized winning the trust of the people. When there was a famine in Jin, he turned to Qin for help. Regardless of past grievances, he transported a large amount of grain to the state of Jin, saying that the people could not suffer. Jin people praised his virtue, and his prestige was greatly improved. This made him deeply supported and supported by the lower classes, and he had the basis for hegemony. In diplomacy, Qin Mugong is also very resourceful. In order to open the channel and compete for the Central Plains, he used his marriage to form an alliance with the State of Jin to compete with the powers of the Central Plains. He married Jin Xiangong's daughter Muji, and his daughter Huaibi to Jin Wengong, and helped Jin Wengong defeat Chu in the battle of Chengpu. After death, I thought it was time to replace Kim as the overlord. In order to stabilize the rear, he attacked Xirong with all his strength. Xirong generally refers to the Rong nationality countries scattered in a large area in the west of Qin State. He learned about the situation of mountains and rivers and the deployment of troops in Xirong country through Yu Yu who defected, adopted deviant and honey trap strategies to highlight the raiders, launched an all-round attack, conquered these countries and expanded thousands of miles. In this way, from the Yellow River at the junction of Shaanxi and Shanxi in the east to the far west, it was controlled by the State of Qin, and Qin Mugong finally became the hegemon of the West. This has a positive effect on China's social development, accelerating national integration and developing Qin's economy. The hegemony initiated by Qin Mugong laid the foundation for Qin to unify China at the end of the Warring States Period. In the thirty-ninth year of Mu Gong (62 1 year), Qin Mugong died of illness and was buried in Yong (now southeast of Fengxiang, Shaanxi). One hundred and seventy-seven people were martyred, including three sons of Yu Zi, Yan Xi, Zhong Xing and Zhen Xuan. These three people are very kind and brave, which makes the people of China feel extremely sad. They wrote a poem "Yellow Bird" and sang: "If you are pale, you will annihilate my lover; Redeem a hundred people if you can redeem them! " It means, blue sky, how can such a kind person sacrifice? If we can redeem our lives, we would rather pay a hundred lives to get them back!

Wu Wang and the donkey.

Wu Wang and the donkey.

Also known as "Wu Wang He Lv". Ji, Ming Guangren, reigned from 5 14 BC to 496 BC. Wu was a country in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the Spring and Autumn Period. Originally a vassal state of Chu, it began to rise when Wu Junshou dreamed. In order to compete with Chu for hegemony, Jin adopted the strategy of uniting Wu to control Chu, and sent Wu Qu, the minister of Chu, to Wu with a team of chariots to teach Wu people to ride, shoot and array. Wu Jun learned to fight with chariots. In addition, after Wu Jin made friends, the economy and culture also developed and the national strength gradually became stronger. Therefore, Wu Junshou dreamed of going abroad, calling himself the King of Wu, and wanted to try his hand on the battlefield with Chu, a southern power. In 584 BC, the new army of land and water in Wu Jun captured the important Huai River State in Chu. In the following 70 years, there were ten large-scale wars between the two sides, which became feuds. In these ten wars, Wu Jun won six times, Chu won once, and the outcome was three times each. In 5 15 BC, the son of the State of Wu won the throne of the State of Wu and was called He Lv, King of Wu. After He Lv acceded to the throne, he was determined to dominate the world. He Lu, with political courage, made great efforts to collect talents, adopted good policies and listened to people's voices. He appointed Wu Zixu, the late minister of the State of Chu, and listened to his suggestions on revitalizing the State of Wu. He built battlements, set up garrisons, accumulated food, enriched Hyogo, and prepared for dominating vassals. After several years' efforts, the State of Wu has grown and developed, and the people are well-fed and willing to die for the country. In order to show Chu some color, he destroyed Guo Xu, the warlord of Chu, and Chu could do nothing about it, watching him become king in Guo Xu. With strong economic strength, He Lu began to rectify the army and the military, and turned his focus to military development. He appointed Wu Zixu to help him train the foot soldiers of the State of Wu to meet the needs of fighting against the vassal states of the Central Plains. Sun Wu, a military strategist, was reused to improve tactical support; Step up the production of swords for war. Everything is ready, and He Lu first pointed the finger at the powerful Chu State. In 506 BC, Wu, together with Tang and Cai, launched a massive attack on Chu, and the Chu army retreated. The head coach told Yin Zichang to flee in a hurry, and Wu Jun won a great victory. After several battles, he entered the capital of Chu. King Zhao Chucang fled and returned to the capital with the help of Qin Aigong. After defeating Chu State, He Lv turned to Yue State and began to attack it. In 496 BC, the two armies were at war. Unfortunately, he was shot with an arrow by the Vietnamese army and died of his injuries.