Historical background of Qin terracotta warriors and horses

According to historical records, Qin Shihuang was 65,438+03 years old when he ascended the throne. Li Si, the prime minister, began to plan, design and build the cemetery as usual, and General Zhang Han supervised the construction. After Qin Shihuang came of age, it was not until two years after his death that his son Qin Ershi hurried to finish the project, and the construction time reached 39 years.

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Terracotta Warriors and Horses (English: The Terracotta Warriors and Horses) is the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, also referred to as Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, as a funerary object in ancient tombs, were made into Terracotta Warriors and Horses. ).

The pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses was found in 1974. The pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is located 1.5 km east of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong District, Xi. [1] is a part of the burial pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. A large number of terracotta warriors and horses were unearthed in three discovered pits.

From 65438 to 0987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was listed in the World Cultural Heritage Protection List, and more than 200 national leaders visited it successively, which became a gold-lettered business card of China's splendid ancient civilization. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are one of the greatest discoveries in the world archaeological history.

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On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, former US President Jimmy Carter, who made important contributions to the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States in 1979, visited the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Museum on September 6, 20 14. This is the second time that President Carter visited the Terracotta Warriors. At the end of the visit, President Carter wrote an inscription: "This is a very remarkable museum, which has left a deep impression on me since my first visit 33 years ago. Congratulations on your great achievements in the protection of cultural relics. "

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572020-06- 18

What is the historical background of Qin Terracotta Warriors?

Terracotta warriors and horses are the terracotta warriors and horses of the Qin Dynasty, also known as Terracotta Warriors and Horses. They are located in the Terracotta Warriors Pit 1.5 km east of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong District, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. Terracotta warriors and horses are a category of ancient tomb sculptures. In ancient times, human sacrifice was practiced, and slaves were accessories of slave owners before their death. When they die, the slaves will be buried with the slave owners as sacrifices. Terracotta warriors and horses were made into sacrifices in the shape of troops (chariots, horses and soldiers). 196 1 On March 4th, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. On March 1974, the Terracotta Warriors were discovered. From 65438 to 0987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List, and were praised as "the eighth wonder of the world". More than 200 national leaders have visited China successively, which has become a gold-lettered business card of ancient splendid civilization and is regarded as one of the top ten treasures of ancient tombs in the world. Historical background Human martyrdom sprouted with the disintegration of primitive public ownership, and prevailed until slavery established a cruel and barbaric funeral system. The most prosperous era of human martyrdom was the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and there were martyrdom in the tombs of nobles in Shang Dynasty. In the Gong Ling area of Anyang Yin Ruins, more than 5,000 people have been martyred in more than a dozen tombs that have been excavated. The Zhou Dynasty drew lessons from the tyranny of the Shang Dynasty and emphasized "Mingde Bao Min". The birth and implementation of Zhou Li greatly suppressed the phenomenon of martyrdom, but it was not eradicated. During the Spring and Autumn Period, countries competed for hegemony, the times were turbulent, and others were killed. During the Warring States period, the vassal states abolished the system of human sacrifice. In the first year (384 BC), Qin officially abolished the system of human sacrifice. Social changes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period prompted changes in burial customs, and human sacrifices appeared, that is, pottery figurines and wooden figurines replaced human sacrifices. The original meaning of "figurines" is human sacrifice. When human martyrdom gradually faded out of people's field of vision, "figurines" became proper terms for pottery sculptures, stone carvings and portraits in tombs. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Dynasty are typical and the peak of human sacrifice figurines. The reason why the terracotta warriors reached such a high level in scale and realism was not only the wisdom of craftsmen, but also the will of the first feudal emperor in history. Most terracotta warriors and horses are made by pottery and firing. First, make the first tire with a ceramic mold, and then cover it with a layer of fine mud for processing, characterization and coloring. Some fry first, some fry first. Uniform temperature, simple color and high hardness. Each process has a different division of labor and a strict working system. At first, the terracotta warriors and horses all had bright and harmonious colored paintings. During the excavation, it was found that some terracotta warriors and horses were brightly colored when they were first unearthed, but they were oxidized by oxygen after being unearthed, and their colors disappeared in less than ten seconds and turned into white ash. All you can see now are traces of painting.

22 Browse 2482020-05-27

What is the historical background of Qin Terracotta Warriors?

1, Historical Records According to Historical Records, Qin Shihuang ascended the throne at the age of 13. Prime Minister Li Siyi began to plan, design and build the cemetery, and General Zhang Han supervised the construction. After Qin Shihuang became an adult, he expanded the scale of construction. It was not until two years after his death that his son Qin Ershi hastily completed the construction, and the construction time reached 39 years. 2. Introduce the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, that is, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, as a funerary object in ancient tombs, were made into Terracotta Warriors and Horses. ). The pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors was found in 1974. The pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is located 1.5 km east of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong District, Xi. [1] is a part of the burial pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. A large number of terracotta warriors and horses were unearthed in three discovered pits. From 65438 to 0987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was listed in the World Cultural Heritage Protection List, and more than 200 national leaders visited it successively, which became a gold-lettered business card of China's splendid ancient civilization. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are one of the greatest discoveries in the world archaeological history. 3. On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, Jimmy Carter, a former American president who made important contributions to the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States in 1979, visited the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Museum on September 6th, 20 14, which was the second time that President Carter visited the Terracotta Warriors. At the end of the visit, President Carter wrote an inscription: "This is a very remarkable museum, which has left a deep impression on me since my first visit 33 years ago. Congratulations on your great achievements in the protection of cultural relics. "

Browse1362019-09-14.

Historical background of Qin terracotta warriors and horses

The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Han Dynasty were first buried with Liu Wu, the third generation king of Chu in the Western Han Dynasty, more than 265,438+050 years ago, just as the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty were buried with Mount Li, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. The society of Han Dynasty was a society that regarded death as death. People think that after death, people just go on living in another place. Therefore, all the material and spiritual benefits they can enjoy before they die must be brought to another world by all means. In the tomb of the king of Chu in Xuzhou, there are all kinds of powder warehouses, kitchens, money Ku, dance halls and studios, and even toilets are carefully made and fully equipped. In this context, some heavily armed princes and senior generals naturally hope to continue to command thousands of troops after their death, and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses came into being. However, according to the burial system of the Han Dynasty, unless people with special contributions enjoy being buried with the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, and the emperor's approval is needed, there are only three large-scale Terracotta Warriors and Horses discovered in China at present, Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors and Horses and Yangjiawan Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Xianyang, and in addition, Xuzhou has only discovered this one. The emergence of such a large-scale Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Xuzhou fully illustrates the special position of Xuzhou in politics and military affairs in the Han Dynasty. Xuzhou is a famous cultural city with a long history, especially in the Han Dynasty, because it is the hometown of Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty. Just after the regime was stabilized, Liu Bang appointed his younger brother Jiao Wei Liu, King Chu, to manage this area. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Jiao Liu had the highest position among kings with the same surname. In addition, most of Gaozu's civil servants and military commanders are from Xuzhou. This special background led Xuzhou to become the political and cultural center after Chang 'an, the capital of Han Dynasty. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Han Dynasty are powerful evidence of the development of Chinese culture in Xuzhou. It tells guests and friends from all directions that "the culture of the Han Dynasty sees Xuzhou" with irreplaceable historical connotation. The unique artistic charm and cultural connotation of patchwork han group, exquisite stone reliefs of the Han Dynasty and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Han Dynasty, like bright pearls, twinkle on the ancient land of Pengcheng, reflecting the brilliant material civilization created by the people of Pengcheng in the Han Dynasty. In order to show "the artistic charm of the Han Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Xuzhou", the museum produced a photo of the first mate for appreciation.

2 browse192019-1-18.

What is the historical background of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang?

The eighth wonder of the world 1974, the discovery of terracotta warriors and horses pit in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum shocked the world. This underground sculpture group, built in the third century BC, shows people the glory of ancient oriental culture with its majestic momentum, powerful and neat military array and lifelike pottery figurines. No matter when it was built, its architectural scale and artistic effect are comparable to the seven wonders of the world. Therefore, the reputation of the eighth wonder of the world spread like wildfire. The Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses is synonymous with the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, and it is the largest site museum in China. In addition to the protection exhibition halls of Pit No.1, Pit No.2 and Pit No.3, there are also the cultural relics exhibition rooms unearthed from Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit and the Qinling bronze chariots and horses exhibition room. The most important discovery in the 20th century is that Xiyang Village is an unknown ordinary village at the northern foot of Lishan Mountain. Villagers in Xiyang village dug a well beside the persimmon forest in the south of the village, which is located at the front edge of the alluvial fan in Lishan. After the accumulation of mountain torrents and debris flows, the bushes and abandoned wasteland mixed with pebbles in cultivated land are under construction every day. When digging to a depth of more than ten meters, it was found that there were sintered blocks of burning soil and charcoal ash below. Everyone thought they had hit the old brick kiln site. Keep fighting. On the west side of the shaft wall in deep Damidaux, Prince Wa's quiet face finally emerged in the dim light. The villagers were surprised. It happened that Fang Shumin, a commune cadre, came to check the progress of well drilling. He went down to the bottom of the well and observed carefully. He found that the bricks on the ground were exactly the same as those found near the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. He hurriedly told everyone to stop drilling wells, and then rushed to the county seat to report that the eighth wonder of the world, which had been lost for a year in the county cultural center, had returned to the world. This is a memorable day. The peak of China's sculpture art is primitive and naive. It was not until the Buddhist culture was accepted that the artistic style of China sculpture was formed. It is characterized by high generalization, simple lines, romantic style, emphasis on decoration and loss of realism. However, the discovery of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Dynasty made American art history experts at home and abroad stunned. People have found the peak of oriental classical realistic sculpture art 2000 years ago, and found a long-lost page in China art history! It strictly uses realistic creative techniques, and the measurement of physical structure, proportion and texture is based on accurate anatomical structure. From the face of the Qin figurines, we can see the exact position of cheekbones, eyebrows and jaws under the skin and muscles, and the size, proportion and position of the five senses are meticulous. Every bump in the body conforms to the anatomical structure of the human body, and even the breed can be judged from the shape of the horse. Not only that, these artists also pay attention to grasping the role tightly. Pursuing change from the aspects of facial expressions, inner activities and mental state of characters, we have created many vivid artistic shapes with different expressions, both in form and spirit, and none of them are the same. The first pit of the main lineup of Su Wei Army is the earliest building in the Terracotta Warriors Museum. Built and opened in three terracotta warriors and horses pits on 1979+00, it was discovered for the first time. The largest pit is an east-west rectangle with an area of14260m2. The partition wall 10 is rammed in the pit, with a width of 2.5 meters, forming 9 rooms with a width from north to south. Around the circumference, more than 65,438+0,000 unearthed pottery figurines, 32 chariots and pottery horses, and nearly10,000 bronze weapons were excavated in a cloister mode. It is estimated that there are more than 6,000 terracotta warriors and horses buried in the No.1 pit. * * * This is a main array dominated by infantry, with chariots and infantry alternating. Equipped with a striker, a main guard and a wing guard, both cars and horses are available. Large scale and compact layout. At the eastern end, three rows of infantry figurines face the east, with 68 in each row. It is the March 8th column behind the vanguard, followed by chariots and infantry. There are 1 columns on the north and south sides and the west end of the main pit of the army array, which are the wing guards and guards of the army array. The pottery figurines here can be divided into four infantry sources: infantry figurines, crossbowmen figurines, chariot figurines and cavalry figurines. The crossbowman's figurines are armed with different postures. They have prepared bows and arrows. The figures of the chariot followed the chariot with weapons and stood beside the horse, holding the horse in one hand and holding the weapon in the other. Strict rank hierarchy is an important guarantee for the combat effectiveness of the army. It is obvious from the difference of clothing and weapons that the soldiers with the lowest rank are all dressed in short brown, with no armor on their chests and their legs tied. Soldiers with high toe board and toe-binding rank wear short armor besides short brown, junior officers wear single long crowns at the toe board and toe-binding source, and senior officers wear double long crowns at the head of samurai robes. The colorful lace breastplate of the samurai robe or the characteristic fish scales that stand straight back and forth, wearing a long crown with double curly tails, tied under the neck and hanging down on the chest. This crown is also called crane crown. It is said that the crane is a brave and aggressive bird. The general wore a double combat robe until his death. The robe was covered with a strange layer of aluminum armor. Aluminum armor is triangular and consists of fish scales. Fasten the shoulders and chest with ribbons. The general was surrounded by a group of officers, with a dignified face and a beard. His feet are apart, his right hand clasps his left wrist, and his hands are placed in front of his abdomen. Another general who once stood on the battlefield with a long beard looked solemn and his left hand pressed his sword steps. It can also be seen from the different weapons he holds. General Yong and senior officers only have swords, which are used for command and self-defense. Low-ranking military officers and soldiers each hold offensive weapons, such as Pit No.2, which is located about 20 meters north of Pit No.1 and was discovered in the archaeological exploration of 1976. The plane is in the shape of a curved ruler, the longest in the east, the longest in the west, the widest in the north and south, about meters deep and covering an area of about 6000 square meters. The second pit consists of four units: the first unit, that is, the protruding part in the east, consists of a kneeling crossbow and a vertical crossbow source; The second unit, the southern half of the pit, consists of a chariot; The third unit is the combination of riders and disciples in the middle of the doll pit. The fourth unit of the growth phalanx is a long phalanx composed of many cavalry in the northern half of the pit. The four phalanxes are a rectangular array composed of units, which can be attacked in advance and defended in retreat, with impeccable order, flexible formation transformation and coordinated head and tail. It is not only the antenna of exploratory attack, but also the pioneer of assault attack. This is the only discovery in the archaeological history of China. It provides a rare intuitive model for understanding the military establishment and combat mode of the Qin Dynasty. According to the density estimation of local trial excavation, the number of terracotta warriors and horses buried in pit 2 is about 2000, and there will be a large number of bronze weapons. Compared with Pit No.1 and Pit No.3, Pit No.2 is the essence of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses. Its shape is complex, its arms are complete, its posture is diverse, and its preservation is complete, surpassing Pit No.1 and Pit No.3, among which the kneeling posture of pommel horse cavalry figurines is unique to Pit No.2, and the types of chariots are also the characteristics of Pit No.2.. The chariots here can be divided into four types: command vehicles, auxiliary vehicles, general-purpose vehicles and general-purpose vehicles. The command vehicle is luxuriantly decorated, painted with black paint and exquisite geometric patterns. There is a circular canopy on the roof, and there are big generals in the car, guarded by soldiers of Shouyong and Rongyou. The command tool is a bell and drum hung on the vehicle, which attacks when the drum is played and retreats when the bell is rung. The auxiliary car also has canopies and bells and drums, and only Yu Shouyong is in the car. Leave space for statues of generals. When fighting, the auxiliary vehicle will follow the command vehicle to prevent accidents. There is also a canopy on the bus, but there is no bell tower. There are four pottery figurines in the car, one is a royal hand figurine, the other is a military attache figurine, and the other two are samurai figurines. Experts believe that this kind of car, as a front drive, guides ahead of time when marching and challenges ahead of time when fighting. Then the two armies formally confronted each other. Generally speaking, there is an imperial warrior and two warriors on the chariot. Warriors on both sides of the imperial warrior are armed with long weapons such as spears. This car is also equipped with bows and arrows. The exhibition hall of No.2 pit was built in, with grand, solemn and dignified architecture and Qin Dynasty style. Exhibition room, VIP reception room, monitoring room, tea room lounge, cultural relics library and other supporting facilities are readily available. It is a site protection exhibition hall with the largest construction area, the most modern functions and the most complete functions in China. Pit No.3 and Pit No.2 were discovered during archaeological exploration in 2006, and the protection exhibition hall was built in 2006. It is located on the north side of the west end of No.1 pit, meters away from No.1 pit and about 120 meters away from No.2 pit in the east. Three pits are arranged in a zigzag pattern in the three pits. The No.3 pit is the only one that has been completely excavated and cleaned, and it is also the smallest plane structure. It is concave, with a depth of 5.2 5.4 meters and an area of 524 square meters. A chariot, a pottery horse, a warrior figurine and a bronze weapon were unearthed in the third pit. Except for the four chariot figures matched with the chariot, the rest of the warrior figures are arranged in non-combat formation along the passage, and are not equipped with actual combat weapons such as crossbows and spears. More of a funeral ceremony. Experts judge that this is the military curtain of the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, that is, the command system of the branch of the guards. Although there were many arrangements for the ancient army, the most basic thing was that the first pit of the left, middle and right armies was Zuo Jun, the second pit was the right army, and the third pit was the headquarters. So, where is the other Zhong Jun? That is to say, we just dug and expanded, and didn't have time to lay bricks and shed wood, let alone put it in the Terracotta Warriors' No.4 pit. Although the area of No.4 pit is more than square meters, few people mentioned it, but it is not dispensable, because these four pits unified to form a complete military establishment system, leaving a regrettable historical record: the work of Lishan was not completed, and Zhang Zhou Million Mentors went to the Qin Dynasty bronze chariots and horses 1978. Archaeological team of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum found a group of burial pits for chariots and horses at a depth of 7.8 meters underground, 20 meters west of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. These two bronze chariots and horses were dug out of the pit. They were originally put in wooden coffins. Due to the age, the coffin rotted and the filler sank, and it was crushed into 1000 pieces. In order to facilitate the restoration, archaeologists initially cleaned the upper soil of bronze chariots and horses, inserted steel plates into the ground, hoisted the bronze chariots and horses out of the pit for packaging, and transported them back to the room for cleaning and splicing. After eight years of hard work, they finally recovered their brilliant appearance. From the perspective of artistic appreciation, bronze chariots and horses are impeccable in shape, rich and plump, with glittering gold and silver ornaments, eyes staring ahead, slightly open nostrils, teeth clenched, manes flying in the wind, bamboo-cut ears tilted, as if obeying orders. Just a wave of his hand, he let go of his hoof and ran in front of the No.1 bronze chariot and horse. Lean forward slightly, hold the reins with both hands and look at the front of the car. An imperial officer who was absorbed in the No.2 bronze chariot and horse sitting at the front of the car, wearing a cloud-cutting crown, hanging a green sword around his waist, wearing a long Confucian suit, with a round neck turned out, holding the reins tightly and holding high the long strategy, showed a satisfied and humble expression on his plump and round face, just like the Qin figurines. Bronze chariots and horses adopt strict realistic techniques. Every tendon of the lifelike horse conforms to the physiological anatomical structure, even the wrinkles and teeth on the upper jaw of the horse's mouth are cast, and even the two cicada-attached black spots and anal sphincter on both sides of the horse's thigh have not ignored the facial eyelashes and nails of the royal officials to the point of lifelike. In sharp contrast to the strict realism of plastic arts, the highly romantic technique used in bronze car painting is that the dragon and tiger patterns painted on the hood and the upper part of the car are clustered. Like a fog in Yun Teng, like a dancing golden snake, full of emotion and romance. As soon as I touched the end, the brush stroke changed, the painting style changed suddenly, the brushwork was exquisite, the brushwork was elegant and smart, and the cast geometric patterns made the exquisite sculpture shape and colorful painted patterns blend in one furnace, bringing out the best in each other.

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Historical background of terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang

The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was built from 246 BC to 208 BC, which lasted for 39 years. It is the first mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China, and the first imperial mausoleum in China with large scale, reasonable layout and good preservation. The existing mausoleum is 76 meters high, and the layout of the cemetery is similar to Xianyang, Qin Dou. It is divided into two cities, the inner city is 2.5 kilometers and the outer city is 6.3 kilometers. The mausoleum is located in the southwest of the inner city, facing east from west, and houses coffins and funerary objects. It is the core of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum complex and has not yet been excavated. According to the current research, the pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is located about 1.5km east of the wall of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. It is generally believed that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are located outside the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which means guarding the Mausoleum and are an organic part of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. Terracotta warriors and horses are named after the pottery figurines were used as funerary objects. These terracotta figures are life-size, hand-processed and fired by craftsmen without using molds. So the pottery figurines we see now have different looks and postures. All the terracotta warriors and horses are made according to Qin Jun, including officials at all levels, arms, chariots and horses. After modeling, the pottery figurines are colored and fired. Finally, add real weapons and equipment. After each treatment, positions will be arranged one by one according to the arms and levels deployed in Qin Jun. Therefore, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses we see are exact replicas of Qin Jun. Military scholars can learn about "Qiang Qin" through figurines, because they perfectly reproduce the style of Qin Jun. Because the prototype of pottery figurines came from real soldiers in Qin Jun, some researchers tried to understand the customs of the Qin Dynasty through their appearance. When people first saw the Terracotta Warriors, the colors of their clothes and weapons were still very bright, and they have maintained a strong power for two thousand years. However, when archaeologists excavated them, due to the influence of air oxidation, they gradually peeled off and disappeared within a few minutes, leaving only the clay color we see now. From the analysis of the terracotta warriors and their weapons, it is concluded that Qin Jun's bow and arrow troops are equipped with various arrows to cope with the complicated situation. Chi doesn't wear a helmet. Some experts said, "Don't wear a helmet to show heroic momentum on the battlefield and overwhelm the enemy." Some experts said that it was because the "knife" did not have large-scale equipment troops at that time. At that time, infantry weapons mainly used "assassination weapons", such as halberds and swords. Infantry combat, long-distance use of "halberd", melee with a sword. Because most of these weapons are made of bronze, they have poor toughness and are easy to break when chopping, so they are mostly made into assassination weapons. Using these "assassination weapons", most of the attack parts are the chest and abdomen, so most of the Qin terracotta warriors and horses are covered with breastplates. Qin Jun doesn't wear a helmet, because his head is unlikely to be "chopped" in battle.

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