Classification of geological tourism resources

First, the classification status of geological tourism resources

At present, there is no unified standard for the classification of geological tourism resources. Due to different classification principles, standards and angles, there are various schemes. The main classification schemes are briefly listed below.

-UNESCO established a special working group on geological and paleontological heritage sites, and put forward a classification scheme of geological heritage types in 1993. That is, the geological and paleontological heritage is divided into 13 categories, and each category is divided into several types, collectively known as landscape types, which is a relatively comprehensive classification scheme.

(1) Paleontology, including animals, plants, biological remains, laminated stones, etc.

(2) Landforms, including caves, volcanoes, waterfalls, mountains, weathered landforms, fjords and karst.

(3) Paleoenvironment, including paleoclimate and global environmental changes.

(4) Rock, including the structure and structure of igneous rock, metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock.

(5) Strata, including geological events, sequence stratigraphy and main stratigraphic boundaries.

(6) minerals.

(7) Structural classes, including major regional structures or major structural phenomena.

(8) Economic geology, including all types of deposits: intrusive, eruptive and contact deposits, such as diamond kimberlite pipes, gold mines, metallic and nonmetallic pits or mining.

(nine) other historic geological attractions.

(10) plate tectonics.

(1 1) crater.

(12) Geological features at continental and marine scales, including plate tectonics and their boundaries, such as rift and island arc systems.

(13) submarine landforms, including continental shelf, submarine black smoke holes, deep trenches, seamounts and submarine faults.

—— Introduction to Tourism Geology (Chen Anze, Lu, 199 1) divides natural tourism resources into five groups, 15, and geological tourism resources include lithosphere tourism resources and hydrosphere tourism resources (Table 2- 1).

Table 2- 1 Classification of Tourism Geological Resources in Introduction to Tourism Geology

Source: Editor-in-Chief, National Tourism Resources Development Bureau and Institute of Geography, China Academy of Sciences. China Tourism Resources Census Standard (Trial Draft). Beijing: China Tourism Publishing House, 1992.

-Geological tourism resources in China Tourism Resources Census Standard (Trial Draft) are divided into two categories (Table 2-2).

Table 2-2 Classification of Tourism Geological Resources in China Tourism Resources Census Standard

Source: Institute of Environmental Geology, Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources. Description of China Tourism Geological Resources Map. Beijing: China Map Publishing House, 199 1.

-The description of the map of tourism geological resources in China divides geological tourism resources into 35 kinds, namely, important geological sections, important fossil producing areas, products with special value, peak forest geological landscapes, carbonate mountain and hill geological landscapes, alpine calcified geological landscapes, sandstone peak forest geological landscapes, soil forest geological landscapes, Danxia geological landscapes, Ya Dan geological landscapes, desert geological landscapes, granite geological landscapes, volcanic lava geological landscapes and metamorphic rock mountain and hill geological landscapes. Coastal geological landscapes, modern mountain glacier geological landscapes and mountaineering sites, ancient glacier relics, frozen-thawed geological landscapes, canyons, waterfalls, river geological landscapes, hot springs and geothermal geological landscapes, springs with special significance, earthquake relics, landslides, mudslides, meteorite degradation sites, important ancient water conservancy projects, ancient mining and metallurgy sites, ancient porcelain burning sites, ancient kilns, rock paintings and cliff stone carvings.

—— Researcher Chen Anze put forward a comprehensive geological landscape classification scheme that can meet various needs, and divided the geological landscape into 4 categories 19 categories and 52 subcategories:

1. Geological structure phenomenon.

(1) Geological category: stratigraphic profile, regional standard profile, typical sedimentary sequence profile and event stratigraphic profile.

(2) Structure: typical global structure, typical regional structure and typical small and medium-sized structure.

(3) Rocks: typical igneous rocks (areas and bodies), typical sediments (areas) and typical metamorphic rocks (areas).

(4) Minerals: typical metallic minerals (origin) and typical nonmetallic minerals (origin).

(5) Deposit types: typical metallic deposits (pits) and typical nonmetallic deposits (pits).

2. Paleontological category

(1) hominids: ancient human sites.

(2) Paleofauna: the burial places of vertebrates and ancient invertebrates.

(3) Paleobotany: the place where paleobotany fossils were buried and the place where ancient relict plant was produced.

(4) Paleontological community: the burial place of paleontological community.

(5) Paleontological relics or suspicious paleontological relics: burial places of paleontological relics and suspicious paleontological relics.

3. Categories of environmental geological phenomena

(1) Earthquake: Ancient earthquake remains and historical earthquake remains.

(2) Volcanoes: ancient volcanic remains and modern volcanoes.

(3) Glaciers: ancient glacial remains and modern glaciers.

(4) Craters: ancient craters and modern craters.

(5) Other environmental geological phenomena: landslide relics, debris flow relics and land subsidence relics.

4. Landscape

(1) Rock landscape category: granite scenic spot (spot), volcano scenic spot (spot), layered aluminosilicate rock scenic spot (spot), carbonate rock scenic spot (spot), loess scenic spot (spot), sand accumulation scenic spot (spot), metamorphic rock scenic spot (spot) and other mountain scenic spots (spots).

(2) Karst caves: soluble rock caves and insoluble rock caves.

(3) Canyon category: Canyon scenic spot.

(4) Waterscape: scenic rivers, lakes, scenic bays (shores), waterfalls, springs, hot springs, mudslides, mud springs and other waterscape.

-The book Geological Tourism Resources in China (Feng Tianqi, 1998) classifies geological tourism resources as follows:

(1) Mountain landform tourism resources: such as ① granite landform landscape; ② Geomorphological landscape of metamorphic rocks; ③ Volcano and lava landscape; ④ Danxia landform landscape; ⑤ sandstone peak forest landscape; ⑥ Icebergs and Xuefeng landscapes; ⑦ Karst mountain landscape.

(2) Karst cave tourism resources: ① Karst caves; (2) Peak forest and peak cluster; ③ Alpine travertine; ④ Other karst landscapes.

(3) Tourism resources of rivers and canyons: ① scenic reach; ② Canyon; ③ Drifting reach.

(4) Lake tourism resources.

(5) Spring tourism resources: ① Ming spring and cold spring; 2 hot springs and mineral springs; 3 strange springs strange springs.

(6) Waterfall tourism resources.

(7) Coastal and coastal tourism resources.

(8) Glacier tourism resources: ① modern glaciers; ② Remains of ancient glaciers.

(9) Tourism resources of aeolian landform and loess landform: ① desert landform and Ya Dan landform; ② Loess and soil forest.

(10) Important geological sections, structures and geological disaster remains: ① Important geological sections; ② Typical geological structure; ③ Crater; ④ Earthquake remains; (5) Ruins of collapse, landslide and debris flow.

(1 1) Important fossil producing areas and ancient human sites: ① Important fossil producing areas; ② Ancient human sites.

(12) Typical ore occurrences and ancient mining and smelting sites: ① Typical special ore occurrences; ② Ancient mining, ancient smelting and ancient porcelain burning sites.

(13) Important water conservancy projects in ancient times.

(14) Grottoes, rock paintings and cliff carvings.

(15) Qifeng rocks.

(16) Ornamental stone.

-Tourism Geology (Yang,, 2006) has made a detailed thinking on tourism geological resources, and classified geological tourism resources into three categories: scientific research/popular science, appreciation and commerce, which is quite innovative. The specific classification is as follows:

1. Scientific research/popular science geological tourism resources

(1) crustal evolution-geological relics: ① geological structure; ② Stratigraphic sequence; ③ Geological events; ④ Paleontology; ⑤ Paleoenvironment.

(2) Environmental geology-geological disaster remains (neotectonic movement): ① earthquake remains; ② Land subsidence; ③ Plot uplift; ④ Modern volcanic activity; ⑤ Meteorites and craters; ⑥ landslide; ⑦ Debris flow; 8 collapse; Pet-name ruby erosion ditch; Attending slope erosion.

(3) Economic Geology-remains of human geological activities (interference of human activities on geology): ① Typical (characteristic) deposits (types); (two) the remains of mineral development; ③ Typical water conservancy projects.

2. Ornamental tourism geological resources

(1) Quaternary-modern geological landscape: ① rocky mountain landscape; ② Geological structure landform landscape; ③ Erosion/erosion landscape, karst landscape (karst), Danxia landscape, canyon landscape, leaching landscape, wind erosion landscape, cave landscape, erosion terrace and grotesque rocks (pictographs); ④ pelvic floor.

(2) Snow Mountain-Glacier Geological Landscape: ① Modern Glacier Landscape, Snow Mountain Landscape, Glacier Landscape and Moraine Landscape; ② Extinction of glacier landscape (ancient glaciers).

(3) Landscape of rivers and lakes: ① lakes; 2 rivers; ③ Canyon; 4 waterfalls; 5 springs; 6 holes; ⑦ Underground river; 8. Sea (lake) shore; 9 islands; Take part in gravel beach.

(4) Geological landscape of cultural relics: ① Cliff calligraphy and painting; ② Stone carving; ③ Grottoes; 4 celebrity stone carvings (words); ⑤ Stone cultural relic buildings.

3. Geological resources of commercial tourism

(1) Ornamental stone (natural).

(2) colored gems and precious stones.

(3) ornamental stones.

(4) Ornamental mineral ores.

Second, the classification of geological tourism resources in this book

According to our definition of geological tourism resources, geological tourism resources have strong scientific research value and scientific popularization value. In order to let people better understand the scientific nature of these landscapes while visiting, this book boldly tries to classify geological tourist landscapes according to the types of geological functions formed by landscapes, so that readers can learn more scientific knowledge during the tour, thus gaining both perceptual and rational benefits.

According to the existing geoscience knowledge, we classify geological tourism resources on the basis of internal and external forces, and we divide external forces into weathering, denudation, transportation, sedimentation and diagenesis according to different stages of landform transformation. We divide the geological processes of internal forces into tectonic movements, magmatic activities, metamorphism and earthquakes. When classifying geological tourism resources, we mainly classify various geological tourism landscapes according to the geological functions reflected by geological tourism landscapes, and the specific classification scheme is shown in Table 2-3.

Table 2-3 Geological Tourism Landscape Classification Table

There are still some shortcomings in this classification, such as some landscapes with dual attributes, which are difficult to classify simply. In view of these problems, the author will improve them in the future research and thinking. However, this classification method is of great significance for ordinary tourists who do not have geoscience literacy to better understand geological tourism and understand the scientific nature of landscape, so as to realize their learning in tourism at a deeper level.