Ergun tourism

the Tangut is a branch of the ancient northwest ethnic Qiang people in China, and it is called the Tangut Qiang. At the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (the late 6th century), it began to move in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in the southeast of Qinghai Province and the valley area west of Songpan, Sichuan. It was still at the end of primitive society. "Biography of Sui Shu Tangut" records that the Tangut "each surname belongs to a tribe, and the older one rides more than 5,, while the younger one rides more than 1,". "Vulgar values force, so it is impossible to make it, and each has his own career. If there is a war, he will get together, and he will not be in contact with each other. Raising yaks and sheep, hunting for food, I don't know how to cultivate the wall. " That is to say, the early Tangut people didn't care about agriculture, and their clothing, food and shelter depended on animal husbandry, the calendar of celestial characters, counting the years by the withering vegetation, worshiping the gods, and cremation after death. Tangut people are martial and brave. People of the same clan must help each other. When they are hurt by foreigners, they must take revenge. Before taking revenge, they will be naked and barefoot, and they will not eat meat until they kill their enemies. Besides. The Tangut people especially admire white, so they call themselves "Great White on the Country". Among the clans of the Tangut, there are four clans, namely, Xifeng clan, Feiting clan, Wangli clan, Quite Chao clan, Yeli clan, Fangdang clan, Mi Shuo clan and Tuoba clan, which are called the eight clans of the Tangut. Among them, Tuoba family originally came from Tuoba Department of Xianbei nationality, and later became one of the Tangut ministries, which was the most powerful.

In the fourth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (584), more than a thousand Tangut Qiang people belonged to the Sui Dynasty. The following year, the Tangut leader TaBaNingCong, etc., led tribes to Xuzhou (now Lintan County, Gansu Province) to request the attachment, and the Sui Dynasty awarded TaBaNingCong as the general. In the 16th year of Emperor Kai (596), the leader of the Tangut attacked Huizhou (now the northeast of Jingyuan County, Gansu Province), and was defeated one after another, and sent his children to the court to apologize and pay tribute to the Sui Dynasty. Wu Dezhong (618 ~ 626) in the early Tang Dynasty belonged to the Tang Dynasty. In the third year of Taizong Zhenguan (629), Zheng Yuan, the governor of Nanhui State in Tang Dynasty? Zhao Yu, one of the leaders of the Tangut, led his troops to the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, in other rail-setting States (now the west of Songpan County, Sichuan Province), he was given the title of secretariat. Other Tangut tribes also responded in succession. In the Tang Dynasty, four states were established, namely, Huangpi, Fengyan and Yuanyuan, and the chiefs of the original ministries were appointed as the secretariat of each state. In the ninth year of Zhenguan (635), the Tang Dynasty sent envoys to open Hequ in 16 States, with 34, members attached to the Tangut. At that time, Tuoba, the chieftain of the Tangut Tuoba Department, who had married Murong Fuyun, the king of Tuyuhun, also resigned, and joined the Tang Dynasty when he was defeated in the battle with the Tang Dynasty and betrayed his relatives. In the Tang Dynasty, the land was divided into 32 states, such as Yi, Ben, Lin and Ke, and the tribal leaders who were attached to it were appointed as the secretariat, with Tuoba Chi as the governor of Xirong State and Li as the surname, which was controlled by the governor's office of Songzhou.

The Tubo Dynasty, which rose on the Tibetan Plateau in the early Tang Dynasty, expanded outward day by day, went northward and destroyed Tuyuhun, and invaded and bullied the Tangut Qiang. The Tangut tribes scattered in present-day southern Gansu and Qinghai were forced to request to move inward, and Tang moved from Doudufu in Jingbian State to Qingzhou (now Qingyang County, Gansu Province), and the 25 Tangut States under its jurisdiction also moved with it. The original residence of the Tangut was occupied by Tubo, and the remaining Tangut residents belonged to the Tubo nobles. Tubo called these people "drugs".

After the Anshi Rebellion in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, due to the joint attack of Tubo, Tangut, Tuguhun and other ethnic groups on Tang Dynasty, Guo Ziyi, our ambassador from Shuofang, suggested that the Dangxiang Qiang tribe scattered in Lingyan and Qingzhou be moved to the north of Yinzhou (now Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province) and the east of Xiazhou (now Hengshan County, Shaanxi Province). From then on, the Tangut Qiang tribe that moved to Gyeongju area was called Dongshan tribe; The Tangut Qiang tribe that moved to Xiazhou area is called Pingxia tribe. At that time, some Tangut Qiang people once moved eastward to Shizhou (now Lishi County, Shanxi Province). Since Qin and Han Dynasties, Dangxiang Qiang has been an area where the feudal civilization of the Han nationality developed because of its settlement in northern Shaanxi and Hetao. The Dangxiang Qiang people have close contacts with the Han nationality and people of other nationalities in economy and culture, and their productivity has developed rapidly. Since then, Tangut Qiang has entered the class society.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Tuoba Sigong, the leader of the Tangut Pingxia Department, took part in the military action to suppress the peasant uprising army in Huang Chao. In the Tang Dynasty, Xia Zhou was the difficult army, Tuoba Sigong was our time, Xia Guogong was knighted, and then Li was given. Since then, there have been five states in dangxiang, namely, Yin, Xia, Sui, Yi and Jing. After five dynasties, the Tangut Tuoba Department gradually developed and strengthened its own strength by taking advantage of the war between buffer regions and the change of dynasties. By the end of the last Zhou Dynasty, a local separatist force centered on Xiazhou had been formed. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Li Yiyin, the envoy of Xiazhou Dingnan Army, was attached to the Song Dynasty, and helped the soldiers to fight against the Northern Han Dynasty. The Song Dynasty also ruled the Li regime in Xiazhou. In the fifth year of Taizong's peaceful rejuvenation of the country (98), it spread to Li Jibang, and there was a struggle for power among the Tangut nobles. In the seventh year of Taiping and rejuvenating the country, Li Jipeng led his people to join the Song Dynasty and presented the land of Xia, Sui, Yin, Yi and Jing. In Song Dynasty, Feng Ji was honored as our German envoy and stayed in Beijing, which caused a sharp division within dangxiang. Li Jiqian, the younger brother, adopted the strategy of Zhang Pu, his subordinate, and led the nobles to flee to Jinze, 3 miles northeast of Xiazhou, to resist the Song independence.

Starting from the seventh year of Song Taiping's rejuvenation of the country, the Tangut, under the leadership of its leader Li Jiqian, has established a solid base after more than 2 years of pioneering campaigns and occupation of Lingzhou. Later, after 3 years of peaceful coexistence and recuperation between Li Deming (the son of the emigrant) and Song and Liao Dynasties, as well as the expedition between Deming and Tubo and Uighur, it expanded westward, thus laying the foundation for Li Yuanhao to establish the Xixia Kingdom.

In the first year of Song Baoyuan (138), Yuan Hao, the son of Deming, officially proclaimed himself emperor, made his capital Xingqing House (now Yinchuan City, Ningxia), and established the Tangut Qiang. After the founding of Xixia, the political, military and cultural systems of Tang and Song Dynasties were basically adopted. Its power continues to develop, with the Yellow River in the east, Yumen in the west, Xiaoguan in the south and the desert in the north. The territory of Fiona Fang is more than 2, li. Generally speaking, it includes Ningxia, Gansu People's Armed Forces Department and some areas of Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia.

The founding of Yuan Hao indicates that the Tangut society has been feudal. The kingdom of Xixia, which lasted for 19 years, was passed from Yuanhao, Jing Zong, to the ten emperors, the late master Li Huan, and was destroyed by Mongolia in 1227. The Tangut people were extremely tenacious and fierce in the war against foreign countries. They defeated the Liao and Song armies many times, and even Genghis Khan led Mongolian fighters to attack Xixia six times.

Xixia has animal husbandry, agriculture, salt industry, construction industry, handicraft industry and commerce, and its ruling system is divided into Tibetan and Chinese officials. The state has formulated a written code, implemented the imperial examination system, and established powerful cavalry and infantry. In 136, Xixia created Xixia script by imitating Chinese characters, and compiled 12 volumes of character books, which were designated as "national books", from Buddhist scriptures to folk letters, all written in Xixia script. In order to facilitate people to learn Xixia, a dictionary was also published. These dictionaries, as well as a number of Buddhist scriptures and calligraphy works, are found in western Inner Mongolia.

Xixia kingdom is a multi-faceted area where grasslands, western regions and central plains are interrelated, and it is an area where many cultures exchange and converge. Therefore, the Han culture in the Central Plains, the grassland culture in the North and the western culture all have a profound influence on dangxiang, forming its unique civilization.

Xixia died in the Mongol khanate in 1227. Some Tangut people fled to Tibetan areas in western Sichuan and became nomadic tribes again. Today, the place name "Muya" in western Sichuan is the transliteration of the Tibetan name "Miyao" in Tangut. Those who want to inspect the adherents of Xixia may wish to see it. Muya's "Xihao Wang" was awarded the military and civilian ambassador of Tongxing Ningyuan in the west of the Yangtze River in Yongle of the Ming Dynasty, and this chieftain position ceased to be hereditary in the 39th year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (17) because of his death.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the Tangut was called Tang Wu, belonging to Semu people, and his political status was still relatively high. Not only in Gansu Province (originally called Xixia Zhongxing and other road-trip Zhongshu Province), many important officials are Tangwu people, but there are also many prime ministers, ministers and generals from Tangwu people in the central government. Two of Yuan Shundi's Imperial Palace and Zhongshu Eight Ministers are Tangut people. Yuan Wenzong's mother is also a Tang Uighur. In the Yuan Suwei Army, there was a Tangwu army composed of Tangut members, which was led by the commanders and envoys of the Tangwu Guardian Army. However, in the Yuan Dynasty, the upper class of the Tangut changed its Mongolian name or its Han surname, which was actually gradually assimilated and disappeared, and there was no trace after the death of Yuan Dynasty.

A Collection of Stories of Kindness, compiled by the descendants of Xixia, which has been treasured for more than 6 years, reveals the history of ancient Xixia immigrants. On February 19th, the reporter learned from Puyang County that, according to the research of famous domestic historical experts, more than 4, people living in 15 villages in Puyang County, including Yangshibalang, Xishibalang and Nanshibalang, are descendants of dangxiang in Xixia, which is the largest immigrant group in Xixia dangxiang in China.

According to textual research, The Collection of Stories of Kindness is a collection of poems and essays compiled by Tang Wu Chongxi, a descendant of Xixia, at the end of Yuan Dynasty, with a history of more than 6 years. The book is divided into three volumes: Good Custom, Educating Education and Practicing, with a biography of Bo Yan's Zongdao attached. The book has more than 4, words, mainly praising Yang's ancestors' ancestors' ancestors' actions and deeds. This book has been kept by the Yang family in Liutun Town, Puyang County as a family heirloom and circulated among clans. It was only known to the outside world in 1999, which attracted extensive attention of domestic historians. After repeated proofreading, the book was officially published at the end of last year.

The Henan Academy of Social Sciences and Ningxia Academy of Social Sciences organized historians to study the contents recorded in the book and the Tang Wugong monument left by the Jindi River in Puyang County, and confirmed that the Yang people in 15 villages near the Tang Wugong monument were the descendants of Xixia adherents who were given the surname "Tang Wugong" at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty after the demise of Xixia.

According to Wang Guowei's article "Examination of Tatar", "Tangwu" is also a different translation of the Tangut, and "Tangwu's family" should be a different name for dangxiang, the main ethnic group in Xixia. After the destruction of Xixia by Mongolia in 1227 AD, the vast majority of the Tangwu people remained in their original places, but a few of them moved to Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Henan, Shandong and other places to live together with the Han people, and some people fought with the Yuan Army in the south and north, and finally settled in the mainland. Tang Wu Chongxi, the editor of Shu Shan Ji, is a descendant of Xixia people who moved to Puyang after moving around with the Yuan Army. After the war, they were placed in Puyang and later changed their surname to Yang. Because of the long history, no one in Yang's ethnic group knew that he was a descendant of the Tangut, and the discovery of Shu Shan Ji opened this dusty history.

Experts believe that Yang has been handed down for 28 generations. In 15 villages including Yangshibalang and Xishibalang alone, there are more than 8 households with more than 4, people, which has become a prosperous ethnic group in Puyang. As a survivor of the regime established by a minority before the Yuan Dynasty in Chinese history, it is rare that a branch of it can preserve such complete family history data.

The origin of Mongolian nationality A Cang Lang born by destiny and a white deer combined at the foot of Buerhan Mountain at the source of nan river River and gave birth to a son. It is said that this is the ancestor of Mongolian people. In fact, the history of the Mongols can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, when the Mongols-Shiwei, who lived in the southeast of Hulun Lake and Ergun River, was the early Mongolian Ministry. Later, the Mongolian Ministry moved westward, out of the mountains and into the grasslands, and became an authentic nomadic people.

Mongolians have a long history and splendid culture, and the legendary Mongolians have a history of more than 3, years. According to written records, it has a history of more than 1 years. According to the Records of History, the Mongolian Ministry initially included only two clans, namely, Niggus and Qiyan. After being defeated by other Turkic tribes, only two men and two women were left. They fled to Ergun (the mountains along the Ergun River) to live and multiply.

The name of the Mongolian nationality originated from a Shiwei tribe in the northeast of Mongolia-Shiwei in Mengwu. "Mengwu" is the earliest Chinese translation of the word Mongolia, which can be found in Old Tang Shu Bei Di Zhuan. Mengwu Shiwei lived in Wangjian River (now Ergun River). Later, there were many different translations of the word Mongolia, such as "Meng Gu", "Meng Gu" and "Meng Gu", and so on. Writing "Mongolia" was first seen in "The First Record of Wang Jiang" quoted in "Three Dynasties North League". In ancient Mongolian, the word "Mongolia" means "simplicity and powerlessness". At first, it was just the name of a clan or tribe, and later it became the synonym of a new nation.

In the 14th century, The Collection of History, written in Persian, recorded an ancient Mongolian legend: Mongols were defeated by other tribes and brutally slaughtered, only two men and two women survived. They fled to a place surrounded by mountains and a good grassland in the middle. This place is called "Ergun Kun"-"steep hillside". They live and multiply here, handed down from generation to generation. The legendary "Ergun" is the Ergun River flowing through Hulunbeier grassland, which is the birthplace of the Mongolian nation. Mongolian philology

The Yuan government attached importance to teaching Mongolian characters. In the sixth year of Zhiyuan (1269), the Mongolian characters created by Basiba were promulgated in February, and in July, Zhulu Mongolian Characters School was established to recruit students to study. In the second year, a professor of Mongolian characters was established. In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty, it was stipulated that students were exempted from a servant. After two or three years of study, those who passed the examination were given official positions as appropriate. There are 3 students on the road and 25 people off the road. Children of Mongolian officials from all walks of life can enter the school, and those who wish to enter the school are not limited by the number of places.

In the eighth year of Zhiyuan (1271), a Mongolian school was established in Dadu, with five instructors, who were selected to attend the school with officials from North Korea, Semu, Han people and children who were afraid of Xue. The Mongolian translation of Tongjian Jieyao was used as the teaching material to teach Mongolian characters. There is no quota for students. Delay? There were 15 students born in two years (1315). After studying for two or three years, those who achieved excellent results were awarded official positions through examinations. In the 14th year of Zhiyuan (1277), imperial academy of Mongolia was established to manage Mongolian elementary schools.

Mongolian characters

Two Mongolian characters were used in the Yuan Dynasty. One is the Mongolian character of fearlessness and the other is the Mongolian character of Basiba.

Mongolian Uighur characters: When Genghis Khan founded the People's Republic of China, he wrote Mongolian with Uighur letters, which is called Mongolian Uighur characters. Wei Wu, the ancient Uighur character, is a pinyin character, which was founded in the eighth century and has about 2 letters. Mongolian fearfulness characters are written vertically from left to right, which are used by rulers of Mongolian and Yuan dynasties to write imperial edicts and to translate Chinese classics. After Yuan Shizu ordered Basiba to make Mongolian characters, Mongolian Uighur characters were no longer used as official characters, but they were still used by the people.

In Yuan Wuzong, the Uighur people did a lot of standardized work on Mongolian Uighur characters, and formulated the orthography and written grammar of Mongolian characters for the first time, which made Mongolian Uighur characters easy to popularize and has been used by Mongolians until today. Si Ji Wo Jie Er wrote a grammar book "Enlightenment of Mongolian Language" (a translation of Heart Hoop), which has now been lost.

Basiba Mongolian characters: After Kublai Khan ascended the throne in 126, he was appointed as a national teacher and ordered to make Mongolian characters. It was officially promulgated in 1269 (in the sixth year of Yuan Dynasty), and it was called Mongolian New Word, and it was renamed Mongolian Word the following year. Basiba's new Mongolian characters have thus become official legal characters. This Mongolian character system is based on Tibetan letters, with more than 4 letters, which are used to spell Mongolian and Chinese. Letters are basically universal, but some letters represent different sound values when spelling Mongolian and Chinese. "Shi Lin Guangji? Hundreds of Family Names of Mongolian Characters and Biography of Mongolian Characters contrasted Chinese characters with Basiba Mongolian characters spelling Chinese, which were literacy textbooks at that time. After the death of the Yuan Dynasty, the Northern Yuan Dynasty was also used to cast official seals. Since then, the Mongolian characters of Basiba have gradually become out of common use.