What measures does China have to control the invasion of alien creatures?

Harm and control measures of alien invasive organisms

1. What is biological invasion?

What is biological invasion? Biological invasion refers to the process that organisms invade into another new environment from their original habitat by natural or artificial means, causing economic losses or ecological disasters to biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery production and human health in the invaded area. Generally speaking, alien species "invaded and defeated" local species, and "anti-customer-oriented" led to local ecological imbalance, which in turn led to a series of problems.

Second, what are the ways of biological invasion?

1. Introduced species with artificial consciousness.

In order to meet the needs of economic growth and basic allocation, artificially introducing excellent animal and plant varieties from abroad has brought great benefits to economic growth and beautification simply and directly. However, due to the lack of comprehensive analysis of the accidentally introduced species from the perspective of national biological tranquility and economic tranquility, its effect will lead to biological invasion, economic losses and deterioration of ecological conditions.

Among the introduced species, some are introduced by human beings for economic effects. For example, in June of the 20th century, economic fish such as rainbow trout were introduced to Beijing, which may threaten the survival of local fish and belong to invasive species. Used for landscape greening or seawall protection, such as torch tree introduced from Beijing and rice grass planted in the eastern coast of Fujian in August of the 20th century to protect beaches and dikes, promote siltation and develop marine pastures. Spartina is not suitable for feed because of its high salt content and thick fiber. In addition, Spartina is extremely fertile and has developed roots. Grass seeds can drift with the tide and spread everywhere. Up to now, it has occupied about 6.5438+0.2 million mu of tidal flat in eastern Fujian, causing the destruction of mangroves under the coastal marine ecological conditions and driving away marine economic creatures such as fish, shrimp and shellfish. There are only more than 200 kinds of creatures living here. Therefore, in order to prevent and control invasive organisms, their natural enemies were introduced, and their natural enemies also caused biological invasion. For example, cats were introduced to Australia after suffering from rodent infestation, which led to a large number of cats breeding in Australia.

2. Import business and inbound tourism

Inbound business and inbound tourism are also prone to biological invasion, also known as accidental invasion. Teething activities and material exchange can be used as a prelude to invasive organisms, occasionally bringing exotic organisms from their native places to other areas. For example, sugarcane moth, ragweed and bauhinia in China were all brought in with the cane and commodity business.

3. Domestic smuggling of agricultural products

Because smuggled agricultural products have not been quarantined by relevant departments, they will bring in a large number of eggs and a large number of invasive plants.

4. Transportation and circulation of ship ballast water.

3. What are the hazards of biological invasion?

1. causes nerve damage to the ecosystem.

After the invasion of most exotic species, their growth is difficult to control, leading to strong biological pollution and irreversible damage to the ecosystem. The fairy palm introduced to China in the late Ming Dynasty has already replaced the original natural vegetation along the coast of South China and the dry-hot valley in southwest China. There is only one of the 24 scattered points of ordinary rice invented by Jinghong in Yunnan in the 1960s. Alien invasive species decide to suppress or overthrow local species, form a single dominant population, endanger the survival of local species, and eventually lead to the loss of biodiversity. For example, Eupatorium adenophorum, which originated in the United States, has spread all over most parts of southwest China. In its breeding area, there has always been a single superior plant community all over the mountains, which has led to the decline and dissipation of some original plant communities. Another example is Spartina introduced from the eastern coast of Fujian in August of the 20th century, which is used to protect beaches and dikes, promote siltation and reclamation, and develop offshore pastures. By Kaili, it has occupied about 6.5438+0.2 million mu of tidal flat in eastern Fujian, which has caused the destruction of mangroves under the coastal marine ecological conditions and driven away marine economic creatures such as fish, shrimp and shellfish. There were only more than 20 species that originally lived here. With the fragmentation of habitat, the secondary vegetation of scum is often decomposed, surrounded and infiltrated by invasive species. The protozoan population is further fragmented, which leads to the family reproduction and genetic drift of some vegetation. Some invasive species can hybridize with related species and even with different genera (for example, Solidago canadensis can not only hybridize with the same species, but also with Aster). Gene exchange between invasive species and native species may lead to gene corrosion of the latter. In vegetation restoration, the mixed planting of exotic species and related native species will lead to genetic corrosion.

2. Impact on economic growth

Some particularly harmful organisms and organisms have caused great harm to China's social economy. The direct economic loss caused by agriculture and forestry alone is equivalent to 5%- 10% of the world's total agricultural output value every year. In addition to direct losses, it also includes indirect economic losses caused to tourism, services and other industries. In 2000, Parkinson's disease, a worldwide marine pollutant carried by exotic marine organisms, led to the sudden and massive death of Meretrix meretrix cultured in the northern beaches of China. Among the complaints provided by the United States, India and South Africa to the United States, the annual economic losses caused by alien species invasion are $50 billion, $654.38+03 billion and $80 billion respectively. Joseph Jen, US Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, once wrote, "Scientists predict that the social, economic and ecological losses caused by alien biological invasion will exceed $65,438+$0.4 trillion each year, equivalent to about 5% of the world economy.

3. Harm to human health

Biological invasion will also directly endanger human health. The stems and leaves of Eupatorium adenophorum can cause skin inflammation of human hands and feet. The pollen produced by ragweed is an important cause of human pollen allergy, which can lead to hay fever. In addition to mad cow disease and foot-and-mouth disease, exotic organisms endanger human health and the tranquility of agricultural organisms, and the disasters brought to mankind are shocking. In the second half of the fifth century, the plague invaded the Middle East from Africa and then reached Europe, killing about 654.38 billion people. 1933 The epidemic of classical swine fever in China killed 9.2 million pigs. 1997 avian influenza accident occurred in Hong Kong,1400,000 chickens were to be burned. Therefore, many scientists compare the invasion of alien organisms to "canceration of the ecosystem".

Prevention and control countermeasures of biological invasion

(1) The key points to prevent biological invasion are:

1, exchange information and epidemic situation in real time.

2. Create a monitoring mechanism to discover and eliminate missed alien pests in real time.

3. Strengthen scientific research on plant inspection and improve detection essentials.

4, harsh plant quarantine rules, violators should be held accountable.

5. Strengthen business study to adapt to the new situation.

6, regular census real-time pest control.

7. Internal inspection and external inspection should be combined with dream weaving content management system.

8. Strengthen the basic research of biological invasion.

Supplement: Article 3: Strengthen scientific research on plant inspection and improve inspection essentials. The detection elements can be chemical detection elements or biological detection elements. The use of biological detection essentials should be a better growth bias for biological invasion quarantine in the future. Eighth, it is becoming more and more important, because the basic research is not perfect, and many times we are not sure whether a species can constitute a biological invasion. After accidental introduction, it was discovered that it was an invasive organism when it caused biological invasion. So if basic research is not well developed. No matter how high the quarantine measures are, it is useless.

But the prevarication control of biological invasion is worse than force. Governance is better than preventing poverty.

(2) From the perspective of biological measures, there are the following measures:

1, study invasive organisms, find out chemicals and measures that can stop their growth, and control them.

2. Introduce its natural enemies for biological control. But the introduced natural enemies may also become new invasive creatures. As mentioned earlier, cats were introduced to Australia after suffering from rodents, which led to a large number of cats breeding in Australia. But as a useful measure, it is still worth a try. This requires us to strengthen basic research and understand the relationship between invasive organisms and their natural enemies and other species. Establish a good ecological model and conduct experiments in a closed ecosystem (such as a botanical garden) when conditions permit. Be cautious when introducing it and fully consider various situations. As a useful means, it is wrong to give up this means completely because there are some injuries.

Biodiversity is the result of the development and evolution of life on earth after billions of years, and it is the material basis for human survival. With the development of human society, biodiversity protection should be a long-term and arduous task. For the sustainable development of mankind and the bright future of mankind, it is our unshirkable responsibility to try our best to save and protect biodiversity!