Geomorphological landscape and tourism geology

The beauty of natural landscape is a kind of natural beauty and a kind of "body" language shaped by nature, from which people can not only appreciate the charm of nature, cultivate sentiment, but also know the magic of nature. China has a vast territory, diverse landforms and different mountain landforms. There is a silver jade plate-shaped flowing water landscape; There are aeolian landforms like castles and temples; A coastal landscape with many reefs; More colorful and unique Danxia landscape. Various natural landforms are colorful, mysterious and charming, which give people beautiful enjoyment and also promote the birth and development of tourism geoscience.

1. Landforms and landscape types

Mountain landscape Mountain is the skeleton of the landscape, which often constitutes a variety of heroic, dangerous, strange and beautiful scenes, making people get rich aesthetic feeling. Under different geological and geographical conditions, various image characteristics of mountains have been formed. Magnificent and steep mountains are often located in areas with strong crustal movement and developed faults. Such mountains, such as axes and cliffs, are magnificent, especially granite mountains with vertical seams, which are more prominent, such as Huangshan Mountain, a famous scenic spot in China. The grotesque limestone peak forest landscape belongs to the landform mainly formed by flowing water dissolution, which is characterized by thinness, permeability, leakage and wrinkles. "Red Cliff on Red Cliff" shows the elegant demeanor of rocks composed of red glutenite. Fan Jingshan, like a thousands of books, belongs to the beauty of phyllite.

Water body and living water landscape China's rivers are dotted with water nets and lakes, which constitute rich and colorful tourism resources. Many rivers, some roaring and rushing, some winding and winding, some running thousands of miles, some quiet and affectionate, mountains and rivers are interdependent, and the weather is myriad. The main landscapes of rivers are turbulence, canyons and deltas. Rapidly flowing streams and streams are mostly developed in high mountain areas in the upper reaches of rivers; Canyon is the most fascinating scenic spot on the river, which is the product of crustal tectonic movement and strong river erosion. Delta is an approximately triangular plain formed by the accumulation of a large amount of sediment brought into the sea or lake by rivers. The river delta is low-lying, with staggered water networks and widely distributed lakes, which is an idyllic scenery of water towns. Along the banks of the river, there are picturesque scenery everywhere, forming a beautiful and endless tourist corridor. There are lakes all over China, but their distribution and shapes are different. Some are connected in series, some are "narcissistic", some are mountains and mountains, and some are lying on the plain; The shape is long or round, funnel-shaped or arcuate. They provide different beautiful landscapes for tourists. Waterfall landscape, vast ocean, beautiful seashore and various functional springs, etc. Together with the surrounding spiritual practices, Zhu Mo and Cui Hua, it forms a beautiful natural picture.

Karst landscape Karst landscape is very strange and spectacular. Stone bud, stone forest, peak cluster, peak forest, solitary peak, karst cave, karst cave, underground river and karst depression are the main forms of karst landforms. They form a series of interesting pictures with "forest" without trees and "painting" without paper, such as Guilin landscape in China, Stone Forest in Lunan, Yunnan and Hanhongdong in Guizhou.

Aeolian landform is a special weathering, erosion and accumulation landform formed by strong wind, quicksand and intermittent surface water in arid inland areas, which is generally called aeolian landform. Deep and loose sandy sediments are widely distributed in the vast inland areas of China and are rich sand sources of modern aeolian landform. These sediments are blown, moved and re-accumulated by the wind, forming various forms such as sand dunes, sand ridges and wind-eroded depressions. The vast desert, oasis in the desert, magical sand dunes, sand ridges, sand dune chains, wind-eroded castles and mushrooms, honeycomb stones, Ya Dan topography and other wind-blown landforms are all attractive sightseeing contents, such as the vast Badain Jaran Desert and the windy city of Karamay.

Coastal Landscape There are various coastal landscapes along the coast of China. The main marine erosion landforms are marine caves, cliffs, bridges, columns and platforms. Such as the sea erosion landform in Beidaihe, which is peculiar and spectacular. China's coastal types are complex, among which the plain sandy coast and hilly coast, coral reef coast and mangrove coast in the southern tropical region have ornamental value. They are covered with rocks, or clusters of sea caves, or groups of coral islands, or lush mangroves, and the scenery is quite beautiful.

Danxia landform landscape Danxia landform is a red glutenite widely exposed in the basin, which has been shaped into a unique landform under weathering and running water erosion. This landform is often manifested as stone peaks, stone pillars, stone pagodas, peak forests, Fangshan, "castles" and Tiansheng Bridge. Strange rocks and mountains are stacked with green, and V-shaped valleys and U-shaped valleys frequently appear, forming various wonders. Especially in the sunlight, it looks like a layer of red tulle, as gorgeous as Danxia. The typical representative is the famous Danxia landform, named Danxia Mountain in Shaoguan, Guangdong.

Glacier Landscape Glacier is a kind of plastic solid substance containing a large amount of sand and gravel, so it has strong denudation ability, forming a series of special landform forms, such as ice bucket, blade ridge, tinder, ice valley, ice lake, drum mountain, sheep back stone, snake mountain and so on. These landforms themselves have unique appreciation value and tourism resources. Modern glaciers in China are all mountain glaciers, which move and melt ice under the sunlight, forming a unique "ice karst" landscape. Some branches, some funnels, some tongues, some ice towers, and so on.

Volcanic landscape An active volcano that is erupting, a dormant volcano that is temporarily intermittently active, and a dead volcano that will not erupt after geological activities have all formed a large number of natural wonders. Looking at the red "pillar of fire" erupted by an active volcano from a distance, you will certainly get a thrilling pleasure, and quietly enjoy the scenery caused by dormant or extinct volcanoes, such as conical symmetrical volcanic cones, funnel-shaped craters, rippling volcanic lakes, lava flows covering the ground, and scattered volcanic bombs, volcanic pebbles, volcanic sand and volcanic ash. None of this is interesting. For example, the famous volcanic landforms such as Wudalianchi and Jingbo Lake in China have wonderful landscapes and unique scientific values.

2. Landscape resources and the development of tourism geoscience

Natural resources provide various means of production for human beings. Through their own wisdom and labor, human beings transform natural resources into social wealth, meet the growing needs of human beings and constantly promote the progress of human society. With the progress of people's continuous development and utilization of natural resources, people's material living standards are constantly improving, people's requirements for quality of life are gradually improving, and tourism is also developing. People pay more and more attention to improving the quality of tourism and rationally developing and utilizing various tourism resources. The role of geological heritage resources, especially landscape resources, in economic development has been generally recognized in recent years, especially the protection and rational utilization of geological heritage advocated internationally. The protection, utilization and management of landscape resources will be an important part of population, resources and environment in the 2/kloc-0 century.

Geomorphological landscape resources have important aesthetic value and practical value for the development of human civilization, especially in promoting the development of tourism, which has played an inestimable role.

1) enriches people's lives. Appreciating the beauty of geological heritage resources can not only cultivate people's good temperament and character, but also stimulate people's love for the motherland and the pursuit of a better life; At the same time, giving full play to people's aesthetic imagination is also helpful to cultivate more scientists, thinkers and artists.

2) Important tourism resources. People travel for a variety of purposes, the most important of which is to enrich their knowledge, broaden their horizons and enjoy the beautiful scenery. China's geological heritage resources are widely distributed, with various types and styles, which just meet the needs of tourists.

3) Ideal geoscience research base. Beautiful geological relics are typical in geology and geography. Such as folding into mountains and faults into lakes; Brittle rock joints develop into steep cliffs, Wudalianchi in Heilongjiang is the remains of volcanic activity, and Shilin and Guilin in Yunnan are typical karst landforms. These geological relics are good aesthetic and sightseeing objects and places, and also natural and ideal geoscience research bases.

China is rich in landscape resources, some of which are unique world-class landscapes. We must focus on protecting these precious natural heritages to ensure their advantages and historical status. This is the premise to ensure the sustainable development of national and regional tourism.

Both natural landscape and human landscape are built on the surface of the earth, one is shaped by natural forces, the other is artificial ingenuity, and it is the reproduction of human consciousness. Landscape resources are the collection of material forms on the earth's surface and the "form-process" heritage of the earth's surface.

3. Geopark, a new way of sustainable development of tourism geology.

Geopark is a kind of natural park, which is a new name created by UNESCO in the feasibility study of "Geopark Plan". Refers to nature reserves with special geological significance, strange or beautiful landscape characteristics. These characteristics are typical representatives of geological history, geological events and formation process in this area. DocumentNo. [2000]77 of the Ministry of Land and Resources defines it as a geological park with special scientific significance, rare natural attributes, elegant and beautiful ornamental value, certain regularity and distribution range; The integration of natural landscape and human landscape has ecological, historical and cultural values; Protect geological relics to support the sustainable development of local economy, culture, education and environment, and provide people with places with high scientific taste such as sightseeing, vacation, health care, popular science education, culture and entertainment. At the same time, it is also a key protected area of geological relics landscape and ecological environment, and a base for geological research and popularization.

In 2000, the Ministry of Land and Resources of China formulated the National Geological Heritage Protection Plan (200 1 ~ 20 10) and the National Geopark Master Plan Work Guide. It is planned to build 3 10 geoparks in the next10 year. At present, China has approved the establishment of 85 national geoparks. Eight of them have been declared as world geoparks.

Geological relics are evidence of the evolution of natural history. As a kind of non-renewable precious geological relic resources, geological relics have attracted more and more attention. Its great intrinsic value has also been recognized by all countries in the world. As a country rich in geological relics, China is also protecting and rationally developing this resource.

China is rich in scenic resources, which provides a broad resource base for the establishment of geological parks. The construction of geological parks should follow the following principles: typicality and rarity; Principles of representativeness and balance; Principles of originality and compatibility; Principles of safety and accessibility; Academic and popular science principles.

Think about a problem

1) What geological problems can Quaternary geology solve in our life?

2) How to understand China's "one side of the soil and water will nourish one side of the people"?

3) What are the main Quaternary geological problems encountered in the process of urban construction?