Present situation of tourism resources

According to the resource characteristics, nature and types of known or developed tourist areas (spots) in Hunan Province, there are three types: the first type is natural landscape resources composed of geographical environment and creatures in nature, which can give people natural beauty and attract people to visit. Its characteristics: mountains, water, rocks, caves, air, light and creatures in natural scenery are skillfully combined to create ever-changing tourist environment and scenic spots. Sightseeing tourists can generate various imaginations through their own physiological processes such as sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch, so as to obtain spiritual enjoyment. The second category refers to the remains of ancient human social activities and the products of modern human social activities. This is the main tourist resource. Its important characteristics: it is the record of human political and economic activities and the crystallization of culture and art, and it is a concentrated reflection of the style and characteristics of a nation, a region and even a country, giving people knowledge, education, enlightenment and entertainment. The development and utilization of human landscape resources are dominated and controlled by social nature, ideology and cultural accomplishment. The third category is a comprehensive type with both human landscape and natural scenery.

(A) natural landscape resources

(1) Famous Mountain: Hunan Province is a mountainous province with a mountainous area of 104900 km2, accounting for 49.56% of the total area of the province. According to statistics, there are more than 1000 famous peaks in China with an altitude of 1500 m. As an important type of natural landscape, these peaks, large and small, provide people with a very rich viewing tour, and each peak is a landscape painting.

(2) Xiushui: The water system in Hunan Province is developed, with four major water systems, namely, Hunan, Guizhou, Yuan and Li. Dongting Lake, large and small reservoirs and famous wells, springs, geothermal hot springs and waterfalls related to water are scattered all over the place. Mountains are beautiful because of water, trees are green because of water, and scenery is famous for water, which constitutes a charming landscape-water culture.

(3) Strange caves: Carbonate rocks are widely exposed and karst landforms are developed in Hunan Province, which makes Hunan Province rich in cave resources. There are several types of caves that can be used for tourism: pure natural caves, caves combined with stone carvings, caves combined with ancient buildings and special types of caves.

(4) Nature reserves, forest parks and tourist forest farms: Hunan Province is a province with large forest resources and one of the areas with the highest density of endemic animals and plants in southern China. There are 75 species of seven flowers in Jiamu under special state protection, among which five living fossils, Taxodium ascendens, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pinus tabulaeformis, Ginkgo biloba and Davidia involucrata, are particularly precious. In order to effectively protect, develop and utilize forest natural landscape resources and develop forest eco-tourism, the province has established 62 nature reserves and 35 forest parks. According to the geographical and traffic conditions, the whole province can be divided into four forest scenic spots: ① the north wind scenic spot in western Hunan, with Zhangjiajie as the center, including Tianmen Mountain, Mengdong River, Taohuayuan and Fenghuang Mountain; ② Dongting Lake as the center, including Yueyang Tower, Junshan, Dayun, Tieshan Reservoir and South Lake Xiangbei Scenic Area; (3) With Shaoshan as the center, it includes huaminglou, Yuelu Mountain, Juzi Zhoutou, Yunyang Mountain, Yandiling and Taoyuan Cave. (4) Taking Mangshan Mountain as the center, it includes Suxianling, Wugai Mountain, Swan Mountain, Dongjiang Reservoir, Jiuyi Mountain, Huangshun Mountain, Naxi Mountain and Yunshan Mountain, as well as southern Hunan and central Hunan scenic spots in Huang Sang Ping.

(5) Landscape: According to geological conditions, stratigraphic lithology, geomorphological features and artistic features of human landscape, there are four main landscape types in Hunan: ① seasonal sandstone peak forest landform in Wulingyuan; ② Danxia landform; ③ Karst landform; ④ Granite landform.

(6) Wild animal resources: The wild animal resources in Hunan Province account for a large proportion in the whole country, including 40 species of rare animals 150 under special state protection. In order to protect these rare animals in the world, two national wildlife nature reserves have been established: the East Dongting Lake wildlife nature reserve (baiji dolphin and its habitat ecological environment) and the Zhangjiajie giant salamander wildlife (giant salamander). Three provincial wildlife nature reserves: Jiangkou Bird Island Bird and its Habitat Ecological Environment Nature Reserve; South Dongting Lake Rare Waterfowl Nature Reserve; Muping Baihe Lake and Wetland Ecological Environment Nature Reserve and five county-level wildlife reserves.

(7) Astronomical landscape resources: The climate in Hunan Province can be described in four sentences: the temperature in spring is changeable, the summer is hot and long, the autumn is often dry, and the winter is short. The frost-free period is 260 ~ 300 d throughout the year, and the climate is complicated and changeable due to topography, air pressure, sunshine and other reasons. The four seasons are distinct and there are thousands of scenes, which make the important climatic elements such as moonlight, moon shadow, wind and frost, spring rain, winter snow, fog and clouds in Hunan become the main body of astronomical landscape resources.

(B) human landscape resources

(1) Types of ancient buildings: A large number of ancient buildings have been preserved in Hunan Province, which were built in different dynasties and have not only cultural relics value, but also extremely high artistic value. The most representative ones are Yueyang Tower, Hengshan Nanyue Temple, Ningyuan Confucian Temple, Yuelu Academy in Changsha, longxing temple in Yuanling and Huilong Bridge in Tongdao. Ancient buildings are mainly composed of pavilions, temples, temples, bridges, pavilions and towers.

(2) Types of ancient tombs: There are many ancient tombs in Hunan Province, with many dynasties, wide time span and high cultural relics and historical value. Changsha has the world-famous Mawangdui Ancient Han Tomb and China No.1 Mausoleum. The famous ancient tombs include Yueyang Lusu Tomb, Miluoqu Tomb, Yongshun Laosicheng Tusi Tombs, Pingjiang Dufu Tombs, and Huangxing Tombs, Cai E Tombs, Zeng Guofan Tombs on Yuelu Mountain in Changsha, and other famous historical tombs in the modern history of China.

(3) Ancient sites, ancient battlefields, ancient kiln sites and ancient city sites: In the 1960s, an ancient human relic was found in a karst cave in Guiyang County, Hunan Province, which was identified as an unforgettable experience in the late Paleolithic period, confirming that Hunan was indeed a place for ancient human activities. Neolithic human activity sites or village sites have been found in many places in our province, mainly in northern Hunan and Dongting Lake areas. The most important ancient battlefield site in our province is Yueyang Baling ancient battlefield. The ancient city sites mainly include Huangsiqiao Ancient City in Fenghuang County, Tianxinge Ancient City in Changsha, Beiliancheng Site in Han Dynasty, Luozicheng Site in Miluo City in Spring and Autumn Period, Cailingcheng Site in Taoyuan County in Warring States Period, Suoxian Site in Changde Han Dynasty, Shaoyang City Site in Shaodong County, and other ancient city walls, such as Tuojiang Town in Fenghuang County, Daokou Town in Daoxian County and Chaling Chengguan in Wugang County. The most famous ancient kiln sites are Tongguan Ancient Kiln in Wangcheng County, Changsha City, Lujiao Kiln in Yue Zhouyao and Yueyang County in Xiangyin County, and Hengzhou Kiln in Hengyang in Tang Dynasty.

(4) Former residences of historical celebrities, memorial halls, shrines and halls: Hunan Province has outstanding people and talented people, and people with lofty ideals such as Changsha Huangxing, Shaoyang Cai E and Liuyang Tan Sitong are the most important figures in the modern history of China. In addition, many scholars and poets from other places have stayed in Hunan in history. Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet, once sang in the field of Yuanxiang, and Jia Yi, a famous politician and writer in the Western Han Dynasty, was the teacher of Changsha King. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing, a medical scientist, was appointed as the magistrate of Changsha, and wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, which made great contributions to Chinese medicine. Du Fu lived in Hunan in his later years and wrote many poems. Ou Yangxun, a painter in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Shutang Town, Wangcheng County, Changsha City. There are stone pen containers, pen washing pools and other historical sites here. There are also famous historical figures, such as Sima Qian, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Zhu, Xin Qiji and Mi Fei. He has been to Hunan and Chu.

(5) Archaeological relics and stone forest types: Hunan Provincial Museum, located in Dalong, Kaifu District, Changsha City, has a collection of more than 10,000 pieces of cultural relics and materials unearthed in various historical periods100000, and the city and county museums have also preserved precious cultural relics unearthed in various historical periods in this area. In the archaeological history of Hunan Province, the Western Han Tomb of Mawangdui Township, Furong District, Changsha City was discovered and excavated in the spring of 1972. Xiangchu culture has a long history, and stone carvings in forest of steles can be seen everywhere. There is a trump card in the stone tablet on Yuelu Mountain in Changsha. The longest inscription is the stone carving Ode to Datang in Wuxi, Qiyang, which is known as the "three wonders" in the world.

(6) Revolutionary traditional education: May 4th Movement broke out 19 19, and New China was founded 1949. In this glorious course of 30 years, Hunan Province has been called the "revolutionary resort" of China. China * * * party member and a large number of revolutionary writers, artists, scientists and advanced revolutionary Democrats, with politicians, revolutionaries and military strategists such as He Long, Ren, Peng, Zuo Quan as outstanding representatives, have made indelible contributions to the China revolution and the establishment of new China. Nowadays, in order to remember the great achievements of the martyrs, ancestors and heroes of Sanxiang, the memorial hall of the former residence of the (revolution) was established to restore the memorial site of the open revolutionary activities. Shaoshan, Wen Jia Autumn Harvest Uprising Memorial Hall, Yizhang Nianguan Riot Headquarters and other places and cultural relics with revolutionary commemorative significance are the bases for carrying out revolutionary traditional education, the classrooms for patriotism and * * * industrialism ideal education, which can be visited and admired by modern people and constitute extremely important human landscape resources in our province.

(7) Ethnic Folklore: Hunan is a multi-ethnic province. Besides the Han nationality, there are 42 ethnic groups including Tujia, Miao, Dong, Yao, Hui, Zhuang and Uygur. National folklore is an encyclopedia of social life. The ethnic minorities living in Hunan Province are members of the Sanxiang family. They have unique costumes, beautiful songs and dances, traditional customs and national charm. Among the ancient buildings with national style, the drum tower, pavilion and wind and rain bridge of Dong nationality; Miao's diaojiao building; Tujia nationality's old sicheng has a unique style and high architectural artistic value. Minority women are good at farming and textile. Weaving, wearing and embroidery techniques are quite exquisite, showing national characteristics. Ethnic minorities are generally generous, honest and frank, full of inspiration, easy to touch the scene, good at singing and dancing, and eloquent. Its dances include Tujia waving dance, Babao Tongling dance, Segus dance, Miao Lusheng dance, Yao long drum dance and bronze drum dance.

(8) Modern engineering and urban landscape types: Highway construction in modern engineering is very characteristic and practical according to the mountainous terrain. For example, the "Aizhai Highway" in Aizhai Scenic Area of Jishou City and the Panshan Highway across the backbone of Xuefeng Mountain are not only the infrastructure of traffic roads, but also have high ornamental value. Modern expressway in Hunan Province is generally designed as two-way six-lane totally enclosed. These modern projects are like a silver belt, connecting natural scenery together to form a beautiful landscape resource.

In landscape, large-scale construction projects can become the main body of landscape construction and the dam of reservoirs. The dam site of a large-scale reservoir project in Hunan Province is located in the dangerous river. Each dam is different in design, shape and scale according to the specific situation, but it is magnificent and has high ornamental value. At the same time, the water in the dam and reservoir and the surrounding mountains form a unique lake-island scenic tourist area, which can not only carry out water sports, but also build a convalescent base and a water sports training base by the mountains and rivers.

(3) Comprehensive landscape resources

(1) Landscape: organically integrate natural landscapes such as mountains, stones, water, flowers, pavilions, famous buildings and pavilions with human landscapes, and form a landscape art space according to the combination of gardening.

(2) Pastoral scenery: The main parts of pastoral scenery are farmland, cultivated land, orchards, nurseries, farmhouses and landscapes. The farmland in Hunan Province is characterized by terraced fields in mountainous areas, Tabeta in hilly areas and large-scale grid fields in plain lakes. In the Dongting Lake area of the plain, rural scenery with the characteristics of the lake area can be seen everywhere.

(3) Other special types of landscapes: including university tours, military training and performances, industrial and mining enterprises tours, popular science education tours, adventure tours, etc.

8.2.2 Basic characteristics of tourism resources

(1) extensiveness: there are both natural scenery and ethnic customs that tourists can feel; There are both historical sites and modern buildings, which are quite extensive and very rich.

(2) Landscape combination and comprehensiveness: some tourism resources have both tourism ornamental value and scientific investigation significance; It is not only a natural scenic spot, but also a human landscape area. They are interrelated and complementary, and have the characteristics of forming a scene combination.

(3) Social variability: With the changes of the times or different social and historical backgrounds in different periods of the same era, it has a distinct flavor of the times and the characteristics of political thermometer.

(4) Regionality: The differences in natural geographical conditions, economic geographical environment and national historical and cultural traditions have obvious regional characteristics.

(5) Characteristics of different hierarchical structures.

(6) Regional differentiation. This characteristic reflects that the differences between natural conditions and social and historical conditions are restricted by natural geographical environment and social environment.

(7) The overall pattern is characterized by "one line, one belt and one source".

8.2.3 Division and Status of Tourism Resources

On the basis of studying and analyzing the basic characteristics of tourism resources in Hunan Province, a reasonable division of them is conducive to our scientific planning of tourism resources in the province according to local conditions, planned and step-by-step development, highlighting the characteristics of each region, thus providing a scientific basis for the entire tourism layout. When partitioning, please consider the following principles:

First, the combination of tourism resources types in the region is basically the same;

Second, the similarity of economic development level, social and historical background, national characteristics and basic traffic conditions in the region shows the utilization degree and potential of resources;

Third, the consistency of the present situation, prospect and development direction of resource development in the region is conducive to the scientific and complete planning;

Fourth, the integrity of the tourism network should have a well-known backbone scenic spot as the core, supported by the same region, and promote the development of other scenic spots (districts) in the region.

According to the above basic principles, Hunan tourism resources are divided into I-VI areas. See Table 8-2 for details. At the same time, the distribution and zoning map of1∶ 500,000 tourism resources in Hunan Province (Figure 8- 1) is compiled, which reflects the general outline and basic pattern of tourism resources in Hunan Province, and also reflects the development status of tourism resources in Hunan Province.

Table 8-2 List of Tourism Resources Zoning in Hunan Province

Figure 8- 1 Prospect of Tourism Resources Development and Utilization in Hunan Province