Russian border tour

Russian border city Blagoveshchensk

Heihe City is located in the northern part of Heilongjiang Province. It is a vast, beautiful and magical border area. It currently governs Aihui District, two cities, Bei'an and Wudalianchi, and three counties, Nenjiang, Sunwu and Xunke. It covers an area of ??more than 60,000 square kilometers, accounting for 1/6 of the province's area. With a population of 1.7 million, there are 33 ethnic groups including Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, Da, and Hubei. It has two of the three major natural resources for world tourism: ice, snow and forest. Natural Volcano Geology Museum, Wudalianchi Volcano Group, Yuanhui Ancient City, folk villages where the Oroqen and Daur ethnic groups originated, Xishan Lake, Woniu Lake and Shengshan Safari Park, rafting on the fast-flowing Zhanhe River, and the charming Sino-Russian border river, As well as the "Northern Shatoujiao" Daheihe Island, etc., are all tourist summer resorts. It’s a pity that we arrived in Heihe in the coldest winter.

To this day, I still clearly remember the trauma caused by the low temperature in Russia at that time on our bodies. In that temperature where the breath turned into ice, the street market It was a chilly scene with no commercial activities at all. When people had no choice but to go outdoors for activities, they often hurriedly scurried around like shelter from the rain. Due to the severe cold, most people would rather stay indoors with sufficient heating and look at the glass on the windows. Various icy window grilles are presented.

There is a well-known market selling telescopes in Heihe City. Many Russian military telescopes are sold here at low prices. I bought telescopes in this market, and there are no earrings on my ears. To keep warm, I was immersed in choosing. Less than ten minutes later, I heard two squeaking sounds from my ears. I suddenly lost consciousness. I ran to the heated newsstand on the roadside and asked the old man there. The old man asked if his ears were clear. After making a similar sound, I nodded in agreement, and the old man immediately warned me very seriously: Don't rub your ears, otherwise they may fall off. In just ten minutes of warming up at the newsstand. I watched my ears turn from white to red, from red to purple, and then to black, and the skin on my ears gradually became ulcerated. This color has been with me since I returned to Beijing.

The severe cold greatly affected our activities. limitations, but it did not affect our mood when traveling around. There were a lot of dog meat shops in Heihe. At that time, I had not yet raised my dog, but I loved this kind of delicacy very much. I still can’t forget the scene of chewing delicious dog meat in a smoky little restaurant. Many local restaurants like to cook dog meat, which is a magic weapon to keep out the cold.

The next day, we took a taxi to the small town of Aihui, 40 kilometers away from Heihe.

In our childhood, we could often see the narrator Congman’s painful narrative in textbooks, movies, how our ancestors, the corrupt Qing Dynasty, ceded territory to pay compensation and signed a Sino-Russian treaty that deeply shamed our Chinese nation. Treaty of Aihui. This treaty is exactly 100 years from my birth date. My birthday is May 29, 1958, and the treaty was signed on May 28, 1858, so I remember this treaty very clearly when I was a child. We want to see the place where the treaty was signed, which left eternal pain in the hearts of the Chinese nation.

In 1683, the Qing government built Aihun City (Old City) at the confluence of the left bank of Heilongjiang River and Jingqili River. Heilongjiang General Yamen was set up and moved to Aihui New City (today's Aihui Town) on the right bank of Heilongjiang in 1685. Aihuicheng was the political, economic, cultural and military center of the Heilongjiang River Basin at that time. As the largest town in the Heilongjiang River Basin, Aihui City reached its heyday before 1900. During the Second Opium War, a large number of Tsarist Russian Cossacks once again invaded the Heilongjiang Basin. They illegally immigrated to Jiangdong and built villages. In 1858, the Sino-Russian Treaty of Aihun was signed. In 1900, Tsarist Russia took advantage of the outbreak of the Boxer Rebellion in China and the Eight-Power Allied Forces' capture of Beijing. They first caused the Hailanpao Massacre and the Jiangdong No. 64 Massacre, which shocked China and the world. Then they invaded Heihe and captured the city of Aihun along the river. The city was burned to the ground. Soon after, the Russian invading army occupied the entire Northeast. Aihui was the largest town along the Heilongjiang River at that time. According to historical records, Aihui had a population of 40,000 and three thousand merchants. Known as the "North Gate Key". Only Kuixing Pavilion in the south of the city told later generations the glory and tragedy that had existed here.

The history of Yuanhun is quite representative of the bloody turmoil in the entire modern history of China.

Aihui Town is hidden in a field of ice and snow, looking white and dignified. At the memorial hall, we know that Blagoveshchensk across the river is now our Chinese land, and it was originally called Hailan. Bubble. It was ceded according to the Sino-Russian Aihun Treaty of 1858. The Aihun Treaty was a typical unequal treaty in modern Chinese history that was humiliating and humiliating the country. At that time, the commentator of the memorial hall revealed another news to us. Our country’s government is currently negotiating with Russia to formally transfer the original territory of our country, Jiangdong 64 Tun, to Russia. Jiangdong 64 Tun, which is equivalent to the area of ??a province in our country. , the Russians have actually been occupying this territory for a long time. I never figured out why our national institutions at the time acted like this, or what strategic considerations they had to make this decision without concealing the public opinion of the people across the country. This kind of behavior.

When the commentator at the time talked about this incident, I clearly saw tears of grief and anger flashing in her eyes. . . . .

Standing on Kuixing Tower, you can see the town of Aihui, which turned out to be a strategic town in the three eastern provinces.

The history of Yuanhui is quite representative of the bloody turmoil in the entire modern history of China.

In the ancient cities of Heihe and Aihui, there are beautiful scenery on the one hand, and dignified history on the other. How can your Chinese heart relax in this place?

Cross-border tour

The spectacular solidified turbulent ice surface

On the boundary river, the two sides The national border is bounded by the center. The Chinese border troops built brick barracks on the ice, with red flags fluttering, looking heroic and majestic. There is a 20-meter-square small swimming pool cut out of the ice in front of the door. The entire military camp is solemn. Solemn, but this kind of house only lasts for half a year. Once the freezing period is over, the house built on the ice will naturally disappear.

The small house made of ice and snow is a Russian outpost, and you can see wearing snow clothes Sentinel

On the Russian side, there is a small bunker made of snow, which looks dilapidated. Border guards wearing white cloaks appear from time to time. The entire river surface is not as smooth as the frozen rivers and lakes in the mainland. Instead, it presents a spectacular scene of turbulent waves solidified in an instant. We are deeply aware of the miraculous workmanship of nature.

At the Russian border, we saw the Russian border police who were tall and mighty, and the women were also tall. Martha has a long face with clear outlines, thick eyebrows and big eyes, charming and handsome. The border police's attitude towards the Chinese seems very stiff, as if smiling is banned in the Russian service industry. From the moment you enter customs to the time you return to end the tour, there is no moment where you feel the service with a smile, and this consistency is completely preserved. China has launched reform and opening up, and small businessmen and hawkers packed the border inspection hall with large bags. Many Chinese people were shouting and yelling as if they were at their own town station. It is said that on the other side of the river, there is a Kashi In the free trade market, there are more than 4,000 Chinese people, and the Chinese people's business capabilities are indeed very strong. The casual style of the Chinese made these border police very impatient. They released their compatriots very quickly, but were often harsh on the Chinese. They inspected luggage, U.S. dollars, cameras and other equipment very carefully. The entire border crossing lasted for 2 days. An hour and a half.

We finally set foot on Blagoveshchensk, which was ceded by the corrupt Qing Dynasty more than 100 years ago according to the Treaty of Aihun and now belongs to Russia

Dhaka City In the central Chinese market, Chinese goods at that time had been boycotted here, due to the fake goods of some unscrupulous domestic merchants, which had harmed many locals.

This was called Hailan by the Chinese back then. The land of Pao has now been ceded by our ancestors. It was originally a village in China on the left bank of Heilongjiang. In 1858, Tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the unequal "Aihun Treaty" between China and Russia, and forcibly occupied Hailanpao, renamed it Blagoveshchensk, and later became the capital of Amur Province.

This treaty made us 1 million square kilometers of land area was ceded.

After the military mobilization of Amur Province on June 25, 1900, atrocities persecuted Chinese continued to occur in Hailanpao, and the Chinese who could not bear the abuse fled back to Jiangyou. Chinese people who were unable to leave due to family and property constraints were all targeted for massacre. They forcibly drove the Chinese living in Hailanpao into the river, picked them with bayonets, and fired with machine guns, creating the Jiangdong 64 Tun massacre that shocked China and the world. Walking on the streets of Russia, I thought that this land turned out to be ours. The ancestors ceded it, and the emotions in my heart will naturally be affected.

Russia has 79 states. Blagoveshchensk is the capital of the Amur state and the earliest city established in the Russian Far East. It has been for more than 140 years. The urban area covers an area of ??more than 30 square kilometers and has a population of 300,000, of which Russians are the majority. The tour guide told me: Gagarin, the first human to explore space, was born in this city.

Blagoveshchensk has a developed education industry, with 38 colleges and universities. Our tour guide is from Heihe, but she graduated from a university in Blagoveshchensk. Judging from the time he led us to visit, it seems that she does not have much passion for this city, but she is very passionate about this city. The unique level of education is often mentioned. The level of popular education is also related to the social security of the city. According to statistics, there has only been one major murder in this city in the past 15 years, and it is said that it was committed by the Chinese. , so the tour guide told us not to worry about your wallet being stolen. The security situation in Russia is very good

Russia is vast. It has 1/6 of the land on the earth's surface, and its population only accounts for the world's total population. 2.5%. This country spans 9 time zones. The former Soviet Union left Russia with a strong industrial foundation and solid infrastructure such as roads, railways, and water and electricity. Today's Russia has first-class military and scientific technology left behind by the former Soviet Union. Russia has 11.3% of the total population and 48.3% of people with higher and secondary education. It is in this dilapidated city of Blagoveshchensk with a population of only 300,000 that highly educated citizens account for more than 20% of the population. The streets in Russia are wide and vast, and many road squares are sparsely populated. Most of the cars that occasionally pass by on the street are Lada Volga and other domestically produced cars. There are very few cars made in Japan, and most of them are dilapidated. The only car we saw A Mercedes-Benz car; it belongs to the North Korean Embassy.

The first place we went to was the Daursky Museum with the oldest history in the Far East.

The expo hall is so huge that it took 2 hours to walk around. Most of the commentators were old women in their 40s and 50s, and they were listless most of the time.

The exhibits in the museum collected many ethnic groups. Custom cultural items, insect specimens, mineral samples, etc. There are historical exhibition halls, natural exhibition halls and literary exhibition halls. With more than 4,000 collections on display, the entire collection is a small encyclopedia of La Mour State. The exhibition hall on the first floor of the museum mainly introduces the history and specialties of the Amur region. The exhibition hall displays huge mammoth teeth and leg bones excavated by archeology in the Amur region, as well as various choppers, scrapers, string shells, etc. used by ancient humans. The exhibits are placed according to the natural ecological form, much like an ecological paradise where the animal world is free and harmonious. The real ecological environment is set off by realistic animal and bird specimens, and the images are realistic and lifelike. The exhibition hall also displays the clothes, clothing and daily necessities of the residents of the Amur region. The portrait of General Nikolai Muravyov, the chief Russian representative who signed the "Sino-Russian Aihun Treaty", is also displayed here. There is a huge painting of a man riding a tall horse and wielding a sharp sword. Under his horse's hooves are a group of Chinese people with blank or frightened faces. It was this executioner who was able to promote expansionism and was named Count Amursky by the Tsar for his criminal activities and "meritorious service" in occupying the Heilongjiang Basin. He went down in history as a hero of Russia and was enshrined in a museum. The "Sino-Russian Aihun Treaty" signed on May 28, 1858 stipulated that more than 600,000 square kilometers of vast and fertile territory north of Heilongjiang and south of the Xing'an Mountains would be ceded to Tsarist Russia. At that time, Engels once said: "A territory equal to the area of ??France and Germany and a river as long as the Danube" was assigned to Tsarist Russia. Likewise, the rich virgin forests and underground mineral deposits of the Amur region (part of these lands) are displayed in this museum. As a Chinese looking at these exhibitions, as long as you understand the history and a little bit of national character, the humiliation, grief and indignation are self-evident. The smart Russian commentator argued self-deprecatingly in Chinese: "You (the Chinese) have your own views on these histories, and we (the Russians) have ours. We are all ordinary people, so don't argue. That is the responsibility of your leaders and It’s a matter between our leaders. As long as we get along well with each other now!” Yes, as long as we get along well with each other. History has become the past, and humiliation can only be kept in mind.

The Amur Region Children’s Art Museum is located in Blagovezhongsk. We drove there. The little girls who were trained here all looked in high spirits. All Russian girls under 18 years old. She is tall, fair, and extremely beautiful. We are often attracted by beautiful model-like girls on the streets and in stores. Watching them rehearse the swan dance is a spiritual and sensory enjoyment.

The ballroom on the first floor has a "dance show" specially performed for Chinese people every night, which is very sexy. Bu City is also known as the "student city". In this city of 211,900 people, there are 15,300 college students and 11,600 technical secondary school students. On average, there is one college graduate in every five citizens. It is said that many of the people who come to perform are from Current students. Tickets are extremely expensive, about nearly 300 yuan or nearly 1,000 rubles. You pay money to go in and stamp a stamp on the back of your hand to buy a ticket. There is no program, no host or announcer. The first thing to take the stage is the Russian folk dance. The girls and boys are dressed in national costumes. There are group dances, duet dances, and single dances. The male actors have a wide range of movements, opening and closing, ups and downs, showing the exposed emotions and uninhibitedness of the Russians. The boldness. The second half of the "dance" is the striptease. Some people are most willing to admire the beautiful Russian girls, with their slender and straight figures and fair and clean skin. In order to see the big breasts and fat buttocks up close, they deliberately squeezed into the front row to sit. After holding the pole and doing a few provocative movements, the half-naked or almost-naked girl walked off the stage. Her arms and legs, thighs and waist were as smooth as grease, undulating like a swan, and her innocence and maturity blended together, selling her exotic beauty. The vitality and elegant fragrance are filled with the breath of youth that ignites your pupils. The body leans forward and straightens, and the smooth and firm skin is tempting to bite and suck. Just when you are about to be intoxicated by the warm jade fragrance and embrace you, the girl suddenly bursts out of her mouth. He said four blunt Chinese characters: "Tip! Ruble!" The snake-curved body suddenly tensed up, and he stretched out his palm to you. There was no tenderness in his eyes, only the persistence for money. The tip is usually 10 rubles. After a group has left, the next round of performances will come back and ask for tips. The change in your pocket will soon be gone. Ask the doorman to help change it. You give him a piece with a face value of 100, and he will He gets you seventy rubles, which is thirty rubles short, and he tells you "Tip!" You have to tip even when changing money. Then look at the spectators in the venue, all of them dispersed, the seats were empty, and they were chased by the girl and fled all over the room. My ears were full of "Tip! Tip!" I escaped a bunch of people without getting caught, and then another wave came, and I dodged the one on the left, and accidentally got blocked by the one on the right. After more than an hour of performance, you swear "A thousand pieces of gold will never come back again." Some people come to Bu City more than once, or even several times a year, but for most people who watch erotic dance performances, one visit to the Western scene is enough. Those who have never seen it all want to watch it to satisfy their curiosity, so there is an endless stream of followers. After watching it, they go out and shout "It's not worth it!" Of course, there are "international girls" who provide special services. After enjoying the erotic dance performance, There are only a few people who dare to ask about foreign meat.

The size of the state-owned department store in Blagoveshchensk is similar to that of shopping malls in our counties, cities and districts. There are no signs outside the store because there is no competition and no need for publicity.

There are no advertisements or billboards on the streets.

There is a two-hour time difference between Russia and ours. The sun only rises at 3 o'clock, and the shops close at 5 o'clock in the evening. There were no vendors setting up stalls on both sides of Bushi Street or in front of the shops, and the streets here were also "quiet". We stayed at the Friendship Hotel, which is said to be one of the best hotels in the city.

When we walked into the hotel, we were faced with an old Russian woman with drooped eyelids who was serious but unsmiling. The hotel elevator we saw was a cage-type one, like one from an American movie in the 1930s. The elevator room is small and can only accommodate 3 people. The furnishings in the room are ridiculous. There is a dial-up telephone on the table. The large square pillows look like the cushions on our sofa. There is a stiff green blanket on the bed. Very soft, a nest to sit on. It really should be soft or not, and it should be hard or not. There are only two black-and-white TV channels playing programs. The Russian hotel does not provide toiletries, and there is no hot water bottle. To drink water, you have to go to the corridor to pour it yourself

The meals at the Friendship Hotel are mainly Russian and Western food. The main meal of Russian-style Western food is three courses: the first course is cold dishes and platters; the second course is soup; the third course is staple food; one portion per person, a piece of chicken, a piece of fish, you can eat more if you want, meat or vegetable, The nutritional mix is ??very reasonable. There were not many people eating in the Noda restaurant, and even if there were people eating, it was silent. I was very upset by this cold Western food, and I wanted to go back to China that night.

Black bread is a staple food on the Russian table. At first glance, it looks like the color of Chinese sorghum noodles. It is cut into slices and tastes a little sour and salty. Black bread is extremely nutritious and easy to digest because the yeast used to ferment it contains a variety of vitamins and biological enzymes. According to a Russian friend, baking brown bread is quite time-consuming.

It takes nearly two days just to knead the dough and ferment it. The prepared bread dough is put into a Russian-style oven with a uniform temperature and simmered over a slow fire. When it comes out of the oven, the bottom of the bread can make a banging sound, the color is black and shiny, and it is soft and delicious when cut without falling residue. This is what it means. The best brown bread. Due to the complicated craftsmanship, Russian housewives generally do not make it at home, but go to bakeries to buy it. It was the first time in my life that I ate "Chess", which is very popular among Russians, but it tasted like chewing gum to me. The tour guide saw me put it aside and handed it to the driver, who accepted it very happily.

Russian caviar is also a world-famous delicacy. The first time we tasted caviar was in a high-end hotel in Harbin. We ordered a bottle of caviar, which was very expensive. The crystal clear caviar was like small pearls, which looked pleasing to the eye and a little black. Some people eat it with gusto, but when I tasted it, I found it fishy, ??salty, and hard to swallow.

Opinions on Russia; Putin’s reforms have been successful in Russia, but now their thinking is still stuck in the era of planned economy. Society is changing and many people’s thinking cannot keep up. Nine years have passed. Knowing how the people in this land have changed, maybe it has something to do with the fact that Russians are more reserved and take themselves more seriously. From Russia to the Soviet Union and then from the Soviet Union to Russia, it seems that everything changes overnight. Before people are ready, At that time, this huge country had turned over. Every revolution and change will change the destiny of a generation, and people begin to change themselves when they accept it.

I feel that their changes are not as blocky as those of us Chinese.

Appendix The origin of the Sino-Russian Aihun Treaty and the original text of the treaty (copied from the Compendium of General History of China)

The Sino-Russian Aihun Treaty

Introduction to the treaty:

Occupying China's Heilongjiang region and seizing the seaport to the Pacific Ocean has been the consistent plot of successive tsarist governments since the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk. After the Opium War, Tsarist Russia established the "Special Committee on Heilongjiang Issues" to intensify its invasion of Heilongjiang. From 1849 to 1853, Russian naval officer Nevelskoy led armed men to invade the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and establish an invasion stronghold. Subsequently, under the command of East Siberia Governor Muravyov, a large number of Russian invading troops broke into Heilongjiang and implemented military occupation of the north bank of the middle and upper reaches and both banks of the lower reaches.

On December 29, 1857, the British and French forces captured Guangzhou. The Tsarist Russian government learned of this situation and convened a "Special Committee" meeting on January 5, 1858 (the eighth year of Xianfeng) to plot. The meeting adopted Muravyov's opinion on continuing to "immigrate" to Heilongjiang and holding diplomatic negotiations backed by force with the Qing government. After the meeting, the Tsarist Russian government informed the Qing government that Muravyov had been ordered to negotiate the Sino-Russian border issue. If China wanted to resolve the "Heilongjiang issue," it could negotiate with him. At this time, the situation of the Second Opium War was extremely unfavorable to the Qing government. Muravyov took the opportunity to lead the Russian Cossack army to attack the city of Aihun. On May 20, the British and French forces captured Dagu, causing panic in Tianjin and shock in Beijing. On the 22nd, Muravyov was escorted by two gunboats to Aihun City to meet and negotiate with the Qing Dynasty Heilongjiang General Yishan. Muravyov said that he came here to "help China and defend against the British," and also to "defend their own territory." "For the benefit of both parties, China and Russia must demarcate borders along the Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers." Yishan pointed out that the two countries According to the "Treaty of Nerchinsk", the national boundary has been "agreed and complied with and has not been changed for hundreds of years. If we follow what you and others have proposed, it will never be compromised." This negotiation was very controversial. Before the meeting ended, Muravyov handed over the "draft treaty" drawn up by Russia to Yishan and gave him a deadline to reply the next day.

The essence of this draft is to tear up the Treaty of Nerchinsk between China and Russia and seize the area north of Heilongjiang and east of the Ussuri River. In the second negotiation, the Chinese representative Ai Shentai categorically rejected the unreasonable demands made by the Russian side and returned the "draft treaty" to the Russian representative Pirovsky. Due to Russia's unreasonable troubles, the negotiations were fruitless. Muravyov was so impatient that he once again took action personally, "proposing the final text of the treaty in the form of an ultimatum", forcing Yishan to sign, and threatening: "We cannot negotiate peacefully with the Chinese!" That night Russian warships fired guns and cannons. Under the threat of force from Tsarist Russia, Yishan finally succumbed and was forced to sign the "Aihun Peace Treaty" with Muraviev on the 28th, also known as the "Aihun Treaty".

Article ***3 of the "Aihun Treaty". The main content is: more than 600,000 square kilometers of Chinese territory north of Heilongjiang and south of the Outer Xing'an Mountains were assigned to Russia, and a small area in the southeast of the upper reaches of the Jingqili River (today's Ziya River in Russia) on the other side of Aihui (later called Jiangdong) No. 64) retains the permanent right of residence and jurisdiction of China; the Chinese territory east of the Ussuri River is placed under the jurisdiction of China and Russia; the Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers that were originally inland rivers of China are only allowed to China and Russia. Ships sail. The Qing government did not ratify the Treaty of Aihun at that time and punished Yishan and others. However, it recognized the Treaty of Aihun when the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing was concluded in 1860.

The "Aihun Treaty" caused major damage to China's territory and sovereignty, but Russia gained huge territorial benefits and navigation rights in the Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers, as well as access to the Pacific Ocean. Tsarist Russia summarized Muravyov's actions in seizing my country's Heilongjiang region as an aggressive formula: "Russian diplomatic requirements must be supported by actual occupation of the area." Later, Russia annexed China's Ussuri River and beyond. This is what is done in the eastern region and large areas of northwest China. The signing of the "Aihun Treaty" set a criminal precedent for Tsarist Russia to further plunder Chinese territory.

Original text of the treaty:

May 28, 1858, April 16, the eighth year of Xianfeng reign, May 16, 1858 in the Russian calendar , Aihun.

On April 16, the eighth year of Xianfeng's reign, General Yishan of Heilongjiang and General Yue Fu of East Siberia of Russia agreed on three peace treaties in Aihun City:

1. Heilongjiang and Songhua The left bank of the river, from the Ergun River to the mouth of the Songhua River, is the land belonging to the Russian state; the right bank flows along the river to the Ussuri River, and is the land belonging to the Qing Dynasty; from the Ussuri River to the sea is all the land. This place is like the place between the two countries and is the place under the jurisdiction of the two countries. From the Heilongjiang, Songhua, and Ussuri rivers, only Chinese and Russian ships were allowed to sail, and foreign countries were not allowed to sail on these rivers. On the left bank of Heilongjiang, from the south of the Jingqili River to the Hormoljin Village, the original Manchus are still allowed to live permanently in their villages, and the Manchukuo ministers and officials are still in charge of the treaty. The Russians Waiting for reconciliation, no infringement.

2. The people belonging to the two countries make peace with each other. The people belonging to the two countries living in Wusuli, Heilongjiang, and Songhua River are ordered to trade together, and officials wait on both sides of the strait to look after the people of the two countries.

3. Russia’s alliance with Nie Lalegu, Birna Tolmula Fuyuefu, and China’s General Yishan, who guards Heilongjiang and other places, will always abide by the terms agreed upon and do not replace them; Russia’s alliance with Nie Lale Gubi Erna Tolmula Fuyuefu wrote Russian and Manchu characters on it, made the signature himself, and handed it over to the Chinese general Yishan. The Chinese general Yishan also wrote Manchu and Mongolian characters on it, made the signature himself, and handed it over to the Russian state leader Nie Laligu. Birna Tolmula Fuyue Fu, according to this text, wrote it and informed the masters and others on the border between the two countries.