Geography of Qu Feng National Park

The peak area is located in the south of pennines, and most areas are hills with an altitude of about 300 meters. The highest point is Kinder Scount, which is 636 meters above sea level. In fact, the peak area is not worthy of the name. There are basically no steep peaks in the geographical landscape of this area. On the contrary, they are all surrounded by mountains and limestone faults. The area is surrounded by major metropolitan groups: Huddersfield, Manchester, Sheffield, Derby and Stoke. The national park covers an area of 65,438+0,440 square kilometers. Its northern border is along A62 expressway from marsden to Melsham, and its southernmost point is A52 expressway in the suburb of Ashbourne, Derbyshire. The planning of the peak area does not include residential areas and industrial areas. In fact, buxton and its adjacent quarries are located at the end of the valley in the Peak District, surrounded by the Peak District on three sides. Bakewell and some villages are included in the peak area, mainly in the West Sheffield area.

As of 20 10, Peak District is the fifth largest national park in England and Wales. In Britain, the definition of "national park" is an area that is restricted by planning, protected from improper development and maintained by the park management office, and does not mean that the land is owned by the government or uninhabited.

12% of Qu Feng National Park belongs to the national trust organization. The National Trust is a charity whose purpose is to protect historical sites and natural landscapes. It does not accept government funds. The three trust sites include important ecological and geological areas, namely Bleaklow, Derwent Edge, Hope Woodlands, Kinderscout, Leek and Manifold, Mamtor, Dovedale, Milldale and Winners Pass. Qu Feng National Park Management Office directly owns 5% of the land, and the rest of the main land belongs to several water companies. The peak area is mainly sedimentary rocks formed in Carboniferous. They include Carboniferous limestone, sandstone and coal seam. The latter only exists in the most marginal area. In addition, there are few volcanic lava, tuff and volcanic porous stones exposed on the surface.

The basic geological structure of the peak area is a large dome with a large number of serious faults and folds on the west side. Rising and erosion cut through the top of the dome, exposing rock strata, and coal seams were also exposed in the east and west. Carboniferous limestone and coarse sandstone are exposed in the middle. The southern edge of the dome is covered with Triassic sandstone.

The south-central part of the peak area of Carboniferous limestone surface is called Baishan. On the contrary, Montenegro is full of gravel and vast marshes.

Geological movements before and after Carboniferous led to the upward uplift of strata in this area, and the fold of strata on the west side rose in a north-south direction, forming a dome shape, and shale and sandstone were eroded until the limestone strata were exposed. In the later period of this period, the subsidence of the earth's crust made it covered by the ocean and deposited various rock forms.

At some time after deposition, veins formed in limestone, and these veins and dip angles of strata have been mined since Roman times.

The peak area was eroded by glaciers in an ice age in the past 2 million years (maybe 450 thousand years ago). Evidence such as glacier ice stains and boulders have been found in this area. However, during the recent ice age from 20,000 to 22,000 years ago, the peak area was not covered by glaciers. A glacier in Ireland's Lake District hit the western edge here. During this period, the erosion of glacial meltwater formed a complex and tortuous waterway at the edge of the peak area. The erosion of glacial meltwater has also formed many natural caves in this limestone area. Wildlife communities migrated in this area, and their remains were later found in several caves here.

Different kinds of rocks under the soil have shaped the natural landscape here. They determine the type of vegetation and ultimately which animals will live here. Limestone has natural cracks, which can be dissolved by water, which enables rivers to be cut into deep and narrow valleys by running water. These rivers have been found underground passages one after another, so it also absorbs the water seeping from the coarse sand, and does not return to the ground until it meets the permeable shale. The wilderness plateau of Heifeng and the gaoling of Baifeng are the cradles of many rivers. Engineer John Friedrich Bateman wrote in the report 1846 sent to Manchester authorities:

Within the range of Manchester 10 to 12 miles, there are 6 to 7 miles of existing reservoirs in groton, and this mountainous area is rich in pure mountain springs. The special physical and geological characteristics make it very able to collect and store water for the use of towns in the plain area below the mountain. I am very surprised at their foresight.

-John Friedrich Bateman, John Frederick Bateman,

He mentioned the Rondendale and Ethel Rivers in the Itro Valley above the valley. The rivers in the west of the peak area flow to Itro River, Gott River and Tam River, which is a tributary of mersey river. Rivers in the northwest flow into a tributary of the Tang River, which itself is a tributary of the Uss River in Yorkshire. The tributaries of the Trento River flow into the south and west of the peak area, among which the Dewent River is the most famous. It originates from the Bretro River in the east of Glossop and flows into the upper reaches of the Deventer Valley, where there are three reservoirs: Houghton Reservoir, Deventer Reservoir and Ladybower Reservoir. Enoch River and Wye River are tributaries. Manifold River and Duff River in the southwest of the peak area originate from Axe Edge Moor and also flow into Trento River, while Dane River flows into Weaver River. Because the main areas are above 300 meters above sea level and 53 degrees north latitude, compared with England and Wales 1, the average precipitation in 1999 was only 1 025 mm, and the precipitation in the peak area was relatively high. Due to the high altitude, the precipitation in Heishan area is richer than that in Baishan area. The influence of precipitation on climate is not great. The average temperature here is similar to other places in Wales, England, which is 10.3 degrees Celsius. In 1970s, the normal snowfall in Montenegro was about 70 days, and then the number of snowfall days decreased obviously. It is possible that global warming leads to climate change, which leads to this situation. In addition, in winter, 20-30% of the moorland in Montenegro will have frost, while only 10% in Baishan.

The "Swamp Climate Change Act" was put forward in 2008 to collect data on climate change in this area. The content of the investigation is the interaction between human beings and moorland and the overall impact on climate change. Carbon is mainly distributed in the hilly areas of Britain in the form of peat, so Britain is a carbon storage place. Human activities such as direct erosion and combustion are also considered as the main indicators affecting global warming.