Which is the most controversial land border in the world?

Which is the most controversial land border in the world? Let me lead you to know it.

Which is the most controversial land border in the world?

Answer: The Sino-Russian border. The border with Russia is the Tangnu Ulianghai area, the south of the Outer Khingan Mountains, the north of Heilongjiang, Jiangdong Liusitun, the east of the Ussuri River and the Sakhalin area, the southeast of Balkhash Lake, and the Ili River area. The western section of the China-Russia border is more than 50 kilometers and the eastern section is about 4,280 kilometers.

On June 2, 2005, China and Russia signed the "Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Sector of the Sino-Russian Boundary" in Vladivostok. The last part of the disputed border land includes nearly 375 square kilometers of Heixiazi Island at the junction of Heilongjiang and Ussuri Rivers and Abagatuzhouzhu near Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia. Both sides will each get about half, and China will get about half of the area. Approximately 174 square kilometers, including all of Tarabarov Island (Yinlong Island) located in Heilongjiang, and a total of 337 square kilometers of land were returned to China.

The first treaty between China and Russia was the "Treaty of Nerchinsk" signed in 1689. Since then, more than 70 treaties have been signed one after another. In 1929, the "Middle East Road Incident" occurred. Stalin ordered the Soviet Red Army's Far East Border Guards to occupy these rivers and related islands.

International law recognizes that states exercise exclusive jurisdiction over their territory. Territory is also the object over which a state exercises sovereignty and is the object of international law. Ming territory includes a country’s land, rivers, lakes, inland seas, territorial waters and their bottom, subsoil and upper air (airspace). It is the entire territory of a country under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state. That specific part of the Earth's surface that is under national sovereignty, as well as its subsoil and upper airspace. Territory is the space over which a state exercises sovereignty.

Detailed explanation of territory

(1). Areas under the sovereign jurisdiction of a country, including land, territorial waters, and airspace.

Ye Shengtao's "Episode 43: A Declaration": "We must maintain territorial integrity and maintain sovereign independence." ? Ruan Lang "A Dream of Hong Kong in Ten Years? Black Soldier Thompson": ?In the seams of these boots, there is still the soil of your territory, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. ?Ouyang Shan's "The Dark Willows and the Bright Flowers" Jiujiu: ?Our country has such a large territory and so many people. ?

(2). Metaphor of the scope to which something belongs.

Yu Dafu's "On Drama": Each branch of art, such as poetry, music, sculpture, painting, etc., has its own special territory and cannot be confused. ?

(3). It is called dust.

Ye Shengtao's "The Sick Man in the City": "Looking up at the sky, it's bleak, and it's all gray territory." ?

China-Russia Dispute

On November 10, 1997, the heads of state of China and Russia solemnly announced that the demarcation of the eastern section of the China-Russia border would be carried out in accordance with the agreement of May 16, 1991. All issues have been resolved. For the first time in the history of bilateral relations, the demarcated national boundary between China and Russia (approximately 4,200 kilometers) in the eastern section has been correctly marked on the ground. The two sides will continue to negotiate to resolve the remaining individual boundary issues in a fair and reasonable manner so as to determine all the boundaries between Japan and China.

On July 16, 2001, China and Russia concluded the "Sino-Russian Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendly Cooperation". Article 6 of the treaty stipulates that the contracting parties shall continue to resolve the unresolved disputes between China and Russia in accordance with the Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Sector of the Sino-Soviet Border on May 26, 1991. Negotiate the direction of the boundary line of the lot. Until these issues are resolved, the two sides maintain the status quo in areas of the border between the two countries that have not yet been agreed upon.

The "remaining individual boundary issues" and "areas that have not yet been agreed upon" referred to here refer to the remaining two areas in the eastern section of the Sino-Russian border: Heixiazi Island and Abagaituzhouzhu. The direction of the border line has not yet been determined. These two areas are actually mainly composed of the following three islands. They are Abachituzhouzhu on the Ergun River in Manzhouli (the Russian name is "Big Island"), and Heixiazi near Khabarovsk in the Russian Far East. The island (the Russian name is Veliky Ussurisky Island) and the Silver Dragon Island (the Russian name is Tarabarov Island).

It is reported that the eastern section of the border between China and Russia has announced the survey With the end of the border, few people are paying attention to the Sino-Russian border issue. Moreover, scholars engaged in research on the Sino-Russian border issue have never been able to conduct field investigations in the border area. The information on the Sino-Russian border issue negotiations is not made public, which also adds to the difficulty of the research work. . The research on Abagaitu Zhouzhu is still blank; some people have done research on Daheixiazi Island, but the publication department is afraid of causing trouble, and the research results have not been published yet.

The Far Eastern Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Sergey Lutyanin, deputy director of the Russia and China Research Center, gave a brief but relatively objective and comprehensive summary of the disputes between Russia and China surrounding the ownership of the above-mentioned three islands.

He wrote in an article:

There are two sections (Russia-China border) that have not yet been determined: one is the large island in the Abagitu area of ????the Ergun River; the other is Khabarov Tarabarov Island and Veliky Ussurisky Island on the Amur River near Sksk. The geographical characteristics of the first section are directly related to the fact that the Ergun River divides into two branches in the Abagatu area, bypassing the big island from the north and south directions respectively. According to the document signed in 1911, Russia's position is that the border line should pass through the southern branch of the river. According to the view of the Chinese representatives, the southern branch is the channel of the Hailar River. After the river flows out of China, it divides into two branches and flows into the Ergun River. Therefore, China believes that the boundary line should pass through the northern branch of the river, and accordingly, the big island should belong to China.

?The difficulty of surveying the second section is also related to the intricacies of tributaries and islands. The disputed islands are located where the Ussuri River merges into the Amur River, above the (Ussuri) river, and the two rivers are connected by the Kazakovich Channel 6. In accordance with the provisions of the "Beijing Renewal Treaty" signed in 1860, Russia insists that the national boundary line passes through the Amur River, then passes through the Kazakovich Waterway, and bypasses Tarabarov Island and Veliky Ussuris from the south. Key Island. While China agreed that the boundary line should follow this direction as stipulated in the treaty, it cited modern legal norms and believed that the boundary line should pass through the main channel of the (boundary) river. Because the Kazakovich waterway is not navigable, the main channel should be on the north side of the island (on the Amur River). In this case, they will also be transferred to Chinese jurisdiction.

?However, unlike the uninhabited islands in the Abagatu area on the Ergun River, these islands are suitable and already inhabited, and they are of strategic significance because of their proximity to Khabarovsk. Russian representatives are talking about such a compromise model: the border issue on the Ergun River will be resolved according to China's statement, but in exchange, the border direction in the section near Khabarovsk should be determined according to Russia's suggestions. But unfortunately, China cannot accept such a plan for the time being. ?

From the above discussion, it is not difficult to see that Heixiazi Island (i.e. Bolshoy Ussurisky Island), Yinlong Island (i.e. Tarabarov Island) and Kaza separate them from the mainland of our country. The Cowichan waterway is at the center of the problem.

Heixiazi Island and Yinlong Island are currently under the actual jurisdiction of the Okhabarovsk Border District. With the end of the demarcation of the eastern section of the national border between China and Russia in accordance with the 1991 agreement, the authorities of the Khabarovsk Border Region are worried that the continued negotiations between Russia and China on the remaining individual border issues will make them lose control over the two islands. Jurisdiction, thus sparing no effort in promoting the following topics through the media.

First, the Heixiazi Island area is rich in natural resources and has an important geographical location. It has great economic and strategic significance for Khabarovsk, so it must not be allowed to fall into the hands of China.

In a long article published in the "Independent" on June 8, 2000, Yevgeny Galushko, a commentator in Khabarovsk's "Amur Region Gazette", commented on Heixiazi Island and The natural conditions of Yinlong Island are described in detail. 7 He wrote in the article:

? Big Ussurisky Island and Tarabarov Island are located near Khabarovsk, in the floodplain of the Amur River opposite the mouth of the Ussuri River. Together with the surrounding small islands, they form a fairly dense floodplain, including more than 50 islands. To the north is the main channel of the Amur River, and to the south is the tributary of the Amur River. The part of this tributary west of the confluence of the Ussuri River has the double name Kazhakovchevo (Amurskaya).

The total area of ??these islands is 350 square kilometers, together with the adjacent waters of 450 square kilometers. It covers an area larger than countries like Liechtenstein or Malta, and slightly smaller than Singapore.

?The natural resources on the island are rich and diverse. Land resources are of great value. 70% of the island's area can be used as cultivated land, mowing fields or pastures.

? Rare fur animals and water birds live on the island.

There are many kinds of fish in the Amur River and its tributaries as well as river beach lakes. There are often more fish species around the islands than in the entire Volga basin.

?These islands also have great entertainment and leisure significance. There are now about 15,000 fruit and vegetable gardens here, and thousands of citizens come here for sightseeing.

?The current development situation of the island is unbalanced, and the eastern part that is directly included in the urban area is more developed. A circular, flood-proof high dam was built around the fertile lowlands covering an area of ??61 square kilometers. The lowlands produce more than 4,000 tons of potatoes every year, can feed 1,500 cows in summer, and produce 1,700 tons of milk annually.

There are 10 farms on the island and several tourist bases for industrial enterprises in the city. On Veliky Ussurisky Island there are two villages with permanent residents. ?

Yuri Vasilyevich Yefimenko 8 has a discussion on the strategic significance of the above-mentioned islands. He wrote in an article10 published in the magazine "Far East Capital" on July 9, 2001:

The islands themselves do not belong to objects of global significance. The total area is more than 300 square kilometers and is often flooded. The total length is nearly 50 kilometers.

In the recent process of demarcating the border between Russia and China on the Amur River, Russia handed over to its neighbors much more islands in number and total area. ?However,? Big Ussurisky Island and Tarabarov Island are a dagger close to the throat of Khabarovsk. ?They, ?especially Bolshaya Ussurisky Island, are wedged into the urban area and reach the central part of the city. ?

?China’s real intention to covet Veliky Ussurisky Island and Tarabarov Island on the Amur River is directly related to the special geographical location of these islands. Acquiring these islands is almost a trump card in politics and military affairs. Even the platoon leader can tell you that stationed on these islands, with only ordinary shooting weapons, it is possible to block the shipping industry and the most important port business of Khabarovsk, and paralyze the city to a considerable extent. ?

On July 9, 2001, the Far East "News Time" daily published an article titled "Water Conservancy War with China", regarding the situation of Veliky Ussurisky Island and Tarabarov Island. The strategic significance has this description:

For Khabarovsk, which stretches 40 kilometers along the Amur River, these two islands are of strategic significance. A special defense area is deployed on Veliky Ussurisky Island. If the Chinese launch an attack, this defense area can contain the enemy in front of Khabarovsk within 45 seconds. Traversing Tarabarov Island are the routes of fighter jets of the 11th Army of the Air Force and Air Defense Force deployed in Khabarovsk. Civilian aircraft taking off from Khabarovsk Airport, the largest in the Far East, also flew over the island. If the island were to be transferred to China, all flights would require Chinese consent, and use of neighboring countries' airspace would require payment. In addition, there are many villas built on Tarabarov Island, some of which are owned by Khabarovsk social and political celebrities. ?

In an article published in the "Natural Resources Bulletin" on September 23, 2002, Gotvansky, a formal member of the Russian Geographical Association, described such a scene: In Khabarovsk Amur On the cliff by the river stands a statue of Muravyov, who signed the "Beijing Treaty". From here you can look out over the Amur River with its many tributaries and islands. Here, Gorshi asked a question to a citizen standing next to him: Do you think it is possible to hand over these islands to the Chinese? And the man answered without thinking: Whoever occupies these islands will occupy the Amur. River, and whoever occupies the Amur River occupies the Far East. ?Gorchi said how much he hoped that this remark could be heard by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Second, the shallowness of the Kazakovich Channel and its unnavigability are due to China's deliberate filling and obstruction of dredging.

In his article in the "Independent", Yevgeny Galushko described the shallowing of the Kazakovich channel and the reasons as follows:? From 1854 to 1975 In 2001, the Kazakovich waterway was in a relatively stable state. But in the past 20 years, the riverbed has changed dramatically, especially in the 55-60 km section.

?The tributary on the left side of the Kazakovich Channel used to be navigable. It was 500-600 meters wide in 1975. It was later silted up by silt and now shrinks to 40-60 meters, with a depth of no more than 1.5 meters. . The flow of water is one fortieth that of the right tributary Zmeika. The entrance to the left branch, where there used to be a channel, is now blocked by growing sand and is likely to be completely blocked in the near future.

? Land in China adjacent to waterways is being vigorously developed, especially in recent years. Most of the land is used for farming. (The Chinese) built 12 kilometers of dikes along the banks of the waterways to prevent fields from flooding. Its construction has had an impact on both the water flow and the river bed of the Kazakovich Channel, the extent of which has yet to be assessed.

?China does not comply with ecological constraints when conducting production activities. The clearing of the fields continued all the way to the shore. There is no water guard at all. Soil erosion from fields increases the turbidity of river water in waterways, which is contaminated with chemicals.

In the winter of 1997-1998, (Chinese people) transported sand and pebbles to the beach near the river bank, which had a negative impact on the ecology. By studying and observing the photos taken in the air during the flight, we found that the Chinese want to create artificial beaches, probably to create conditions for sediment accumulation and the formation of islands. The formed islands will be integrated with China's river banks in the future.

At the 40th meeting of the Russian-Chinese Mixed Committee on Boundary Navigation in the Amu Darya Basin held in Harbin in 1998 and the 41st meeting in Khabarovsk in 1999, China resolutely refused to A channel is set up on the Ika tributary. In this way, they unilaterally interrupted the possibility of navigation in the Kazakovich waterway. As a result, the waterway is now not officially considered navigable by any vessel because of China's position.

The agreement signed in September 1994 that Chinese ships traveling to and from the Amur and Ussuri rivers can bypass Khabarovsk is not conducive to Russia from an economic or ecological perspective. The political benefits are also questionable. ?The article mentioned above titled "Water Conservancy War with China" contains this passage: ?Russia and China will never be able to resolve the disputed Big Ussurisky Islands near Khabarovsk. The question of ownership of Tarabarov Island.

? Russia has successfully delayed the negotiation process for five years, while China, in order to make changes in national boundaries beneficial to itself, has been carrying out water conservancy work to change the Amur River bed year after year. The battleground for the water war is the Kazakovichevo channel that separates the two disputed islands from mainland China. The national border is determined by the course of the Amur River, so if the waterway dries up, the islands automatically belong to China.

? Water conservancy warfare had already begun during the Soviet period. (Both parties) carry out water conservancy projects on the river every year, digging deeper into the river bottom, strengthening the banks, and building dykes. Later, the Russians couldn't remember much about the water conservancy war, but the Chinese were still carrying out "sabotage activities". In recent years, the Chinese have built about 300 kilometers of dams on individual sections of the Amur River, aiming to artificially change the Amur River in a direction favorable to them, ignoring the devastating shallowing of the Kazakovichevo waterway. The course of this section of the waterway determines the boundary line, and to speed up the shallowing of the waterway, the Chinese sink barges filled with sand into the waterway year after year. ?

Local authorities in the Khabarovsk Territory in the Far East also took some "responsive" measures. The first was the establishment and construction of landmark buildings on Veliky Ussurisky Island. First, a cross was installed on the island in 1998, and then a chapel was built in one month during September-October 1999 at a record construction speed. The church was built based on the principle that the clearer it can be seen from the river bank of our country, the better. The 137-ton dome was transported to the island using a Ministry of Emergency Situations Mi-26 helicopter. 14The inscription on the church is "A single tree also becomes a forest". 15. At the groundbreaking ceremony of the church, Ishaev made brief remarks and emphasized: "The construction of the church once again proves that this is our land." ?The next step is to dam the water to increase the flow of the Kazakovich Channel.

Priamaya (original meaning in Russian is? Straight?) is a waterway that separates Veliky Ussurisky Island and Tarabarov Island and is connected with the main channel of Heilongjiang and Kazakvi A tributary connected by strange water channels. If this tributary is blocked, more water will flow to the Kazakovich Channel. Therefore, in the summer of 2001, the local authorities of Khabarovsk began organizing the construction of a dam on this tributary and it was completed in November of that year. This type of work is said to continue. The most important response measure taken by the Khabarovsk Territory authorities was to build a pontoon bridge connecting Heixiazi Island and the outskirts of Khabarovsk. Between July and August 2002, this 750-meter-long pontoon bridge with a load capacity of 60 tons was built in just one month with the support of many parties. The building materials for the bridge were transported by the Ministry of Transportation from Chita Prefecture to the Far East using about 500 trains. At Ishaev's personal request, Transport Minister Gennady Fadeev ordered that 7 million rubles in freight charges be waived. 18 President Putin personally ordered that the bridge construction work be completed by the Railway Corps. The construction of this bridge obviously had two purposes. The first is to provide convenience for Russia to increase the development of disputed islands and demonstrate its sovereignty; the second is to set up obstacles for Chinese ships in the navigation from the Heilongjiang River to the Ussuri River, forcing us to dredge the Kazakovich Waterway.

The demarcation of the eastern section of the Sino-Russian border was carried out in accordance with the "Boundary Agreement on the Eastern Sector of the Sino-Soviet Boundary" signed on May 26, 1991. However, the signing and implementation of the agreement triggered controversy and resistance in Russia. According to Victor Larin, director of the Institute of Far Eastern History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the fairness of the agreement itself and the legality of its signing, as well as the substance and content of the boundary agreements signed in the past, Who owned this or that piece of land historically? has become the subject of heated discussions. Local authorities in the Far East believed that the "agreement" harmed Russia's interests and therefore adopted a series of boycott measures. In addition to Nazdratenko and Isayev's statements expressing opposition to the implementation of the "Agreement", on April 22, 1995, the Primorsky District Duma made a decision to stop all border activities in the eastern sector of the border and requested the federal The authorities decided to re-examine the conditions for demarcation; the Legislative Assembly of the Jewish Autonomous Region also sent a letter to Moscow asking to reconsider the decision to transfer individual territories to China. According to Larin, Moscow's attitude at the time was that once the agreement was signed, it must be implemented, and that in order to maintain normal relations with China, some territory should be sacrificed, not to mention that it was illegally occupied by the Soviet Union. The position of local authorities is that these territories are of economic and strategic importance to Russia and giving them away would set a precedent for new territorial claims against Russia.

Although the Far East’s resistance has not had a major impact on the speed and nature of border demarcation, concerns from all walks of life in the Far East that my country will continue to make territorial claims to Russia still exist. Larin's following discussion can summarize this mentality. ?Those who support the demarcation of the border as soon as possible are prepared to sacrifice a small piece of land in the Far East to solve the big problem of Russia-China relations. This argument is unconvincing. It is useless to deceive themselves and the residents with the utopian idea that the Chinese will forget the lost land after demarcation. When Mao Zedong proposed territorial claims to the Soviet Union 30 years ago, there were no disputed areas on the Russia-China border. It seems naive to think that the territorial issue will be finally resolved in this century. You only have to look at the historical maps used to educate Chinese middle school students, look through the books on the history of the formation of China's northern border that were published after the signing of the border treaty of May 16, 1991, or interact with the Chinese who are developing the Primorsky and Amur regions exchange, you will not have much faith in the statements of our politicians and diplomats regarding the final settlement of the border issue.

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