Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Tourist attractions - What does WTO mean?
What does WTO mean?
The highest decision-making body of the WTO is the Council of Ministers, which meets at least once every two years. There is a general Council and a secretariat, which are responsible for the daily meetings and work of the WTO. The General Council consists of three councils, namely, trade in goods, trade in non-goods (trade in services) and intellectual property rights, and two committees, namely, trade, development and budget. The General Council also has a trade policy verification agency, which is responsible for supervising all committees and drafting national policy evaluation reports. Draft a policy evaluation report every two years for the United States, the European Union, Japan and Canada, every four years for the most developed 16 countries and every six years for developing countries. The court of appeal is responsible for arbitrating differences between members.
Compared with its predecessor, GATT, the WTO covers trade in goods, services and intellectual property rights, while GATT knowledge is used for trade in goods.
WTO is an international trade organization, whose purpose is to handle disputes arising from trade activities of various countries fairly and justly, and to establish a healthy international trade order of equality and mutual benefit. However, in the case of the use of hormones in beef exported by the United States to the European Union, it is not difficult to find that despite the continuous improvement of WTO rules and regulations, there are still many countries and economies, for various reasons, looking for various excuses and not complying with trade terms. Although some authoritative certification bodies can prove that the traded products fully meet the requirements through experiments and other methods, traders will still control trade through other factors.
basic concept
● The core of ●WTO: promoting trade liberalization.
fundamental principle
● Non-discrimination principle-mainly embodied in MFN treatment and national treatment, that is, there can be neither internal nor external differences.
● The principle of transparency-that is, all member countries are required to publish administrative regulations, rules and policies and measures related to trade in services, so that policies can be predictable and other members can understand the legal environment of member countries.
● The principle of fair competition-unfair trade means (dumping and subsidies, etc.). ) not allowed to participate in the competition.
● Principle of unification of legal system-local laws and regulations should be consistent with the commitment of the central authorities.
Rights and obligations of our country
● Rights: Most-favored-nation treatment provided by all WTO members; National treatment provided by all WTO members; Directly participate in the formulation of new rules of international multilateral trade; Ensure a stable, transparent and predictable multilateral trading system.
:: Obligation: to observe the principle of non-discrimination; Gradually reduce tariffs to the level of developing countries; Gradually open service trade; Abolish and stop the implementation of laws, regulations and rules that contravene the rules of the World Trade Organization. Accept the relevant deliberations of the WTO.
China's commitment to education
1The Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations, which started in September 1986, put service trade on the agenda for the first time. Education is one of the major categories of 12 service trade. Education service trade, like other services, has four service delivery modes: cross-border delivery, consumption abroad, commercial presence and natural person flow. Before 2000, among the 65,438+028 WTO members at that time, 30 members concluded trade agreements on education services, but their commitments to education services were different.
China's commitment to education service after China's entry into WTO is partial. The specific content of the commitment is that special fields such as army, police, politics and party school, and compulsory education are not included, that is, the above fields are not open to the outside world. In addition to the above-mentioned special fields and compulsory education, we have made commitments in five special projects, such as primary school, middle school, higher education, adult education and other educational services, and allowed foreign parties to provide educational services for me. In the way of providing educational services, there is no commitment to provide educational services across borders; There are no restrictions on overseas education consumption; Allow business to exist, that is, allow Chinese-foreign cooperation in running schools, but not necessarily give national treatment; With regard to the movement of natural persons, it is promised that overseas personal education service providers with certain qualifications will come to China to provide education services at the invitation of China schools or educational institutions. Therefore, the educational service commitment made by China after its entry into WTO will make China's education face many new situations.
China's basic view on education commitment can be summarized as 2 13 1 1.
● 2 Excluding compulsory education and special education services (such as military, police, political and party school education).
● No commitment-there is no commitment of market access and national treatment under the cross-border delivery mode (therefore, China can completely decide the opening scale of foreign institutions to provide educational services to China citizens through distance education, which is not bound by the WTO agreement). Cross-border delivery of educational services means that education providers and students are not mobile, and education and training are realized through the Internet or distance courses in their respective countries.
● Three certificates-(1) allow Sino-foreign cooperation in running schools, and the foreign party can obtain a majority stake, but it does not promise national treatment; (2) Allow consumption abroad; (3) Allow natural persons to move and conditionally promise national treatment.
● One-time pricing-Primary, secondary and higher education services are priced at * * *.
● None-Education has no transition period.
2WTO
WTO
The World Tourism Organization is an international tourism organization of the United Nations system. Its predecessor was the International Official Tourism Union, later renamed as 1975, and its headquarters was in Madrid, Spain.
1925 The General Assembly of the International Official Tourism Association was held in The Hague, the Netherlands, from May 4 to 9. 1934, the International Federation of Official Tourism Publicity Organizations was formally established in The Hague. 1946 65438+1October 1-4, the first international conference of national tourism organizations was held in London. 1947 10 At the second international conference of national tourism organizations held in Paris in June, it was decided to formally establish the International Federation of Official Tourism Organizations, with its headquarters in London.195/kloc-0 moved to Geneva in June and is now located in Madrid, Spain. 1969, the United Nations General Assembly approved its change to * * * organization.
The purpose of the organization is to promote and develop tourism, making it conducive to economic development, international understanding, peace and prosperity, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, regardless of race, sex, language or religious beliefs. And stressed that in achieving this goal, we should pay special attention to the interests of developing countries in tourism.
Published publications include World Tourism Organization Information; Tourism development report (policies and trends); Yearbook of Tourism Statistics; Handbook of Tourism Statistics; Tourism and tourism trends.
1975 In May, the World Tourism Organization recognized People's Republic of China (PRC) as the sole legal representative of China. 198310105, the fifth meeting of the organization adopted a resolution to admit China as a full member of the organization and become its106th full member. 1987 In September, at the seventh plenary session, China was elected as a member of the Executive Committee of the organization for the first time, and was also elected as a member of the Statistical Committee and vice chairman of the Asia-Pacific Regional Committee. 199 1, re-elected as a member of the executive Committee of the organization.
3WTO = Warsaw Treaty Organization
Warsaw Treaty/Pact (1955-1991)
The Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania and Albania signed the Warsaw Treaty against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization on May 1955. On June 4th, the Treaty came into effect, and the Warsaw Treaty Organization was formally established with its headquarters in Moscow. The treaty also provides for the establishment of a joint command of the armed forces, with the commander-in-chief and chief of staff always held by the Soviet Union. Warsaw Treaty Organization is a tool for the Soviet Union to control eastern European countries and compete with the United States for world hegemony. 1968 In August, the Soviet Union sent troops to occupy Czechoslovakia in the name of Warsaw Treaty Organization. Albania announced its withdrawal from Warsaw Treaty Organization in September of the same year. In the early 1990s, with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Treaty Organization also disintegrated.
World toilet organization-World toilet organization
Speaking of WTO, many people are familiar with it. But few people know that there is more than one WTO in the world. In addition to the well-known World Trade Organization, there is also a "WTO" with a toilet cover: the World Toilet Organization, also referred to as WTO.
World Toilet Organization is a non-organization, which was founded on 200 1. Co-founded by Singapore Toilet Association, Japanese Toilet Association, Korean Toilet Cleaning Association and China Taiwan Province Toilet Association, headquartered in Singapore. The World Toilet Organization is committed to the global toilet culture and advocates the cleanliness, comfort and health of toilets. At present, it has 17 members (as of 2004, 1 1).
According to the figures provided by the World Toilet Organization, everyone goes to the toilet about 6 to 8 times a day, which is about 2,500 times a year. Counting, people spend about two years in the toilet. Going to the toilet is really a great event in everyone's life. It is by no means a mountain out of a molehill to set up an international organization to discuss the toilet problem of 6 billion people.
All kinds of foreign toilets
The World Toilet Organization hopes that through their efforts, it can improve the sanitary conditions of people who account for 40% of the world but have never used a flush toilet. In 200 1 year, the World Toilet Organization held its first toilet summit in Singapore, and the toilet problem, which has been difficult to be elegant, finally attracted the attention of the whole world for the first time.
The meeting discussed a wide range of issues related to toilets, including toilet design, hygiene and comfort, as well as solving the problems of excreta pollution and toilet shortage in developing countries. For the first time, the toilet issue can finally enter the high-level conference hall like a trade issue. The meeting decided that165438+1October 19 every year would be World Toilet Day.
The 2002 Toilet Summit was held in South Korea, which has the best toilets in the world, but the cost of maintaining and building toilets is also the highest. The meeting place in 2003 was in Taibei, China.
June, 5438+October, 20021October Beijing won the right to host the 4th World Toilet Summit. In 2004, the annual World Toilet Summit was held in Beijing on June, 65438+10/October, 65438+July. The meeting will issue a declaration of the World Toilet Summit.
Benefits of joining the WTO
1 will further stimulate the people's demand for education.
2. It is to promote China's education to further open to the outside world and learn from foreign experience better.
3. It is conducive to attracting overseas funds and high-quality educational resources, supplementing the shortage of educational resources in China and promoting the development of education;
4. It is to introduce a new competition mechanism in the field of education, promote the deepening of China's education reform, and make China's education better adapt to the requirements of the socialist market economy and conform to the trend of world education development;
5. It puts forward higher requirements for administration according to law and promotes the improvement of teaching according to law.
1. World Trade Organization;
2. World Tourism Organization (WTO);
3. Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO);
4. World Toilet Organization.
Generally speaking, WTO refers to 1. World Trade Organization.
The World Trade Organization was established in 1995 65438+ 10/. Headquartered in Geneva, it is a permanent international organization independent of the United Nations. Its purpose is: to promote economic and trade development, so as to improve living standards, ensure full employment, and ensure the growth of real income and effective demand; According to the goal of sustainable development, make rational use of world resources and expand commodity production and services; Reach a mutually beneficial agreement, substantially reduce and eliminate tariffs and other trade barriers, and eliminate discriminatory treatment in international trade.
What does wto mean? World Trade Organization (WTO)1April, 1994 15 The Ministerial Meeting of Uruguay Round of GATT held in Marrakech, Morocco, decided to establish a more global World Trade Organization (WTO) to replace GATT, which was established in 1947.
World Trade Organization
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