Report on the Great Wall

The Great Wall, also known as the "Great Wall", is the collective name for the large-scale military projects built by ancient China at different times to resist the invasion of the nomadic tribe alliance in northern Saibei. It is also the crystallization of the great power and wisdom of the Chinese nation.

According to historical documents, there are three dynasties that built the Great Wall with a length of more than 5,000 kilometers: one is the Great Wall built by Qin Shihuang in the west from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east; the other is the Great Wall built in the Han Dynasty that starts from the Hexi Corridor in the west. The Great Wall from Liaodong in the east is more than 10,000 kilometers long. The ruins of these Great Walls are distributed in more than 10 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in my country today, including Beijing, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Xinjiang, Tianjin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan and Shandong.

Due to the long history, most of the Great Walls in the early dynasties are incomplete. The Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty is relatively intact. Therefore, the Great Wall that people generally talk about mainly refers to the Ming Great Wall. The so-called Great Wall is Length also refers to the length of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty. The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty started from Jiayuguan in the west and ended at the Yalu River in the east.

The State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping jointly announced on April 18, 2009

Traditional Chinese Painting of the Great Wall—Tan Hongjing’s Works (6 photos)

The east side of the Ming Great Wall It starts from Hushan in Liaoning and ends at Jiayuguan in Gansu in the west. It travels from east to west through 156 counties in ten provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) including Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai. The total length is 8851.8 kilometers. It passes through 359.7 kilometers of trenches and 2232.5 kilometers of natural hazards.

The State Administration of Cultural Heritage announced at the Juyongguan Great Wall in Beijing on June 5, 2012 that after nearly five years of investigation, the total length of the Great Wall in China is 21,196.18 kilometers, distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, There are 43,721 Great Wall heritage sites in 15 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions including Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai, including Great Wall walls, trenches, individual buildings, forts and related facilities. This is the first time in China that the total length of the Great Wall has been measured scientifically and systematically. The State Administration of Cultural Heritage released survey data on the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty for the first time in 2009. The total length of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty in China was 8851.8 kilometers. This survey and identification of the Great Wall not only identified the length of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, but also conducted a survey of the resources of the Great Wall in the Qin, Han and other eras. [1]

Construction methods

The other side of the Great Wall - the stone Great Wall (Dajingmen)

In the long history of the Great Wall in China, many In order to consolidate their rule, the feudal dynasty built it many times. Thousands of working people in ancient my country contributed their wisdom and blood and sweat to it, making it a wonder of the world. Whether it's a dragon-like city wall or a brick-making workshop with a streamlined production process and a more scientific approach. As a result, the output of brick products has greatly increased, and bricks are no longer a precious building material. Therefore, the inner and outer eaves of the Great Wall in many places in the Ming Dynasty were built with huge bricks. At that time, when construction was all done by hand and construction materials were transported manually, bricks with small weight and the same size were used to build city walls. This not only facilitated construction, but also improved the construction rate and construction level. Secondly, the gates of many passes were often built with long-span arches using blue bricks. Some of these blue bricks have been severely weathered, but the entire city gate still stands majestically, showing the superb skills of building arches at that time. Judging from the architectural decoration on the gate towers of the pass, we can see that the production techniques of many stone and brick carvings are extremely complex and delicate, reflecting the unique artistic talent of the craftsmen at that time.

The wall is the main part of the city wall, with an average height of 7.8 meters, and some sections are as high as 14 meters. Wherever the hills are steep, they are built lower.

The Great Wall (12 photos)

Where flat places are built, they are built higher; important places are higher, and ordinary places are lower. . The wall is the main part of the defense against enemies. Its total thickness is relatively wide, with the base width being 6.5 meters. The average width of the floor on the wall is also 5.8 meters, ensuring that two baggage carriages can run in parallel. The wall consists of an outer eaves wall and an inner eaves wall, filled with earth and gravel. The outer eaves wall refers to the side of the outer wall facing outside the city. When constructing, there is an obvious cut-off point, which is generally 125% of the wall height. The contraction of the wall can increase the width of the lower part of the wall, enhance the stability of the wall, strengthen its defensive performance, and make the outer wall majestic. The inner eaves wall refers to the inner side of the outer wall. There is generally no obvious cut-off during construction, and it is constructed into a vertical wall. Regarding the thickness of the outer eaves wall, it is generally based on the thickness of the wall at the "crement". Here The thickness is generally one and a half bricks wide, and depending on the ratio of points, the thickness becomes thicker as you go down. The brick laying method is mainly flat laying.

The structural content of the wall is determined according to local climate conditions. Overall, the construction methods of the Great Wall include the following types:

1. Build rammed earth walls;

2. Walls built with adobe;

3. Green bricks

The Great Wall (20 photos)

Building walls;

4. Stone walls;

5. Mixed masonry construction;

6. Strips of stone;

7. Dirt connects bricks.

City walls are built using bricks, stones, or mixed masonry. When the slope of the terrain is small, the bricks or strips of stone are parallel to the terrain. When the slope of the terrain is large, Then use the horizontal falling method to build masonry.

Beacons

There are a large number of beacons (beacon towers) set up in the Great Wall system as an information transmission system. The high platform used to light fireworks to convey important messages in ancient times was an important military defense facility in ancient times and the oldest but effective native telegraph. The beacon tower was built to prevent enemy invasion. If there was an enemy situation, smoke would be fired during the day and lighted at night. The towers would be connected to each other to convey messages. According to historical documents, unearthed Han bamboo slips and field investigations, we know that there are many beacons and they extend far beyond the Great Wall. According to the location and function of the beacons, they can be divided into four groups: the beacon towers located deep in the desert are the frontline for issuing warnings, the beacon towers set up along both sides of the Great Wall transmit information along the line, and the series leading from the Great Wall to the capital The beacon towers were connected to the central government of the dynasty, and a group of beacon towers were connected to the local governments and garrisons near where the Great Wall was located. According to the system of the Ming Dynasty, raising one smoke and firing one cannon indicated the arrival of about 100 enemies; raising two smokes and firing two cannons indicated the arrival of about 500 enemies; raising three smokes and firing three cannons indicated the arrival of more than 1,000 enemies. Along the 50 kilometers of the Great Wall, *** discovered more than 80 beacon towers, with an average distance of about 3 kilometers apart, and the farthest one was no more than 5 kilometers. "Beacon fire", there are two signals for border alarm in ancient times. Setting off smoke during the day is called "beacon", and raising fire at night is called "feng".

The beacon towers were built earlier than the Great Wall, but since the emergence of the Great Wall, the beacon towers along the Great Wall have been closely integrated with the Great Wall and become an important part of the Great Wall's defense system. Some are even built on the Great Wall. On the Great Wall, especially in the Han Dynasty, the court attached great importance to the construction of beacon towers. Beacon fire, also called beacon fire, is an ancient military intelligence and police measure. That is, when the enemy invades during the day, smoke (beacon) is lit, and when the enemy invades at night, fire (flint) is lit to alert all parties and superiors with visible smoke and light. In the Han Dynasty, the beacon tower was called Fenghou (beacon watch) and Pavilion Sui. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was called beacon tower, and the word "beacon tower" was also extended to beacon tower. In the Ming Dynasty, it was generally called Yandun or pier (Northwestern Ming Dynasty pier The big ones also have the function of fending off enemies, while the small ones only have the function of beaconing fire without any hope). The beacon towers are generally about 10 miles apart, and some were about 5 miles apart in the Ming Dynasty. When the soldiers guarding the towers discovered that the enemy was invading, they immediately lit the beacons on the towers. The neighboring towers followed suit after seeing the enemy, so that the enemy's situation could be quickly conveyed to Military central department.

Geological Form

"Due to terrain, use danger to control blockades." This is an important experience in building the Great Wall. It was affirmed by Qin Shihuang, and then Sima Qian wrote it into

The Great Wall

In "Historical Records", every subsequent dynasty built the Great Wall in accordance with this principle. Whenever a Guancheng pass is built, it is always chosen between two mountains and canyons, or at the turning point of a river, or at a place where plains and rivers must pass. This can not only control the dangerous points, but also save manpower and materials, so as to achieve the goal of "one man is responsible for the pass". , the effect of "no one can open it". Building castles or beacon towers is also chosen in dangerous places. As for building city walls, they made full use of the terrain. For example, the Great Walls at Juyongguan and Badaling were built along the backs of mountains. Some sections looked very steep from the outside of the city wall, while the inside was very gentle, making it easy to defend but difficult to attack. "The effect. In Liaoning, the Great Wall in Liaodong Town in the Ming Dynasty had a type of wall called steep mountain wall or split gable wall, which used steep cliffs and slightly chipped them to form the Great Wall. There are also some places that completely use cliffs, rivers and lakes as natural barriers, which can be said to be an ingenious workmanship. The Great Wall, as a great project, has become a precious heritage of the Chinese nation.

On June 25, 2001, the Great Wall, as an ancient building from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Ming Dynasty, was approved by the State Council to be included in the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units, and is a national 5A-level building.

Main Passes

Badaling Great Wall

Great Wall Pass, Jiayuguan Pass, Shanhaiguan Pass, Juyong Pass, Yumen Pass, Jingxing Pass, Niangzi Pass, Yanmen Pass, Piantou Pass, Pingxing Pass, Gubeikou, Xifengkou, Yulinsai, Huangya Pass, Waqiao Pass, Hushan Great Wall, Yafu Pass, Niuzhuang City, Fenshui Pass, Ningyuan City, Yangguan, Pingdingbaocheng, Qingyang Pass, Xin'an Pass , Zhenyuanguan, Jinzhou City, Mashuikou, Daomaguan, Jiumenmenkou, Laolongtou, Dongjiakou, Liujiakou, Malanguan, Xinkou, Chajianlingguan, Jinshanling, Dushikou, Zhangjiakou, Mashikou, Yangtze Fangbaoguan, Shuikou Pass, Zijing Pass, Xuanhua City, Santunying, Sandao Pass, Damaoshan Pass, Yiyuankou, Jielingkou, Chongyukou, Xuliukou, Lengkou Pass, Baiyangyu Pass, Qingshan Pass, Tiemeng Pass, Panjiakou, Longjing Pass, Hongshankou, Shangguan, Changyukou, Langwogoukou, Xinhekou, Baishikou Pass, Futuyu Pass, Wulonggou Pass, Feihukou, Widow Tower, Simatai, Mutianyu Pass, Yanhe City, Jiangjun Pass, Baima Pass, Lupi Pass, Hefangkou, Lianhuachi Pass, Huanghuacheng Pass, Bangdaokou Pass, Jiukong Tower, Sihai Yekou, Juyansai Ancient City, Jilu Sai, Gaoque Sai, Datong City, Shahukou, Weilubaokou, Jinsuoguan, Huangzeguan, Huangyuguan, Beiloukou, Ningwuguan, Liminbaokou, Deshengkou, Zhenhongbao mouth, Pingyuan Fort, Xinping Fort, Baoping Fort, Huamen Fort, Wayaokou Fort, Zhenning Fort, Zhenkou Fort, Shoukou Fort, Zhenbian Fort, Zhenchuan Fort, Hongcibaokou, Zhenqiang Fort entrance, Juqiang Fort entrance, Shumen Fort entrance, Zhuma Fort entrance, Polu Fort entrance, Baoan Fort entrance, Ninglu Fort entrance, Pohu Fort entrance, Canhu Fort entrance, Ma Bao entrance, Yunshi Fort entrance , Shaojiabao Entrance, Dahe Fort Entrance, Baihu Fort Entrance, Yingen Fort Entrance, Zuhu Fort Entrance, Jiangjunhui Fort, Yajiao Mountain, Laoying Fort, Hongmenkou, Laoniuwan Fort, Yangfangkou, Baicao Pass , Guangwucheng, Beiloukou, Langyakou, Longquan Pass, Guguan, Hedu Lingkou, Malingguan, Zhiguolingkou, Junji Pass, Wuqi Qin Great Wall, the southern starting point of Wei Great Wall, Dingbian City, Gao Jiabao, Zhenbeitai, Hancheng Wei Great Wall, Huangfuchuan Fort, Qi Great Wall.

2 Existing Sites

Badaling Great Wall

Badaling Great Wall (17 photos)

In 1961, the State Council determined that Badaling Pass and the city wall were National key cultural relics protection unit. In 1984, under Comrade Deng Xiaoping's initiative of "Love China, Build the Great Wall", the ancient Xiongguan was given a new look, and 19 towers were restored. The total length of the city wall was 3,741 meters, bringing the total tourist area to 19,000 square meters. In 1986, Badaling was rated as one of the sixteen scenic spots in New Beijing. In 1987, the United Nations accepted the Great Wall as a "World Cultural Heritage". In August 1991, Badaling, as the essence of the Great Wall, received the Human Cultural Heritage Certificate from UNESCO at the Palace Museum in Beijing. In December 1991, at the naming conference for the selection of China's top 40 tourist attractions held in Zhuhai (94 candidate attractions nationwide, 480,000 valid votes were collected), Badaling was famous for its attractions and received an absolute majority of 370,000 votes. , becoming the first among the top 40 tourist attractions in China.

The Badaling Great Wall is located in Yanqing, Beijing. It is the most representative section of the Ming Great Wall and the outpost of Juyongguan. It has an altitude of 1,015 meters and a dangerous terrain. It has always been a battleground for military strategists. It was an important military pass and pass in the Ming Dynasty. An important barrier for the capital Beijing. Climb up the Great Wall here and have a commanding view of the magnificent scenery of the mountains. So far, more than 300 celebrities, including Obama, Nixon, and Margaret Thatcher, have visited here. Badaling Scenic Area is famous for its magnificent landscape, complete facilities and profound cultural and historical connotations. Known in history as one of the Nine Fortresses in the World, it is the essence of the Great Wall and is uniquely representative among the Great Walls of the Ming Dynasty. Badaling Great Wall Museum is a comprehensive museum with the theme of the Great Wall, which comprehensively reflects the history, politics, military, economy and culture of the Great Wall. The Great Wall Museum of China is located outside the Badaling Pass and was completed and opened in 1994. There are 9 exhibition halls in the whole museum, with an exhibition area of ??more than 3,000 square meters. There are many special topics on display, among which "The Great Wall through the Past Dynasties" shows the basic context of the creation and development of the Great Wall; "The Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty" and "Construction of Armaments" show the origin and process of building the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, the setting and distribution of military towns, and the architectural structure of the Great Wall and the layout and equipment of weapons and defense facilities; "Economic and Cultural Exchanges" reproduce the historical fact of long-term common development, mutual exchange and integration of all ethnic groups inside and outside the Great Wall; "Treasure House of National Art" shows that the Great Wall is the traditional culture and art of the Chinese nation for thousands of years The culmination of "Love China, Build the Great Wall" shows the country's care and protection for the Great Wall.

Mutianyu Great Wall

Mutianyu Great Wall[2] is located in Huairou District and is one of the New Sixteen Scenic Spots in Beijing. Connected to the Juyongguan Great Wall to the west and Gubeikou to the east, the open 2,250-meter section of the Great Wall is characterized by crenellations on both sides of the Great Wall, especially the three watchtowers at Zhengguantai standing side by side, and the famous Great Wall landscape arrow buckles.

Mutianyu Great Wall (6 photos)

Niujiaobian, Eagle flying upside down, etc. are located at the western end of Mutianyu Great Wall and are the essence of the Great Wall. The Mutianyu Great Wall is a mountainous area with a vegetation coverage rate of over 90%. The Mutianyu Great Wall is equipped with the first-class cable car in the country, and has developed projects such as the Chinese Dream Stone City and the Shibid Slide, forming an organic combination of Great Wall culture, stone culture, sports, fitness and entertainment. Former British Prime Minister John Major, former US President Clinton and many other foreign heads of state visited Mutianyu. In 1992, it was rated as the best tourist destination in the world in Beijing. It was rated as a 4A-level scenic spot in 2002[3].

Due to its very important geographical location, Mutianyu Pass has been a military fortress guarding Beijing since ancient times. This section of the Great Wall connects Juyongguan in Changping County, Beijing, to the west, and Gubeikou, Miyun County, Beijing, to the east. It was built in the Ming Dynasty as the eastern section of Huanghua Town, the north gate of the capital. It has been known as the northern barrier to protect the capital and the imperial mausoleums since ancient times. It is one of the important passes. It is known as the "dangerous mountain pass".

Simatai Great Wall

The Simatai Great Wall, which has five unique characteristics: "dangerous, dense, strange, clever and complete", is located in the east of Miyun County, Beijing

Simatai Great Wall (19 photos)

It is located in Gubeikou Town in the north, 120 kilometers away from Beijing. It starts from Wangjing Tower in the east and ends at Houchuankou in the west, with a total length of 5.4 kilometers and 35 watchtowers. The entire section of the Great Wall is exquisitely conceived, unique in design, novel in structure and different in shape. It can be called the essence of the Great Wall. Professor Luo Zhewen, a famous Great Wall expert, praised: The Great Wall of China is the best in the world, and the Simatai Great Wall is the best in China. The Simatai Great Wall was included in the World Heritage List in 1987 and is a national key cultural relic protection unit. It is the only ancient architectural site in my country that retains its original appearance from the Ming Dynasty.

Gubeikou Great Wall

Gubeikou Great Wall is the most complete Great Wall in the history of China

Old Anti-Japanese War Photos of Gubeikou Great Wall (11 photos)

The entire Great Wall system. It is composed of the Great Wall of the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty, including four sections: Wohu Mountain, Panlong Mountain, Jinshanling and Simatai. Gubeikou is the Great Wall fortress between Shanhaiguan and Juyongguan. It is the throat of the Liaodong Plain and Inner Mongolia to the Central Plains. It has always been a battleground for military strategists, especially in the five dynasties of Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing. The battles for Gubeikou, large and small, have never stopped, so the role of the Great Wall has become particularly important.

Jiankou Great Wall

Jiankou Great Wall

Jiankou Great Wall is located in Badaohe Township, northwest of Huairou County, on the outskirts of Beijing, about 30 kilometers away from Huairou County, with mountainous terrain It is very varied, and the Great Wall on the dangerous peaks and cliffs also looks more majestic and dangerous. The Jiankou Great Wall is so named because the entire section of the Great Wall winds in a W shape, resembling a bow full of arrows. The Jiankou Great Wall is one of the most famous and dangerous sections of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty. It is the most photographed section in various Great Wall albums in recent years and has always been a hot spot for Great Wall photography.

The Jiankou Great Wall is the most precipitous and majestic section of the Great Wall in Beijing. It is heavily naturally weathered and has no artificial modifications. The Oil Basket Top, General Guarding the Pass, Ladder to Heaven, Eagle Flying Upside Down, Jiuyan Tower, Beijing Jie to Wangjing Tower stretch for more than 20 kilometers, fully demonstrating the thrill, danger, strangeness, uniqueness and uniqueness of the Great Wall, allowing you to appreciate the original flavor ancient Great Wall landscape.

Other Great Walls

Jinshanling Great Wall

The Jinshanling Great Wall is located in the Yanshan Mountains at the junction of Miyun County and Luanping County, Hebei, 140 kilometers away from Beijing. It starts from Longyukou in the west and ends at Wangjing Tower in the east, with a total length of 10.5 kilometers. There are 67 enemy towers with different buildings along the line, 2 beacon towers, and 5 large and small passes. The enemy towers on the Great Wall here are densely packed, usually 50-100 meters each. The wall is based on huge rocks, 5-8 meters high, and has There are horse-blocking walls, stacked walls and barrier walls, all in various forms and with their own characteristics. It is known as "the Great Wall of China, the only beautiful mountain in Jinshan".

Shanhaiguan Great Wall

Shanhaiguan Great Wall is where the Great Wall enters the sea. The Great Wall currently in Shanhaiguan is 26 kilometers long, mainly

Shanhaiguan (20 photos)

including: Laolongtou Great Wall, South Wing Great Wall Guancheng Great Wall, North Wing Great Wall, and Jiaoshan Great Wall , Sandaoguan Great Wall and Jiumenmen Great Wall and other areas. Laolongtou Great Wall is the end part of the Great Wall that enters the sea. It has a high reputation as the "Soul of China".

Shanhaiguan City consists of seven castles: Guancheng, Dongluo City, Xiluo City, South Wing City, North Wing City, Weiyuan City and Ninghai City. It is surrounded by seven castles with a length of 4769 meters, a height of 11.6 meters, The city wall is more than 10 meters thick, tall, solid and majestic. There are four city gates in the east, west, south and north, turrets in the southeast and northeast corners of the city, and a majestic bell and drum tower in the middle of the city. The entire Acropolis has a magnificent building scale and solid defense projects. Shanhaiguan is the product of the "Guardian Military System" created in the Ming Dynasty. The "field system" and reform policies of the Ming Dynasty played an important role in the consolidation and development of Shanhaiguan.

Jiayuguan Great Wall

Jiayuguan Great Wall is the starting point of the western end of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall. It was built in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1372). It is the most complete city gate and the first pass in Hexi. It is also the silk An important stop on the road. The city gate is a complete defense system composed of inner city, outer city and moat. The city gates we saw were mainly inner city, made of rammed loess and covered with city bricks, making it strong and majestic. The city walls at both ends of the city gate cross the Gobi, and you can feel the desolation of the lonely city in the desert.

In the southwest corner of Jiayuguan City, it is named after it was built at the foot of Jiayuguan Mountain. It is the western end of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty and was built in 1372. The city wall is trapezoidal in plan, covering an area of ??more than 33,500 square meters, with a total length of 733 meters and a height of 11.7 meters. The tower is symmetrical in the east and west, with three bays in width and corridors around it. The three-story resting top is 17 meters high and is majestic. There are turrets on the four corners of Guancheng, two stories high, shaped like a bunker. Looking from a distance from the Dengguan Tower, you can have a panoramic view of the scenery outside the village.

Hushan Great Wall

Hushan Great Wall is located in the Hushan Scenic Area on the bank of the Yalu River, 15 kilometers east of Dandong City, Liaoning. The main peak of Hushan is 146.3m high. The summit is the first beacon tower of the Great Wall.

Standing on the beacon tower and looking around, you can clearly see Uiju in North Korea, Mashi Shazhou in China, and the Yalu River Bridge connecting Dandong and Sinuiju.

Jiumenmen Great Wall

It is located in Xintaizi Village, Lijia Village, Suizhong County, Liaoning Province, 15 kilometers away from Shanhaiguan, with a total length of 1,704 meters. Its southern end starts from the cliffs of Wei Peak and connects with the Great Wall coming from the direction of Shanhaiguan. Since then, the Great Wall has extended northward along the ridge to the south bank of the local Jiujiang River. A huge bridge across the river has been built on the Jiujiang River, which is up to 100 meters wide, so as to meander north among the mountains. "The city walks on the water, and the water flows in the city." This is how people describe the Jiumenmen Great Wall.

Datong Great Wall

Datong was one of the nine important towns in the Ming Dynasty and had an important strategic position. The Great Wall of Datong was built during the Jiajing period by Weng Wanda, the governor of Xuanda. The Great Wall of Datong Town starts from Zhenkootai, Tianzhen County in the east and ends at Yajiao Mountain (now Qingshuihezi, Inner Mongolia) in the west, with a total length of 335 kilometers. According to the statistics of "Sanyun Cao Zu Kao·Datong General Town Illustration", Datong Town has successively built 516.3 miles of large and two sides; 72 castles (20 cities and 52 forts); 776 border towns; and 833 fire road piers. It is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shanxi Province.

Juyong Pass

Juyong Pass, known as "the most majestic pass in the world", is one of the oldest and most famous passes on the Great Wall. Its architectural scale

The Great Wall (2 photos)

is so large and profound in cultural connotation that it can be regarded as the most completed construction of the Great Wall in my country. Juyongguan is located in the Guangou Canyon 48 kilometers northwest of Beijing. There is a temple sandwiched between two mountains, with a steep mountain shape and a flowing water. The Great Wall winds around the mountain, and the towers at the foot of the mountain are majestic. There are temples, offices, pavilions and warehouses in Guancheng. The red walls, green tiles and oil paintings complement each other. The canyon where Guancheng is located belongs to the mountainous area of ??the military capital of the Taihang Mountains. It is famous for its dangers. It has the tendency of "one man can guard the pass, but ten thousand people cannot open it". Juyongguan is not only a dangerous terrain, but also has pleasant scenery. Here there are overlapping mountains, long streams, lush vegetation and pleasant scenery. With its numerous cultural relics and magnificent natural landscapes, it adds another tourist attraction to the Great Wall and the capital Beijing. The literati of the past dynasties left many praising poems here. Emperor Qianlong also personally mentioned the four words "Juyong Pincui" here, which became the first of the famous "Eight Scenic Spots of Yanshan".

Dajingmen Great Wall

Dajingmen Great Wall is located in the urban area of ??Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province. It is the only pass in the Great Wall named after a gate. Great Wall Four

Dajingmen Great Wall

One of the major passes. The Dajingmen Great Wall was built during the Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty. It is located between the towering East and West Taiping Mountains. It is the key pass of the Great Wall and the key to the border pass. The door wall of Dajingmen is 12 meters high, 13 meters long at the bottom and 9 meters wide. On the west side is the Xijing Gate (Xiaojing Gate) built during the Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty. The scenic area includes the West Taiping Mountain Great Wall Park, Laiyuan Fort, Xiaojingmen, Guandi Temple, Erlang Temple, Shanshen Temple, and many other historical sites of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is the "first gate of the Great Wall of China".

The Great Wall of the Tang Dynasty

The Mudanjiang Border Wall of the Great Wall of the Tang Dynasty was included in the World Cultural Heritage List

In 2007, the State Council officially included the three sections of the Mudanjiang River Border Wall, the site of the Great Wall of China, on the World Cultural Heritage List. As part of the China Great Wall Resource Survey Project, this means that the Mudanjiang Border Wall, known as the "Great Wall of the Tang Dynasty", is also the first project in Mudanjiang City and even Heilongjiang Province to be included in the World Cultural Heritage List.

The Mudanjiang Border Wall is a defense system built during the Bohai Period to defend against the Blackwater Mohe in the north. It is a military defense project of the same nature as the Great Wall of China. After investigation, it was discovered that the Mudanjiang border wall is about 100 kilometers long and consists of three sections. A 50-kilometer-long section of the Mudanjiang Border Wall is located on the Sandaoguan line. It starts from the main peak of Xigou Beishan in Jiangxi Village in the east, winds and stretches to the northwest, and ends at the north slope of Xidalizi. The second section of the Mudanjiang Border Wall is 30 kilometers long and is located in the eastern section of the Ning'an River. It starts from the right bank where Mudanjiang turns north in Ning'an Town, turns to the southeast towards Laohudonggou and continues to develop. The survey ends at the east side of the Ning'an Fine Breed Farm. The third section of the Mudanjiang Border Wall is 20 kilometers long and is located in Jingbo Lake. It starts from the lakeside on the opposite side of the city wall, crosses Lakeside Mountain, crosses National Highway 201, and develops southeastward on the southeast side of Jiangshan Jiaolin Farm.

It is reported that the Mudanjiang Border Wall was approved and announced as a national key cultural relic protection unit in 2006. Since 2008, the Mudanjiang Municipal Cultural Relics Management Station has begun to organize a professional cultural relics protection team to conduct a more in-depth investigation of the three sections of the Mudanjiang Border Wall to further understand the specific length of the Mudanjiang Border Wall.

On November 6, 2011, the Mudanjiang Border Wall, known as the "Great Wall of the Tang Dynasty", was officially included in the World Cultural Heritage List of the Great Wall of China like the Great Wall of Qin.

The Great Wall of Qi

It is the oldest existing ancient Great Wall in my country and the world with many preserved passages or relics. The original length was more than 1,000 kilometers.

As for the Great Wall of Qi, the earliest one is in 555 BC (the 27th year of Linggong). "Zuo Zhuan" records: "The Marquis of Jin attacked Qi,... The Marquis of Qi attacked the Pingyin, and cut "Defend the gate and defend it." This was a fortification built by the Qi State in Pingyin. The defensive gate has since been an important pass in the Great Wall of Qi.

The Great Wall of Qi

"Historical Records·Chu Family·Zhengyi" quoted from "Qi Ji" records that "King Xuan of Qi rode on the mountains and built the Great Wall, reaching the sea in the east and Jeju in the west. Yu Li, in preparation for Chu." The records of construction are clearer. It probably started from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and was completed by King Wei of Qi and later.

The Great Wall of Qi starts from Changqing District of Jinan in the west and ends at Huangdao Economic Development Zone in Qingdao City in the east, crossing the Shandong Peninsula.

The Qi Great Wall and Chu Great Wall built during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the oldest Great Walls in China and the world. Among them, the Qi Great Wall, which is thousands of miles long, is more than 2,500 years old. The Great Wall of Qi was built during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, lasting more than 2,000 years, with a total length of more than 50 million meters. The Great Wall we refer to today mostly refers to the Great Wall built in the dynasty. It starts from Jiayuguan in Gansu Province in western China in the west and ends at the Yalu River in Liaoning Province in northeast China in the east. It is 6.35 million meters long.

The Great Wall of Yan

"Historical Records: Biography of the Xiongnu" records: Yan also built the Great Wall from Yang to Xiangping[4]. The Great Wall of Yan in Liaoning passes through Beipiao City, Fuxin County, and Zhangwu County to Faku County in Shenyang [4]. In 2008, four beacon tower sites from the Warring States and Han Dynasties were discovered in Gaokan Town, Shenyang, which were the earliest discovered Yan Great Wall sites [4].

Early Great Wall

A 2,400-meter-long wall of the early Great Wall and 4 beacon towers were discovered in Yumen City.

3 Historical evolution

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the princes of various countries wanted to defend themselves against the invasion of other countries. Beacon towers were built and connected with city walls to form the earliest Great Wall. After that, almost every king in the past dynasties strengthened and repaired the Great Wall. Because it is tens of thousands of miles long, it is also called the "Great Wall".

Beautiful view of the Great Wall. (4 photos)

According to records, Qin Shihuang used nearly one million laborers to build the Great Wall, accounting for one-twentieth of the country's total population. There was no machinery at that time, and all labor was done by manpower. The working environment was also very difficult in the high mountains, steep cliffs, and deep ravines. The Great Wall was first built during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with a history of more than 2,000 years. The Great Wall referred to today mostly refers to the Great Wall built in the dynasty. At all times and in all countries, everyone who has visited the Great Wall is amazed by its majestic momentum, grand scale, arduous engineering and significance of disaster prevention. It combines the wisdom, will, perseverance and endurance of the ancients. Just like Zuo Heshui's poem says: "A green dragon stands across the North Country, and it is powerful and majestic for thousands of miles. How many barbarian soldiers bowed and stood still, how many flesh and blood built peace." Therefore, the Great Wall is a rare treasure and a cultural relic with extraordinary art. It symbolizes The great will and strength of the Chinese nation that is indestructible and will last forever are the pride of the Chinese nation and the pride of the entire world.

In addition to the "Outer" Great Wall, the Ming Dynasty also built the "Inner" Great Wall and the "Inner Three Passes" Great Wall. The "Inner Border" Great Wall is based on the Northern Qi Dynasty. It starts from the west of Pianguan Pass at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi. It goes eastward through Yanmen Pass and Pingxing Pass and enters Hebei Province. Then it goes northeast, passing through Yuanyuan, Fangshan, and Changping Counties, and reaches Juyong Pass. , and then from north to east, to the Sihai Pass in Huairou, connecting with the "outer" Great Wall, with Zijin Pass as the center, running roughly in a north-south direction. The "Inner Three Passes" Great Wall runs parallel to the "Inner Border" Great Wall in many places, and in some places the two cities are only tens of miles apart. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" were also built. There are 24 "important cities" in the Yanmenguan area.

According to historical documents, more than 20 vassal countries and feudal dynasties built the Great Wall. If the Great Walls built in various eras were added up, the length would be more than 100,000 miles. Among them, the length of the Great Wall built in the Qin, Han and Ming dynasties all exceeded 10,000 miles. China's Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions all have the remains of the ancient Great Wall and beacon towers. The Great Wall is a symbol of China's indestructibility.

Pre-Qin period

The most majestic pass in the world: Juyongguan Great Wall

The Great Wall in northern China began during the Warring States Period, between Qin, Zhao and Yan.

Why Qin Zhaoyan built the Great Wall in the north starts with the situation during the Warring States Period. The Warring States Period was a period of transition from slave society to feudal society in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River in my country. The exchange and integration of the Xia culture and the cultures of Qin, Chu, Wu, and Yue led to an increasingly strong trend of unification. After the seven kingdoms of Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu, Qi, Qin, and Yan, which were undergoing feudal reforms at that time, became strong, they engaged in annexation wars and sought to unify the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River by force. At this time, the ethnic minorities in the grasslands of northern Shaanxi, northern Shanxi, northern Hebei and Inner Mongolia, mainly the Xiongnu, also became stronger and continued to plunder the northern borders of Qin, Zhao and Yan. To the north of the Qin State, there is Yiqu, and to the north are the Xiongnu; to the northwest of the Zhao State are Linhu and Loufan, to the north are the Xiongnu and the Xiongnu; to the north of the Yan State are the Donghu. Since the middle of the Warring States Period, they have continued to plunder the northern areas of Qin, Zhao, and Yan. Because they are good at riding and shooting, and good at field battles, they adopt sudden attacks, come and go erratically, and are elusive, showing strong combat effectiveness. However, the combat troops of Qin, Zhao, and Yan in the middle period of the Warring States Period were mainly infantry and chariots. They wore loose clothes and long sleeves. They moved slowly and could travel 30-50 miles a day. Naturally, they could not stop the attacks and plunders of the Xiongnu and Donghu. This not only severely threatened the lives and property of the people in the northern parts of the three countries and severely damaged production, but also greatly affected the unification cause of the three countries. In response to this passive situation, the three countries successively carried out military reform and built the Great Wall in the north.

The Qin State began to implement reforms since Shang Yang, and implemented the strategy of enriching the country and strengthening the army.

The army gradually changed into infantry and cavalry, and rewards and promotions were based on military merit. Therefore