Darwin's war: Darwin's method of summing up the laws of nature: induction and deduction.

Academic research is sometimes full of war. When your explanation was inconsistent with his theory, he suppressed your paper. Even if you publish a paper, if no one quotes it, your paper will lie there as if it were dead. What's more, sometimes the suppression means are more vicious, and your paper won't get a chance to be published at all. Darwin's war mentioned some pioneers of natural history, such as Mantel, the real discoverer of dinosaurs.

"Owen began to use the power in his hand, slowly removing Mantell's name from the whole biological system, and began to slowly block this person. Every time Mantel gave a name to a species, Owen started a new one, and Mantel's traces were gradually erased. Mantel also wanted to do some academic research, but all his papers were suppressed by Owen and could not be published. "

In fact, research also needs funding sources. Mantel is a master. He turned his house into a museum, displaying all kinds of creatures and dinosaurs. Mantel could have earned money by collecting tickets, but he felt that business activities were detrimental to his image as a gentleman, and as a scientist, he could not do such business. He is an honest man, who can only burn money by himself, owes a lot of debts, and his family is ruined, and his wife and children have left. Later, under Owen's crazy suppression, 1852, Mantel committed suicide by swallowing therapeutic opium 32 times.

Mantel is miserable. There are more people than his tragic pioneer. Early scientists found that the earth was not created by God, but the church in that era had great power. Bruno, an Italian thinker, natural scientist, philosopher and writer, was burned alive in the Rome Flower Square for bravely defending and developing Copernicus' sun-centered theory.

Naturalists are easier than these scientists, because they are based on the methods of discovery, collection and classified management, and do not go into in-depth analysis and research. In fact, before Darwin's Origin of Species, a group of pioneers had done a lot of records and research. It can also be said that Darwin's achievements were also developed on the shoulders of academic pioneers from generation to generation.

1809, Lamarck wrote a book "Animal Philosophy", in which he formally put forward the viewpoint of "evolution". There are three theories: 1 species will change, but will not stay the same; 2 "use in and waste out", if you use more, it will become developed; The acquired changes will be passed on to children.

This broke the theory of Ye Wei, who insisted on the theory of mass extinction. He said that God formatted the earth when he was idle, and the species became extinct. Then God recreated a group of new creatures for recreation. The species of these creatures are immutable. At that time, Ye Wei held the right to speak of the times, and then began to "ban" Lamarck. Although Lamarck concentrates on writing articles and books at home, all his articles and books are difficult to publish, and even if they are published, no one dares to attract people. If Lamarck had not been suppressed by such madness, perhaps the theory of natural evolution of "survival of the fittest" would have been put forward earlier, because Darwin had not yet come out.

But there was one person who opposed Zhu Ye Wei. He's St. Eli. In the academic debate between the two, you have to be eloquent in academic research, otherwise, even if you do academic research well, you can't compete with the holders of inherent academic views. The two made a rule, "debate once a week." You refute me this week, and I will refute you next week ... This reminds me of a phenomenon in the entertainment circle, "see you on monday". It is similar to the feeling that the people who eat melons move a small bench to catch up with the drama.

In fact, Linnaeus, the pioneer of natural history, is most worthy of the title of Homo sapiens. He divided the plants into 24 classes, 1 16 orders, 1000 genera and 10000 species. The concept of classification of classes, orders, genera and species was initiated by Linnai-what a great pioneering work it is to know that Linnai was born in 1707.

How lucky Darwin was. When he was young, he followed a young captain as a naturalist and experienced a voyage around the world. This matter is also full of twists and turns. At first, Darwin wanted to go, but his family wouldn't let him. At first, the captain hired others. Later Darwin wanted to go, but the captain made an appointment with someone else; Finally, the captain's appointment didn't come, but Darwin came, and the appointment was very pleasant. You know, Darwin was paid to sail around the world like this, and he also had research funds. Alas, he went to see the world in this way, not only fame and fortune, but also laid a sky-high foundation for his own life value.

Darwin studied geography on the front line. He took part in a voyage around the world and also conducted a survey mission. In this process, he discovered a large number of strange species, and constantly studied the literature left by previous scientists and pioneers. After Darwin came back from circling the earth, he stayed at home and buried himself in writing. Beagle zoology, beagle geology, the rise of the west coast of South America, the rise of the east coast of South America ... It was not until 1844 that Darwin began to turn all his energy to biology. He took out a large number of notes, diaries and manuscripts of various materials and became the Origin of Species.

In fact, Darwin was also influenced by Malthus' population theory, and he knew that there was a concept of "competition for survival". Darwin mastered two methods to summarize the laws of nature: induction and deduction.

Induction is the refinement and summary of past experience. It is summed up through long-term observation.

Deduction is logical reasoning, 1+ 1 = 2.

Darwin beautifully used induction and deduction to establish his own biological theoretical system. He is a great man who has seen the whole world very early, and he explained all the previous phenomena one by one. "The grassland needs fast horses, and they choose fast horses to be passed down from generation to generation ... from generation to generation, the horses on the grassland are different from those in other places."