How to answer the subjective questions of geography? . . ?

Methods and skills of answering subjective questions

In recent years, the subjective questions are basically stable in three types of geography questions in the college entrance examination. The first type: selective subjective questions. The process of answering questions is the same as multiple-choice questions, except that it is not necessarily a single choice, but how many you choose. The second type: fill in the blanks. The third type: answer the subjective questions briefly. These two types of subjective questions require higher answering methods and skills: candidates need not only solid professional basic knowledge, but also good written expression skills. However, many candidates' answers are characterized by incomplete sentences, nonstandard language, serious non-terminology, lack of key words, unclear organization, more nonsense and even digression, which makes the answers inaccurate and incomplete, resulting in unnecessary loss of points.

First, the steps to answer subjective questions

1, carefully review the questions.

Examination of questions is the premise and basis of answering questions. Only by correctly understanding the meaning of the question and grasping the direction of the proposition can we be targeted. A question and answer consists of topic title words, conditional words, content answer words and solution words. Heading words are the direct object of the answer discussion, and conditional words are generally the scope, time or nature of the answer to geographical things. The content answer word is the content that the question must be answered, and the answer word is the answer way. For example, title requirements: briefly describe the favorable factors of hydropower development in small areas. The central word of the topic is "hydropower development"; Conditional words are "small area" and "favorable"; Content answer words are "factors"; The word for the solution is "brief explanation". In the process of examining questions, we should first examine the head words and make clear what the object to be discussed is. We can add bullets or circles to the central word to remind ourselves to focus on the center and not to deviate from the subject. Secondly, examine the conditional words. According to the content and nature of conditional restrictive words, transfer and screen relevant knowledge, determine the answer range and list the key points of the answer. Then combine the answer words with the content answer words, and further refine them to form a concise answer that finally conforms to the meaning of the question.

2. Interpret the image and extract useful information.

For different types of geographical images, it is not difficult to interpret them as long as we deeply understand their reading methods and essentials. In order to save time, it is best to cut to the chase and extract useful information according to the requirements of the topic. For example, title requirements: briefly describe the favorable factors of hydropower development in small areas. The useful information that must be extracted here is: Where is the small area?

3. Docking migration

The process of answering multiple-choice questions is often a process of self-processing, re-expression and reproduction of geographical concepts, principles and laws. Whether unfamiliar geographical knowledge or existing geographical knowledge, students need to return to textbooks, associate and transfer knowledge, and realize the docking with new questions, so as to find the starting point for accurate answers. For example, "Briefly describe the favorable factors of hydropower development in small areas", we can first think that the factors affecting hydropower development mainly include natural factors and socio-economic factors. Among the natural factors, large river drop, large runoff, pocket terrain and good geological conditions are conducive to development; Among the socio-economic factors, developed economy, sufficient funds, advanced technology and large energy market demand are favorable conditions. Then according to the location, topography, climate, population, economy and other related characteristics of the illustrated small area. The factors that are migrated and do not meet the requirements of the topic are eliminated.

4. Written expression

Written expression is the final result of non-multiple choice questions, and it is also the direct basis for scoring the college entrance examination. The level of written expression directly affects the success or failure of college entrance examination, so written expression is the most important and last link to answer non-multiple choice questions. In writing, in addition to avoiding the above problems, students should try their best to: first, conceive or plan to write answers, especially the key points of answers, choose keywords to write on draft paper, and attach small serial numbers, which is convenient for sorting out ideas and distinguishing levels, and is conducive to adding or deleting key points of answers by comparing image information; Second, we should carefully examine the questions, avoid typos, unclear, imprecise, colloquial or contrary to known principles and laws, and improve the scoring rate; Third, ensuring neat handwriting and clean paper is the first impression to the reviewers, and it is also one of the manifestations of a student's comprehensive quality and ability. A good roll of noodles is bound to help score; On the contrary, it will be harmful. No matter how good the answer is, its vague handwriting and crooked typesetting make the reviewers look hard, and it takes time to find scoring points, which will naturally make students miss some scoring opportunities.

Second, the principle of answering subjective questions

(A) concise, no nonsense

Marking college entrance examination papers is a heavy job, and everyone's mental and physical consumption is great. The marking teacher hopes to get the most accurate information on the test paper in the shortest time, so as to give an objective and fair score. At this time, concise expression is of great significance. Whether it can be done or not, we must pay attention to two points: first, the language is concise, concise, close to the center, straight to the point, no nonsense, no beating around the bush, no feeling of arresting people; Second, clear thinking, focusing on knowledge, try to list 12344. The marking teacher will naturally reduce the information loss in marking at a glance and ensure the score you deserve.

(two) accurate, without deviation and ambiguity.

1, define the concept of geography, define the content of the exam, and grasp the direction of answering questions.

Defining the concept of geography and the content of examination questions is the premise to avoid making mistakes in the direction of answering questions and avoiding digression or even digression. Pay attention to the following confusing concepts and contents:

The content of the exam is misunderstood as

Terrain type of terrain area

Topographic elements

Root cause direct cause

Natural zonal vegetation types

Characteristics of economic development

water resource

2, language specification, pay attention to the use of technical terms.

Many candidates clearly know the direction and answer when answering questions, but their expressions are not standardized, easy to understand and use unprofessional terms, which leads to inaccurate language expression.

Examples illustrate the main reasons for the large-scale population movement in China at present.

This question should be answered from the aspects of high economic income, many employment opportunities, good living environment, etc., but some candidates answered that "because of the large rural population and poor living conditions in China, farmers have to go to cities to work and sell their labor to support their families"-this kind of rambling expression makes the marking teacher laugh and cry, although it is not off topic, it is not accurate.

3. There should be key terms to ensure the scientific nature of the statement.

The qualitative and positioning functions of key terms determine their finishing touch, making the statement more accurate, professional and scientific. At least it's empty and boring and unconvincing.

The main reasons for the formation of Atacama Desert are: ① _ _ _ _ ② _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Most candidates know that the primary reason for analyzing atmospheric circulation and ocean currents is "the control of subtropical high", but when answering the second reason, the following four statements appear: (1) the influence of ocean currents; (2) the influence of cold current; (3) The influence of Peru cold current; (4) The dehumidification function of Peru cold current. Obviously, the best expression is (4). Without either of the two keywords "Peru cold current" and "dehumidification", the content expression will be inaccurate.

(two) comprehensive, no information loss.

1, recognize the type of competency test and grasp the key points of the answer from a macro perspective.

(1) Analyze the problem

When analyzing geographical reasons, we should grasp two points: first, from two aspects: natural reasons and man-made reasons; Second, pay attention to the order of the answers: the answers often cover a wide range of key points, but there may be only a few on paper. At this time, it is necessary to grasp the main contradictions and sort the key points of the answers in order of importance, with the most important one in the first place, the secondary one in the second place, and so on ... As for the most appropriate point, it depends on the topic. But here's a trick: you can crack it with reference to the given score, because the geography is simple. For example, for a 6-point question, the key point of the answer may be 1× 6, or 2× 3, or 3× 2, or 6× 1 minute. Of course, this is just a reference.

(2) Evaluation problem

Evaluation questions require candidates to look at the problem objectively and dialectically, so it is necessary to analyze the pros and cons (pros and cons, pros and cons). If the advantages and disadvantages are evaluated separately, the method is similar to the analysis problem.

(3) Comparison questions

There are two kinds of comparison questions: one is to compare similarities and differences, requiring candidates to list similarities and differences respectively; The second is to compare the height (size). This kind of questions requires candidates to answer the reasons of high (big) and low (small) respectively.

(4) Describe the topic

The description of geographical phenomena needs two things: objectivity and accuracy. Objective description requires candidates not to add or subtract any personal feelings at will, exaggerate or narrow a phenomenon, resulting in distortion; Accurate description requires candidates not to start from the theoretical stereotype, but from the most significant characteristics of a phenomenon, grasp the context of description, and clearly and accurately show the spatial and temporal distribution, composition and evolution of geographical phenomena.

(5) List the problems

List typical geographical things or phenomena. As for several items, there are requirements for general topics.

2, make good use of the general formula, micro-grasp the key points of the answer complete.

In the usual study, we can pay attention to summing up, inducing and sorting out good methods to analyze and solve general geographical problems, and directly model and apply them in the examination room. You will have a handy sense of pride, convenient and quick, and can guarantee the complete and comprehensive answer. Here are a few examples:

(1) Seasonal variation characteristics of river runoff: flood season appears in XX season, and dry season appears in XX season.

(2) The reason of seasonal variation of river runoff: It depends on the recharge type of river water source. Rivers with rainwater recharge mainly change with the seasonal change of rainfall; Rivers that are mainly replenished by ice, snow and glacier melt water mainly change with the change of temperature.

(3) The method of applying plate tectonic theory to explain some geographical phenomena: it is located in the collision (tension) zone between XX plate and XX plate.

(4) Analysis method of water-rich rivers:

See if there is enough water; Second, look at the gap.

(5) General formula for analyzing sea salinity:

Look at the influence of climate, ocean currents and rivers.

(6) The general formula for analyzing a certain amount of resources per capita in a place:

Look at the total amount of certain resources and the population.

(7) The general formula for analyzing the reasons for the formation of fishing grounds:

One is whether it is located on the continental shelf of shallow sea in mid-latitude, the other is whether there is a convergence or upwelling of cold and warm air currents, and the third is whether it is located at the estuary.

(8) The general formula for the cause analysis of saltworks:

Look at the terrain, whether there is a flat muddy beach; Second, look at whether climate factors are conducive to sunny days of drying salt.

(9) The general formula for analyzing the scale of cultivated land in a country:

Look at the terrain, whether the plain area is wide; Second, look at the climate and hydrothermal conditions.

(10) General formula for agricultural location factor analysis:

1) mostly focuses on the analysis of natural factors, first analyzing natural factors: ① climate; (2) Terrain, soil and water body (as point analysis)

2) Re-analysis of socio-economic factors: ① Market; ② traffic; 3 technology; ④ Labor force; ⑤ Policy

(1 1) General formula for industrial location factor analysis:

Focus on socio-economic factors, generally in the following order: ① resource conditions; ② Dynamic conditions; ③ Traffic conditions; ④ Industrial base; ⑤ Technical conditions; ⑥ Working conditions; ⑦ Market conditions; (8) agricultural foundation; Pet-name ruby policy conditions

(12) General formula for analyzing urban location factors:

Look at the reasons for the formation of the city first, and then look at the reasons for the development or decline of the city. Generally, it is analyzed in the following order: ① topography; ② climate; 3 rivers; 4 resources; ⑤ Traffic; 6 politics; ⑦ Military; 8 religion; Pet-name ruby technology; Participate in tourism; (1 1) Economy

(13) General formula for evaluating the value of tourism resources:

1) a look at the quality of tourism resources: the natural landscape mainly depends on aesthetic value, while the human landscape mainly depends on historical and cultural value.

2) Second, look at the cluster situation: the better the landscape cluster, the higher the tour value; Lonely scenic tourism is of little value.

3) Third, look at the regional combination: the greater the difference in landscape characteristics, the higher the tourism value; The landscape features are similar and the tour value is small.

(14) General formula for evaluating basic entities of comprehensive national strength:

Land area, geographical location, topography, natural resources, population quantity and quality

General description formula of (15) regional natural features:

Topography, climate, rivers and lakes, vegetation, soil and minerals

(16) General description formula of human characteristics in a region:

Agriculture, industry, transportation, population and cities

(17) Four natural causes of desert:

1) is controlled by subtropical high all the year round and has a dry climate (such as Sahara Desert, Arabian Desert and Great Victoria Desert).

2) Living in arid inland areas (such as Karakum Desert and Taklimakan Desert).

3) Located on the leeward slope of the west wind, the foehn effect (such as Patagonia desert).

4) The influence of cold current (southeast of Somalia Peninsula)

(18) Conditions for ice flood:

1) The temperature is below zero;

2) The river flows from low latitude to high latitude;

3) The north-south span is large.

(19) Formation conditions of debris flow:

1) Terrain conditions: rugged terrain;

2) Geological conditions: rock fragmentation;

3) Climatic conditions: concentrated rainstorm or a large amount of ice and snow melting;

4) Vegetation condition: poor vegetation coverage.

(20) The general formula for mountains to become an important geographical dividing line in China:

1) provincial boundaries; 2) Boundary line of terrain area; 3) Three-step dividing line;

4) dividing line of temperature area; 5) dividing line between dry and wet areas; 6) dividing line of climate type;

7) dividing line of vegetation types; 8) natural belt dividing line; 9) The dividing line between monsoon region and non-monsoon region;

10) the boundary between the inner and outer flow areas; 1 1) demarcation line between farming and pastoral areas; 12) where the isotherm or isoprecipitation line passes;

13) four dividing lines; 14) the dividing line between the three natural areas; 15) the dividing line between the three economic zones.

(d) Logic, there is no inversion, division and contradiction in causal relationship.

The causal relationship of knowledge will form a knowledge chain. The starting point of this chain is the root cause, and the end point is the question you want to answer. Any link in the middle is not only the result of the previous link, but also the direct cause of the latter link. Every link should be interlocking and step by step. When thinking about the answer, you should first find out the direct reason according to the question you want to answer, then push it back layer by layer and follow the trace to find the root; When the organization writes the answer, start from the root and touch the melon. There are three points to note here:

1, irreversible

The main natural reasons for the low multiple cropping index in Heilongjiang Province.

The knowledge chain of the answer to this question is "high latitude-insufficient heat-low multiple cropping index", but some candidates mistakenly answered "insufficient heat, so the high latitude multiple cropping index is low"-obviously the causal relationship is reversed.

2, can not be separated from each other

The reason why the area of Jiang Xinzhou, the mouth of the Yangtze River, has expanded rapidly since the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC).

The thinking process of the answer to this question should be "the speed of expansion in Jiang Xinzhou is accelerating-the speed of river siltation is accelerating-the sediment concentration in rivers has increased in recent years-the soil erosion has intensified-the vegetation in the middle and upper reaches has been seriously damaged", so the writing order of the answer is the opposite, but some candidates answered "the vegetation in the middle and upper reaches has been seriously damaged, the sediment concentration in rivers has increased, the soil erosion has intensified and the sediment deposition has accelerated"-obviously the causal relationship is split.

3, can not be contradictory

Harm of over-exploitation of groundwater.

The knowledge chain of the answer to this question is "Over-exploitation of groundwater-groundwater level drop-formation of funnel area-land subsidence and building collapse", but some candidates mistakenly answered "Over-exploitation of groundwater, groundwater level drop, resulting in secondary salinization of land". In fact, even the secondary salinization of land is due to the process of groundwater level rising and surface salt accumulation-obviously, the causal relationship is contradictory.

If you want to answer the geography short answer questions in the college entrance examination well, you should not only follow the above steps, but also master the following skills according to the scoring standards of the current college entrance examination papers:

The first is the skill of leak-proof answer. Try to answer as few geographical short questions as possible and don't repeat them. But if you are not sure, you are afraid of missing the answer to the knowledge point. According to the current scoring standard of short answer questions in college entrance examination, it is better to answer more than less, putting the knowledge points with greater certainty in front and the knowledge points with less certainty in the back.

The second is fuzzy skills. Answer the geography short answer questions as detailed as possible in order to improve the scoring rate. However, if it is not completely certain, it can be appropriately blurred. Although the score is incomplete, it is impossible without the score. For example, in June 5438+February 2004, a strong earthquake occurred near Sumatra Island in Indonesia, which caused a huge tsunami. What is the cause of this earthquake? If we don't know that Sumatra Island is located in the collision zone between the Eurasian plate and the Indian Ocean plate, we can answer vaguely: Sumatra Island is located at the junction of plates, and its crust is unstable and prone to earthquakes. Never answer: Sumatra island is located at the junction of the Asia-Europe plate and the Pacific plate, and its crust is unstable and prone to earthquakes. This will reveal the true colors and affect the scoring rate.

The third is the skill of applying teaching materials. Many times the answers to short answers can be found in textbooks. At this time, you should try to use the words in the textbook to answer, and the score rate is often very high. For example, what are the location factors of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway? Just think about the location analysis of the Beijing-Kowloon Railway in the second volume of Geography of Senior One, and then use some points in the textbook flexibly, which is basically correct.