Who were the ancient travelers?

1. Xu Xiake

Xu Xiake, born in the 14th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, was a great geographer, traveler and explorer from Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province. It is also called "You Sheng", "Xia Xian" and "The Ancestor of Donkey Friends" by later generations. He traveled all over China's beautiful mountains and rivers all his life, which is quite legendary. Influenced by the culture of a farming and reading family, Xu Xiake was eager to learn when he was young, and read a lot of books, especially local classics and local chronicles. The teenager has made a travel ambition of "a gentleman swims in the blue sea and stays in the blue sky at dusk". Xu Xiake's footprint covers 16 provinces, cities and autonomous regions. He was robbed three times and deprived of food several times, regardless of difficulties and obstacles. He still stepped forward and carefully recorded his observations. Until I entered Lijiang, Yunnan, I still insisted on compiling travel notes and mountain records, and basically completed Xu Xiake's travel notes of more than 2.4 million words. 53-year-old (1640) local officials in Yunnan sent Xu Xiake back to Jiangyin by boat. 54 years old, died at home in the first month. Xu Xiake's 2.6 million-word travel notes written after 30 years of investigation have far-reaching influence at home and abroad.

2. Xuanzang

Xuanzang (602 ~ 664) was born in Luozhou (now the ancient city of Yanshi, Henan). The famous monk mage, Buddhist scholar and traveler in Tang Dynasty, together with Kumarajiva and Zhen Zhen, are called the three great translators of China. One of the greatest translators in the history of Han Buddhism. One of the founders of only knowing Sect.

After becoming a monk, I visited famous Buddhist teachers all over the world. I decided to study Buddhism in Tianzhu because I felt that the theories of various factions were different and it was difficult to draw a conclusion. In the third year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong traveled westward from Liangzhou to Yumenguan and arrived in Tianzhu after a difficult journey. I first learned it from Jiexian in Nalanduo Temple. Later, he traveled to Tianzhu to talk with local scholars and became famous.

Zhenguan three years, starting from Chang 'an, arrived in Liangzhou via Lanzhou. Wei Hui, a local master, respected Xuanzang's great wish and asked his disciples to secretly send Xuanzang forward. They are afraid of being captured by officers and men during the day, so they travel at night. In Guazhou, the horse I rode fell dead again. Xuanzang bought an old skinny red horse that had been to Yiwu (Hami) 15, and walked alone.

After 17 years of perseverance, Master Xuanzang returned to Chang 'an in the 19th year of Zhenguan.

His stories, such as Wu Changling's "Journey to the West in Tang Sanzang" in Yuan Dynasty and Wu Cheng'en's The Journey to the West novels in Ming Dynasty, were widely circulated among the people in past dynasties, all of which originated from his deeds.

3. Jess Zhang

Zhang Qian (about 164 ~ 1 14 BC), a native of Chenggu County, Hanzhong, was an outstanding explorer, traveler and diplomat in China during the Han Dynasty, and made great contributions to the development of the Silk Road. It opened up the north-south road to the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty, and introduced blood horses, grapes, alfalfa, pomegranate, walnuts, flax and so on from various countries in the Western Regions.

Zhang Qian left Longxi in the third year of Jianyuan (before 138) and was captured by Xiongnu. In the more than ten years of Xiongnu, although Zhang Qian married and had children, he always adhered to the Han Festival. Later, he finally escaped, went west to Dawan, passed through Kangju, went to Dayue's house, then went to Daxia, and stayed for more than a year before coming back. On his way home, Zhang Qian changed from South Road to Nanshan, but he was still captured by Xiongnu and held for more than a year. In the third year of Yuan Shuo (BC 126), the Huns were in civil strife, and Zhang Qian took the opportunity to escape into the Han Dynasty. He gave a detailed report on the Western Regions to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, who made him a doctor in Taichung. When Zhang Qian was in the summer, he learned that he could spend the summer by taking the road from the southwest of Shu (now Sichuan Basin) and taking the poison of India (now India). Because he advised Liang Wudi to open the route to the southwest, it was blocked by Kunming Yi and failed to pass. In the sixth year of Yuanshuo, Zhang Qian made contributions to the Xiongnu with Wei Qing, so he made a fortune and looked forward to it. Later, Zhang Qian advised Wu Di to unite with Wu Sun (in today's Ili Valley), and Wu Di took Zhang Qian as a corps commander. In BC 1 19, 300 people were sent to Wusun with tens of thousands of cattle and sheep, gold and silk. Zhang Qian sent envoys to Wusun and sent envoys to the surrounding countries such as Dawan, Kangju, Yueshi and Daxia. This trip has also achieved great results, and western countries have also sent envoys to visit Chang 'an. Wu Sun sent messengers to send Zhang Qian back to Han, and offered a horse to thank him.

Ding Yuan in the second year (former 1 15), Zhang Qian also. Zhang Qian is the founder of Hanergy's ability to communicate with the western regions. Because of Zhang Qian's prestige in the Western Regions, the envoys of the Han Dynasty later called him Bo Wanghou to win the trust of other countries.

4. Zheng He

Zheng He was born in Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (137 1), and his original name was Ma. In the 13th year of Hongwu 138 1 winter, the Ming army attacked Yunnan. Ma, 10 years old, was taken into Ming camp, castrated as a eunuch, and then entered Yan Wangfu. During the Jingnan Rebellion, Ma made meritorious military service for the prince in Zhengzhou, Hebei Province (now Renqiu, Hebei Province, not Zhengzhou, Henan Province). In the second year of Yongle (1404), Ming Taizu Judy thought that Ma's surname could not be included in the Sanbaotang. So, in Nanjing, the word "Zheng" was given to Ma, renamed He, and appointed as the eunuch of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, ranking second only to the fourth. In the sixth year of Xuande (143 1), Zheng He was made a three-treasure eunuch.

1405 1 1 In July (the third year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty), the ancestor of Ming Taizu ordered Zheng He to lead a huge fleet of more than 240 seagoing ships and 27,400 crew members to visit more than 30 countries and regions in the western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, which deepened the friendly relations between China and Southeast Asia and East Africa. From Liujiagang, Suzhou, to 1433 (8 years of Xuande in Ming Dynasty), there were 7 voyages. For the last time, in April of eight years, Xuande returned to Guri and died on the ship.

His voyage was 87 years earlier than Columbus' discovery of America, 92 years earlier than Bibi Gama, and 1 14 years earlier than Magellan. In the history of world navigation, he opened a direct route across the western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. 600 years ago, from 65438 to 0405, in 28 years, Zheng He led more than 200 ships of the Ming Dynasty in China to sail in the world waters and visit various countries.

5. Jian Zhen

がんじんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんんん Jian Zhen (688~763), a Japanese monk in the Tang Dynasty in China, a The Japanese call Jian Zhen "the pinnacle of the balance", which means that his achievements are enough to represent the roof of the culture in the balance era.

Jian Zhen was born in Jiangyang, Guangling (now Jiangdu, Jiangsu). When I was fourteen, I worked as a novice monk in Dayun Temple, where I studied Buddhism with a monk. Later, I went to Chang 'an to be disciplined by Master Hongjing for three years, and then returned to Yangzhou, where I was well informed. Japanese monks Rong Rui and Pu Zhao came to China to study Buddhism and urged Jian Zhen to preach in Japan. Jian Zhen readily agreed, and overcame various difficulties and succeeded six times. In the 12th year of Tianbao (753), he arrived in Japan with Buddhist scriptures, tools and images. At this time, Jian Zhen was blind, but he still tried to popularize Buddhism, spread China culture and impart medical knowledge with his rich experience, especially the spices and medicines he brought. So far, Zhao Ti Temple in Nara and Zhengcang Hospital in Todasi Temple still have their remains. Try to cure the diseases of the Queen of Light and Emperor Shengwu (see Tiantai Linderah). Japan once awarded the titles of "Big Monk Capital" and "Big Monk", and the Japanese people praised him as "Master Crossing the Sea". His works include blade master's Secret Recipe, but it has not been circulated.

6. Wang Dayuan

Wang Dayuan (13 1 1 year ~? ) the yuan dynasty folk navigator. The word Zhang Huan. Nanchang people. In the first year of Shunshun (1330), Wang Dayuan, who was only 20 years old, set out from Quanzhou for the first time by merchant ship, passing through Hainan Island, Zhancheng, Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Myanmar, India, Persia, Arabia and Egypt, crossing the Mediterranean Sea to Morocco, then returning to Egypt, leaving the Red Sea to Somalia, Mozambique and crossing the Indian Ocean to Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java. In the third year of Yuan Dynasty (1337), Wang Dayuan set sail from Quanzhou again, passing through Nanyang Islands, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, mozambique channel in Africa and Australia, and returned to Quanzhou in the fifth year of Yuan Dynasty (1339).

After Wang Dayuan came back from his second trip to sea, he began to organize his notes and write "Island Brief" at the request of Quanzhou local officials. The Story of the Island is divided into 100 articles, 99 of which are personal experiences, involving more than 220 countries and regions. It is of great reference value to the study of the historical geography of Chinese and western traffic and sea lanes in Yuan Dynasty, which has attracted worldwide attention. After 1867, many western scholars studied the book and translated it into many languages, which is a recognition of the great contribution of world history and geography.

7. Faxian

Fa Xian (334-420) was born in Wuyang (now Linfen, Shanxi), Pingyang County, Sizhou, Eastern Jin Dynasty. According to legend, he was born in xiang yuan (now xiang yuan, Shanxi), Shangdang County, Bingzhou. He is a famous monk in the history of Buddhism in China, an outstanding Buddhist innovator, the first master in China who went abroad to learn from Buddhism, an outstanding traveler and translator.

Faxian became a monk when he was three years old. In the third year of Long 'an in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (399), it started from Chang 'an (Jin 'an), passed through the Hexi Corridor and the desert west of Dunhuang to Yanhua (near Yanqi, Xinjiang), crossed the present Taklimakan Desert to Yutian (Hotan, Xinjiang) in the southwest, passed through lush mountains in the south, crossed the present Indus River basin, entered Afghanistan through present Pakistan, and then returned to Pakistan. When the monks traveling with him died or stayed in Tianzhu, Faxian returned to China by boat alone. He took a merchant ship from Domari Di (now Mruck, southwest of Calcutta) in East Tianzhu to Shizi Country (now Sri Lanka), stayed for two years, then returned to the East by merchant ship, passed through Yeboti (now Sumatra or Java) and changed ships to Beihang University. Landed near Laoshan Mountain in the south of Shandong Peninsula, turned to land, and arrived in Jiankang (now Nanjing) in the 9th year of Yixi (4 13). In the tenth year of Yixi (4 14), he wrote "Journey to Tianzhu" which lasted for 15 years, and two years later, he was added to the biography of Fa Xian, which has been passed down to this day. The earliest existing version is the Tibetan version of the Song Dynasty.

The Biography of Fa Xian is also called The Story of Buddha Country, The Story of Buddha's Tour to Tianzhu, The Story of Journey to Tianzhu, etc. The book covers a wide range, covering the geography, transportation, religion, culture, products, customs and even social economy of about 30 countries in Central Asia, India and Southeast Asia. It is the earliest land and sea traffic record between China and India, and the first complete travel notes of Central Asia, India and Southeast Asia in ancient China, which occupies an important position in the history of geography and navigation in China and South Asia.

8. Qin Shihuang

Qin Shihuang (259 BC-2 BC10) was the monarch of Qin State at the end of the Warring States Period, and was also the first founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty to unify China, also known as Qin Shihuang. Won the surname, Zhao, Qin Shihuang was the first monarch to use the title of "Emperor" in the history of China, and was praised as "the first emperor through the ages" by Li Zhi, a thinker in the Ming Dynasty.

Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. "build a post road and set up a county." A post station is a place where people or officials who passed court documents and military information boarded the bus and changed horses on the way in ancient times.

Qin Shihuang built an equator that radiated from Xianyang to the whole country and extended in all directions. From the second year of unifying the world, he began to hold large-scale demonstrations. /kloc-emperor in 0/2 years, cruising five times, with an average of more than once every two years.

The first patrol trip went to western Ningxia and eastern Gansu, passed through Longxi, Gansu, reached Tianshui and Lixian, the ancestral home of Qin people, and then returned to Baoji, Qishan and Fengxiang along the route of ancestors' eastward advance, and returned to Xianyang.

The second cruise, the first eastbound climb to Fengshan and Mount Tai, and the stone tablet of Fengshanle. He went to Yantai and Jiaonan, along the East China Sea to Haizhou and Xuzhou in Jiangsu, south to Anhui, across the Huaihe River and to Henan. The rut has traveled all over Hunan, Changsha and other places.

He traveled to the coastal area of Shandong Peninsula for the third time and sent Xu Fu to take 500 boys and girls out to sea to get the elixir of life.

The fourth cruise was in 2 15 BC, and he set off for the north. Cross the Yellow River from Tongguan to Shanxi, to Handan, Hebei, and to Qinhuangdao in the east. Out of Shanhaiguan, I came to Suizhong seaside in Liaoning. Return to Inner Mongolia, pass through Yulin and Yan 'an in Shaanxi, and return to Xianyang.

In 2 10 BC, he started his fifth voyage. It has already arrived in Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong and Hebei. As a result, he died on the journey.

9. Wang Xuance

Wang Xuance, Han nationality, was born in Luoyang, Henan Province in the Tang Dynasty. An envoy who went to India three times from the seventeenth year of Zhenguan in the early Tang Dynasty to the first year of Longshuo (643 ~ 66 1). Zeng Guanrong was appointed as Huangshui County Magistrate and You Weiling as Governor.

In March of the seventeenth year of Zhenguan, the Tang Dynasty sent Li Yibiao as the ambassador and Wang Xuance as the deputy ambassador to Weiwei Temple. Under the employment of Indian envoys, in the nineteenth year of Zhenguan, Zhenguan arrived in King Snake City (now Rajgil, southwest Bihar, India) and returned to China the following year.

In the twenty-first year of Zhenguan (or twenty-two years), Wang Xuance went to India as an envoy and Jiang as an agreement. Before he arrived, the king of Huanri died, and Aruna, the king of Dinafuti (now Tirut in northern Bihar, India), began to refuse the entry of Tang envoys. Xuance was captured from riding thirty men, and he himself went to the Tibetan Western Regions for help. Tubo Zanpasong Zan Gambu sent troops 1200, and 7,000 devas rode the Wangnaling in Nipolo (present-day Nepal), pleading for Xuance's help to capture Arona and return home. In the third year of Emperor Gaozong's reign, Xuance made his third mission to India, arrived in Borneo (now northern Dabanga, India) the following year, visited Mahabodaji for five years, and returned from worshipping Buddha.

In the twenty-second year of Zhenguan, Minister Wang Xuance captured an Indian monk named Rona Erwa in the foreign war. In order to cater to Li Shimin's desire for longevity, I dedicated him to Li Shimin. The Indian monk boasts that he is 200 years old and specializes in the art of immortality. He vowed that he would live forever if he ate the elixir he refined.

When Wang Xuance returned to Chang 'an, it was the 22nd year of Zhenguan (AD 648). Li Shimin immediately promoted Wang Xuance to two levels, conferred the title of doctor in the DPRK, and held a grand ceremony in the ancestral temple, taking Arona into custody.

Soon, Li Shimin died of poisoning. At this time, it was only one year before Wang Xuance returned to China. Wang Xuance was implicated in the death of Li Shimin, and his career was blocked, so there was no chance of promotion. Xuance sent many missions to India and brought back Buddhist relics, which contributed to the cultural exchange between China and India. He is the author of ten volumes of Travels of the Middle Tianzhu and three volumes of People. Today, only sporadic words are recorded in the local chronicles of Fayuan Zhu Lin, Zhujing Yao Ji and Sakyamuni.

10.du Huan

China Tang Dynasty traveler Du Huan, also known as Du Huan. The year of birth and death in Xiangyang County (now Xiangyang, Hubei Province) is unknown. In the tenth year of Tang Tianbao (75 1), he and Gao Xianzhi were captured in the city and held captive for nearly ten years. Later, he traveled to Africa, Egypt and other countries, becoming the first China person to have been to Africa and write a book. Baoying returned to China by merchant ship in his early years (762), and wrote a book "The History of Beijing and Hangzhou", which was lost, but Du You's "General Code" (completed in 80 1 year) quoted this book, and there are more than 1500 words preserved so far. Jing Ji Xing is the earliest ancient book in China, which records Islamic teachings and the production technology of China craftsmen spreading food. It also recorded the history, geography, products and customs of several Asian and African countries.

The Tang Dynasty was an era of great contact between China and western countries, and the traffic on the Great Silk Road was endless in its heyday. As a travel scholar, Du Huan left a book named Jing Hang Ji in that colorful time and space. Du Huan traveled all over the country of black food in 75 1-762, so he left a wealth of what he saw and heard, among which the most important part was the part of Islamic medicine, including Amru made in Bakhana, Mang made in Tunisia on the southern coast of the Mediterranean, sesame oil and almonds made in Ajuro River, Junda and fennel made in the later period of Lu State, etc. Du Huan also traveled to Alexandria, Egypt, and praised Mediterranean medicine at that time.