The manifestation of tourism safety.

It is very difficult to describe and explain the performance of tourism safety completely. Through the analysis of relevant research literature, tourism safety reports and survey results, this book divides tourism safety into six manifestations, namely, crime, disease (poisoning), traffic accidents, fire and explosion, natural disasters and other accidents. Various forms of expression appear alternately or simultaneously in all aspects of tourism activities, and it is difficult to draw a clear line.

I. Crime

Although there is still debate on the relationship between crime and tourism in academic circles, crime has become one of the most remarkable manifestations of tourism safety due to the seriousness of the trauma caused to tourists and the sociality of the impact, which threatens the safety of tourists' lives and property to a great extent. Scholars at home and abroad pay extensive attention to tourism and crime, and regard crime as one of the social and cultural influences of tourism. DeAlbuquerque( 1999) made a study on tourism crimes in the Caribbean, and came to the conclusion that violence is the main crime against residents of tourist destinations, while property crimes are the main crimes against tourists. Huang Jianjun's (2000) case study of Kunming confirmed the above argument.

Tourism crimes are frequent (there are 980 tourism crimes in Kunming accommodation and transportation places 1547 cases) (Huang Jianjun, 2000). In the tourism safety survey of Fujian Province, there are 108 tourists who have committed crimes, accounting for 57.8%. In the tourism sector, 49 people (44.95%) committed or participated in criminal activities. Among them, theft and fraud against public and private property were the most, accounting for 3 1 and 9 cases respectively, accounting for 36.6%.

Crimes in tourism activities can be roughly divided into three categories: theft, fraud and violent crimes (Figure).

In the survey, 54 tourists, 40 tourists and 14 tourists were victims of theft, fraud and violence, accounting for 50%, 37% and 13% of the crimes respectively. Theft and fraud are both property crimes with a large number and a wide range of crimes. Their core purpose is to illegally obtain tourists' money.

Violent crime is a kind of crime endangering personal safety, which is closely related to the implementation of property crimes, that is, it infringes on the personal safety of tourists as well as property. It often includes robbery, violation of personal freedom, sexual crimes and so on. For example, on the first day of 2006, Caitlin Horton, a 2 1 year-old female tourist from Wales, England, was raped and killed by two local fishermen in Koh Samui, a resort in southern Thailand. On September 1 2006, when a business delegation from Wuhan visited Brazil, it was robbed by a small tourist bus on its way to a hotel in Rio de Janeiro, including cash and property, with an average loss of about $5,000 per person. 165438+2007103, a robbery and murder case occurred in Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area. The victim Xue was stabbed several times in the ribs and chest by three gangsters, and Xue died on the spot due to hemorrhagic shock caused by heart rupture.

Of course, there are other sexual crimes and crimes related to drugs, gambling and obscenity. It should be pointed out that drugs, gambling and obscenity do not necessarily pose a direct security threat to tourists. But drugs, gambling and obscenity are hotbeds of crime, and they are also one of the potential factors that threaten the safety of tourism. In June, 2000, a case of sexual assault by tourists occurred in new york Central Park, followed by property robbery.

Second, the disease (poisoning)

Tired travel, traveling in different places, "acclimatization" and objective food hygiene problems may all induce diseases or lead to food poisoning. In the survey, 40 tourists have suffered from diseases or food poisoning, accounting for 21.4%; There are 33 tourism departments that have occurred or handled diseases or poisoning incidents, accounting for 29.7%. Food poisoning has a great influence, and the harm to tourists is more serious than the disease. For example, in August 2002, tourists in Disneyland 14 1 USA were infected with Salmonella, which led to collective food poisoning. On June 65438+/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/day, 2005, a tour group in Jinan/KOOC-0/4/KOOC-0/person. After having lunch in a hotel in Beijing, 79 elderly tourists were taken to hospital for food poisoning.

Three. traffic accident

In all aspects of tourism operation, tourism traffic is one of the most influential aspects of safety problems. Tourist traffic accidents are often devastating. In the survey, 34 tourists have encountered traffic accidents, accounting for18.2%; *** 13 department has had or handled traffic accidents, accounting for 1 1.7%.

According to the traffic form, tourist traffic accidents can be divided into:

(1) Road traffic accident

According to relevant data, there are 500,000 traffic accidents in China every year, and the number of deaths due to traffic accidents exceeds 654.38+10,000, and the economic losses caused by traffic accidents reach tens of billions of yuan every year. In 2007, there were 327,209 road traffic accidents in China, resulting in 8 1.649 deaths, 380,442 injuries and direct property losses of 654.38+0.2 billion yuan. In recent years, tourist traffic accidents are common. Relatively speaking, there are huge security risks in tourism traffic. For example, in May 2008 1, a Hong Kong tourist bus overturned in Saigon, and 18 people were killed. The bus was carrying 6 1 passengers from Phoenix Village in Tsz Wan Shan and from Wong Tai Sin to Sai Kung. When it reached a corner, it suddenly lost control and turned over. All 18 of the dead were women, aged between 30 and 80.

(2) expressway traffic accidents.

With the development of expressway, major traffic accidents are on the rise. In 2007, the accident in expressway caused 5,925 deaths. In 2008, there were also serious traffic accidents. For example, on June 7, 2008, a serious traffic accident occurred in Yang Qing section of Yuzhan expressway. After a rear-end collision with a liquid semi-trailer, a sleeper bus from Shenzhen ran through the guardrail and collided with another sleeper bus from Guiyang to Zhuhai. The accident caused 10 deaths and 39 injuries. On September 4, 2008, when the sleeper bus from Putian, Fujian Province to Yiwu was driving from Jinliwen Expressway to Yuzhuang Tunnel in Jinhua direction, the vehicle collided with the retaining wall at the tunnel entrance from the front, causing 10 people to die on the spot, 36 people were injured to varying degrees and the vehicle was seriously damaged.

(3) Aviation accidents

Compared with other modes of transportation, air traffic is relatively safe, but for civil airliners, any accident may be disastrous. On April 5, 2002, China International Airlines flight CA 129 crashed in Jinhai, Gyeongsangnam-do. There are 155 passengers and 1 1 crew on board. The death toll was determined to be 122, with 6 missing and 38 survivors. On May 7, 2002, a passenger plane of China Civil Aviation Northern Airlines crashed in Dalian, killing 103 passengers and 9 crew members. On June165438+1October 2 1 day, 2004, the MU52 10 flight from Baotou to Shanghai crashed near Baotou Airport shortly after taking off. All 47 passengers and 6 crew members on board were killed. On September 14, 2008, a Russian Boeing 737 crashed near Pem, a city in the central Urals, killing all 88 people on board. There are 82 passengers on board, plus 1 baby and 5 crew members.

(4) Maritime accidents

Refers to the safety accidents in the water body with the appearance of water transportation and water tourism projects such as cruise ships and bamboo rafts, including shipwreck accidents and inland river (lake) safety accidents. Hydrological landscape is a very important tourist resource in China. Many hydrological landscape tourist destinations in China are located at the seaside, riverside and lakeside, so there are many hidden dangers of water sightseeing objectively. 1999165438+1October 24th, the passenger and cargo ro-ro ship "Dashun", with 304 passengers and 6/kloc-0 vehicles, set out from Yantai Port for Dalian. 15: 30 encountered a storm when returning. When adjusting the course, the ship was sailing across the wind and waves, and the hull swayed at a large angle. Due to the poor fastening of the vehicles on board, the deck caught fire and the engine of the ship failed. After many rescues, it sank at 23: 38, causing 282 deaths and direct economic losses of about 90 million yuan. This is by far the deadliest water accident in China. On September 26, 2002, nearly a thousand people were killed in the shipwreck of the Jolla in Senegal, and only 64 people survived, which was the worst shipwreck in African history. "Jolla" is designed to carry 600 passengers, of which the number of passengers on the top deck is limited to 500, while the actual number of passengers on board at the time of the incident was 1037. Serious overload is the main cause of shipwreck.

(5) Traffic accidents at cable cars and other scenic spots.

Although cable cars and ropeways improve the traffic convenience of tourist attractions, they are easy to cause a large number of tourists to concentrate in scenic spots with limited capacity and cause safety problems. 1999101On October 3, the cable car in Malinghe Canyon National Natural Scenic Area in Guizhou fell, causing 14 deaths and 2 1 injuries. On September 5, 2005, a serious cable car accident occurred in Tyrol, Austria. A cement component with a weight of 750 kilograms hoisted by a helicopter suddenly fell 200 meters above the ropeway and hit a cable car, causing the cable car to fall, killing three people and injuring two others on the spot. Due to cable failure, the two cable cars before and after the cement component fell out of control, and some passengers were thrown out of the cable car, resulting in 6 deaths and 3 injuries. The accident * * * resulted in 9 deaths and 10 injuries.

Fourth, fire and explosion.

Fire accidents have occurred frequently in recent years. From June to June, 2008, there were 80,057 fires in * * (excluding forest, grassland, army and underground mine fires), with 862 deaths and 332 injuries. Although the death toll of tourism fire and explosion is lower than that of tourism traffic accidents, fire and explosion often cause serious follow-up reactions, such as infrastructure damage and property loss, and even cause the disorder of the whole tourism economic system. On June 30, 2004, a fire broke out in a ballroom in Buenos Aires, Argentina, killing 183 people, most of whom were teenagers. On June 5438+February 65438+February, 2007, a fire broke out in Duoduoxian flower shop (dealing in plastic flowers) on the first floor of Wenfu Building, Renmin Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province (the 28th floor1~ 3rd floor is a comprehensive business place, and the 4th to 28th floors are apartments), resulting in the death of 2 1 person in the ballroom on the second floor. On September 20th, 2008, a major fire accident occurred in long gang zhen Dance King Club, Longgang District, Shenzhen, causing 44 deaths, 87 injuries and 59 hospitalizations. On September 20, 2008, an explosion occurred at the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 53 people and injuring 266 others, including some foreigners. The police suspected that a car loaded with explosives rushed into the hotel and detonated the explosives. According to local media, this is the most serious terrorist attack in Islamabad.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) natural disaster

Compared with man-made disasters, natural disasters are caused by uncontrollable natural causes such as weather and floods in tourism activities, and are one of the common manifestations of tourism safety. Because of the destructiveness of natural disasters to tourism activities and their harm to tourists, tourism enterprises, employees' lives, property and even resources, it has caused extensive research. Wu Bihu (200 1) classifies natural disasters in tourism into four types:

(1) Natural disasters that threaten human life and destroy tourist facilities

Including hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones and tornadoes, floods, blizzards, sandstorms and other meteorological disasters; Geological and geomorphological disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, avalanches and mudslides; Other natural disasters, such as forest fires.

(two) other natural factors and phenomena that endanger the health and life of tourists.

These factors include hypoxia, extreme temperature and circadian rhythm disorder. Hypoxia and altitude sickness mostly occur in tourist destinations with high altitude, which may lead to fatal symptoms such as emphysema and brain swelling. Extreme temperature mainly refers to extreme high temperature (such as desert) and extreme low temperature (such as polar regions and mountains). The circadian rhythm is manifested in air travel, and may be accompanied by fatigue, sleep disorder and loss of appetite. Others include motion sickness caused by air travel.

(three) the danger caused by tourists' contact with wild animals, plants and insects.

Mainly lies in the harm and threat brought by large fierce animals to tourists. For example, sharks often bite tourists on tropical and subtropical beaches. Others, such as poisonous insects and plants, may also cause skin diseases or physical injuries to tourists.

(d) Diseases caused by environmental factors

Mainly refers to the possibility of infectious diseases among tourists and their harm to tourists. Among the environmental diseases related to tourism activities, the most threatening diseases are those unique to the environment in tropical areas, such as malaria and dengue fever. Other problems caused by environmental factors include adapting to the environment. The outbreak of atypical pneumonia in China in 2003 posed a great threat to tourists, causing many tourists to cancel their trips.

Six, other accidents

In addition to the above five manifestations, tourism safety manifestations also include other special and sudden emergencies. For example, on February 22, 2007, a 6-year-old girl was bitten by an animal-like tiger while taking a photo with the tiger at the Yuantong Mountain Zoo in Kunming, and died after being rescued. For another example, on the afternoon of June 8, 2008, on both sides of Huhuiyuchi Lake section in Tonggubao Village, Wuni Town, yugan county City, Jiangxi Province, villagers spontaneously organized dragon boat rowing activities to celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival. Several people watching on the shore accidentally fell into the water in the rain, resulting in 9 deaths and 2 missing. Among the tourism safety accidents investigated by the author, there are 10 tourism departments that have occurred or dealt with other safety problems except the above forms, accounting for 9.0%.