Introduction and detailed information of Mengwu Shiwei

Ethnic History: The Origin of the Donghu Tribe

Donghu is a general term for tribes of the same ethnic origin, speaking different dialects and each having its own name. According to Sima Qian's "Historical Records": "It is in the east of the Xiongnu, so it is called Donghu." From the 5th to the 3rd century BC, the tribes of the Donghu were still in the development stage of primitive clan society, and each tribe lived a life of "following the water and grass, living in an irregular place" . Named Xianbei

In the middle of the 4th century, a branch of the Xianbei people called themselves "Khitan" and lived in the Huangshui and Laoha river basins. A branch of the Xianbei people living to the west of the Xing'an Mountains (today's Hulunbuir area) is called "Shiwei". Shi Wei first appeared in "Book of Wei" and was written as Shi Wei. Shiwei and Khitan came from the same source, with the Xing'an Mountains as the boundary. "The one in the south is Khitan, and the one in the north is named Shiwei" ("Shi Wei Biography" Volume 94 of "Northern History"). The formation of the nation

Since the Northern Wei Dynasty, various tribes of Shiwei began to pay tribute with the Central Plains Dynasty. At that time, the Shiwei people lived in the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia and the Nenjiang River Basin, and were in the primitive commune stage. They were already engaged in primitive farming and animal husbandry, hunting wild animals with horn bows and long arrows, and making clothes from deer skin. Men wear their hair tied up, and women wear their hair tied up in a bun with their hands crossed. The language is the same as that of Khitan, and both belong to the dialect branch of Donghu language. After the Turkic Khan ruled the Mongolian Plateau, the Shiwei people became Turkic vassals. The Turkic Khan sent three Tutun (officials in charge of several tribes) to rule Shiwei. Rapid development

In the Sui Dynasty, Shiwei was divided into five parts: Nanshiwei, Beishiwei, Boshiwei, Shenmo Dashiwei and Dashiwei. Nanshiwei is located in the north of Khitan and is divided into 25 small tribes. Hereditary tribal leaders have emerged. They wove their houses out of reeds and wicker. Use rafts and kayaks. Extensive farming can only produce a small harvest. A few horses are raised, but there are more pigs and cattle, but no sheep. It takes 11 days to travel north from Nanshiwei to the land of Beishiwei. Beishiwei is divided into 9 small tribes, with fishing and hunting as the main production activities. They hunt minks for their skins, deer and deer for meat and skins. Fishing is also their regular livelihood. Even in the cold winter, they still have to cut through the ice to catch fish. Due to the cold climate, they spend the winter in earth caves. People are good at skiing. The Wei people in Beishi once sent tribute envoys to contribute special objects to the Sui Dynasty. Further north is the residence of Bo Shiwei, who are also divided into several small tribes. There are houses covered with birch bark, and the lifestyle is the same as that of the Beishiwei people. Shenmo Dashiwei is located southwest of Boshiwei and is also a cave-dwelling nomad. To the northwest of them is the residence of Dashi Wei.

In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the people of Shiwei were still in the typical primitive commune stage. "The country had no ruler" and "no quotas." The leader of the tribe is called "Mohefu". In primitive farming, wooden plows pulled by people were used. Group hunting is prevalent. There are obvious vestiges of matriarchy in patriarchal families: when a man marries a wife, he has to work at his father-in-law's house for three years before he can take his wife back. According to records of the Tang Dynasty, the Shiwei people at that time were divided into nine groups: Lingxi Shiwei, Shanbei Shiwei, Huangtou Shiwei, Daruzhe Shiwei, Xiaoruzhe Shiwei, Polu Shiwei, and Nabei Branch Shiwei.

After the 7th to 8th centuries, Shiwei gradually became known as Da Da (translated as Tata'er in the Yuan Dynasty). This was because the Da Da tribe was powerful and other tribes, large and small, also Yida calls himself. The language of the Shiwei-Dada people is a branch of the Donghu language that has been passed down since Wuhuan and Xianbei. Mongolian evolved and developed from a dialect of the Donghu language.

The turbulent situation on the Mongolian Plateau in the Tang Dynasty involved the Shiwei people in wars and chaos with their neighbors, which hindered their social development. After entering the 8th century, the Shiwei people of the Hulunbuir Plateau, known as the "Thirty Surnamed Da Da", developed into a powerful force in the struggle against the rule of the Turkic Khan. Some Shiwei people gradually moved west and south, and they were also called Da Da in the literature. By the time of the Huihe Khan, there were nine surnames named Da Da in Mobei, and there were Yinshan Shiwei (also known as Yinshan Da Da) and Hei Chezi Shi Wei (also known as Hei Chezi Da Da) in Monan. These tribes were involved in political and military disputes on the Mongolian plateau and in the north of the Tang Dynasty, and class divisions quickly occurred. The various tribes of Shiwei continued to pay tribute to the Tang Dynasty and accepted the official titles of Governor and Grand Governor granted by the Tang Dynasty, and tribal dignitaries emerged.

In the 8th to 9th centuries, people in the Tang Dynasty had a better understanding of the Shiwei people in the Hulunbuir Plateau. According to records, Julunbo (today's Hulun Lake) was "surrounded by houses and Wei". To the southwest of Bo is the Wusugu tribe, and to the east is the Yisemai tribe. To the south of the river (today's Chuoer River) there was the Saihe tribe. To the east are the Hejie tribe, Wuluohu tribe and Nali tribe. Northeast of these tribes is Shanbei Shiwei. In the north are Xiaoruzhe Shiwei and Polu Shiwei. In addition, there are Lingxi Shiwei and Huangtou Shiwei with many households. On the banks of the Wangjian River (today's Erguna River) there were Dashiwei, Mengwu Shiwei, and Luotan (a.k.a. "Zu") Shiwei. Entered and unified Mongolia Entered Mongolia

In 840, the Xijiasi people went south, forcing the Uighurs to move westward. The Shiwei-Dada people took the opportunity to move into Mobei in batches, gradually transforming this pastureland of Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes into Mongolia, thereby changing the ethnic distribution of the Mongolian Plateau.

In the 9th to 10th centuries, some people gradually moved westward to the Kent Mountains, the headwaters of the Onen, Kherulun and Tula rivers, and engaged in nomadic herding. The Shiwei-Dada people are the ancestors of the Mongolian, Tata and other ethnic groups. Unifying Mongolia

The Mongolian-speaking nomads such as Mongolia, Tataer, Merqi, and Zhahanyier who lived on the Mongolian Plateau in the 11th and 12th centuries were all Shiwei-Data people. Descendants.

At that time, in addition to the Mongolian tribes, there were also Mongolian-speaking nomads and Turkic-speaking nomads such as Tataer, Merqi, and Zahanyier living on the Mongolian plateau.

Later, Da Da became the collective name of all Mongolian tribes. Because "they were the conquerors and rulers of most tribes and regions during most of ancient times, and were great, powerful and fully respected." "Due to (their) extremely great and respected status, other Turkic tribes, although The types and names are different, and they are gradually known by their names, and they are all called Tatars" (Rashit's "Historical Collection" Volume 1, Volume 1). Due to the strength of the Mongolian tribe, the name "Da Da" was gradually replaced by "Mongolia" and became the general name of the Shiwei tribes. The written record of the name Mongolia first appeared in the "Old Book of Tang", where it was called "Mengwu Shiwei". He was a member of the Dashiwei and lived in the area south of the Ergun River.

In the 12th century, the descendants of the Mongolian tribe (Mengwu Shiwei) multiplied, and their clans expanded and gradually distributed in the headwaters of the present-day Onen River, Kherulun River, and Tula River and the area east of Kent Mountain , forming tribal groups. Among the more famous ones are the Qiyan, Zadalan, Taichiwu, Hongjila, Uulianghe and other ethnic groups and tribes. With them on the Mongolian Plateau at that time were the Tatar tribe who were nomadic around present-day Lake Baikal, the Merqi tribe who lived in the Selenga River basin on the east bank of Lake Baikal, and were active in the western region of Lake Baikal and the upper source of the Yenisey River. The office also stabbed the Ministry. These three films all use Mongolian languages. In addition, there are three Mongolized Turkic tribes ruled by Turkic aristocrats who believe in Nestorianism, namely the Kerei tribe occupying the area around the homeland of the Uighur Khan, the Naiman tribe to the west, and the Wanggu tribe near the Yinshan area.

The Tatar tribe at that time was a powerful tribe. They were known for their willingness to use knives, and their nature was full of hatred, anger and jealousy.

There are frequent fights between the tribes on these Mongolian plateaus, as well as between the Tatar tribe and the Mongolian tribe. During the period when Hebul Khan, the third ancestor of Genghis Khan, was the Mongol Khan, Hebul Khan's wife's brother Sayin-Dijin asked a wizard from the Tatar tribe to perform witchcraft because of his illness. Unexpectedly, instead of being cured, he fell ill. Fatal death. Later, the brothers of Sayin-Dijin killed the wizards of the Tatar tribe. From then on, the Tatar tribe and the Mongolian tribe were at odds with each other. As long as they both had an opportunity, massacres and robberies would occur.

During the period of Genghis Khan's great-grandfather, the Tatar Tribe captured my baby and sent him to the Mongolian enemy, the Jin Dynasty. The Jin Dynasty nailed my baby to a "wooden donkey" After that, the Tatar tribe repeated the same trick and killed Genghis Khan's great-uncle Orqin Ba'erhehei.

During the period of Yesugei, Genghis Khan’s father, the Tatars poisoned Yesugei again. The feud made the resentment between the Mongolian tribe and the Tatar tribe deeper and deeper. Therefore, Genghis Khan is always waiting for an opportunity to take revenge on the Tatar tribe.

In 1196 (the first year of Cheng'an of Jin Zhangzong), the Prime Minister Wan Yanxiang of the Jin Dynasty sent troops to attack the Tata tribe who rebelled against the Jin Dynasty. Genghis Khan took the opportunity to join forces with Tuoli Khan (Wang Khan) to attack the Tata tribe. , when the Tatar tribe was defeated by the Jin army and fled to the Molezha River, they encountered the coalition forces of Genghis Khan and Wang Khan. After a fierce battle, the Tatar tribe was defeated and their leader Miguzhen Xueguletu was killed. The remaining troops and horses were all owned by Genghis Khan.

Although this battle was a manifestation of the personal enmity between Genghis Khan and the Tatar tribe, it invisibly helped the Jin Dynasty. Prime Minister Wanyan Xiang was very happy and granted Genghis Khan the official position of Zhauthuli. . This defeat of the Tatar tribe not only enabled Genghis Khan to win the title of the Jin Dynasty and ease the conflict between the Jin Dynasty and Mongolia, but also won the reputation of "avenging his father's clan" and won the respect of all Mongolian people. As a result, Genghis Khan's political status among the various Mongolian tribes gradually improved, and from then on he could rule over various tribes as an official of the Jin Dynasty.

In 1202, Genghis Khan led his army to launch an attack on the Tatar tribes such as Chaan Tatar, Alchitatar, Dutawuti (Tatar), and Aluhai Tatar. The two sides fought at Tamran Nemurges where the Halaha River entered the sea. Although the Mongolian army suffered a lot of losses, it finally won the victory. In this battle, Genghis Khan issued his first "Zhasa" ( Laws, military orders, etc.) stipulate that property obtained during the war must be handed over promptly and divided equally after the war. However, Dalitai, Altan and Huchaer did not obey the order and took the obtained property as their own. After Genghis Khan learned of this, Mingzhebeel and Kublai confiscated their property and distributed it to others.

In this battle, the Mongolian army led by Genghis Khan killed all the people in the Tatar tribe who were higher than Cheqi, and the remaining men, women, old and children were taken as slaves. The Tatar tribe suffered such a devastating blow and has never recovered.

In 1206, Temujin was elected as the Great Khan of Mongolia, named Genghis Khan, at the Kuriltai (big gathering) held on the banks of the Onan River, and established the Great Mongolian Kingdom. The establishment of Mongolia was of great significance to the formation of the Mongolian nation. From then on, for the first time in northern China, a powerful, stable and continuously developing nation that unified various tribes - the Mongols appeared.

Ergun City in northeastern Inner Mongolia has established the "Source of Mongolia·Mengwu Shiwei Cultural Tourism Scenic Area".