How to solve the problems of ancient city protection and sustainable economic development

Definition of historical and cultural heritage

Since the industrial revolution, the pollution and destruction of human living environment are shocking. The living environment of human beings is not only directly threatened by the seriously polluted and destroyed natural ecology, but also closely related to the sustainable development of society, economy and science and technology. As an organic part of the economy, the rapid development of modern tourism and tourism industry and the corresponding development of tourism resources driven by commercial economic interests have brought great pressure and destruction to the living environment and cultural heritage of mankind, making the sustainable development of tourism and tourism become the focus of general concern.

In order to coordinate the progress of material civilization with environmental protection and the sustainable development of all mankind, UNESCO member States advocated and concluded the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1972. 1976, the World Heritage Committee was established and the World Heritage List was established. According to the provisions of the Convention, the cultural and natural heritage of a State Party is declared by the State Party, inspected and evaluated by authoritative experts organized by the World Heritage Center, preliminarily considered by the presidium meeting of the World Heritage Committee, and finally voted by the Conference of States Parties to the Convention to be included in the World Heritage List and protected as a part of the world heritage of all mankind.

Cultural heritage listed in the World Heritage List is called World Cultural Heritage. Heritage types include cultural heritage, natural heritage and dual heritage of culture and nature. According to the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, one of the following categories can be classified as cultural heritage:

1. cultural relics. From the perspective of history, art or science, architecture, sculpture and painting with outstanding and universal value, components or structures with archaeological significance, inscriptions, caves, settlements and various cultural relics are a comprehensive body.

2. architecture. From the perspective of history, art or science, a single or interrelated building with outstanding and universal value because of its architectural form, identity and position in the landscape.

3. Ruins. From the perspective of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, man-made projects or masterpieces of man and nature and archaeological sites with outstanding and universal value.

The historical and cultural heritage was left to us by our ancestors. It is an ancient thing, a unique thing that has survived for millions of years and has no backup. It is this uniqueness and uniqueness that determines that historical and cultural heritage should be protected.

China joined the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage on February 1985 12, and began to declare the World Heritage in the following year. 1999 lO 29 was elected as a member of the World Heritage Committee. As of July 28, 37 cultural sites and natural landscapes in China have been listed in the World Heritage List, including 25 cultural heritages, 7 natural heritages, 4 dual cultural and natural heritages, and 1 cultural landscape, which have become the property of the whole world. In China, many historical and cultural heritages are being declared or undeclared. Because of its rich historical and cultural connotation and typical historical, ethnic and artistic characteristics, it is increasingly favored by tourists and becomes a valuable humanistic tourism resource, which also needs our protection.

Second, the significance of protecting historical and cultural heritage

Historical and cultural heritage is the carrier of thousands of years of long history, the foundation of a national culture and the inheritance of spiritual civilization. The Great Wall of Wan Li is a symbol of the Chinese nation. Old Town of Lijiang, Yunnan Province was basically intact after the earthquake of magnitude 7, and was later rated as a World Heritage Site. This place is protected, and people all over the world will gradually know it. On the other hand, if the carrier carrying historical information dies, the historical culture it carries will inevitably be diluted or die. The significance of historical and cultural heritage protection mainly includes the following aspects:

1. Protecting historical and cultural heritage is of great significance for studying the development of human history. Historical and cultural heritage is the witness of historical development and an important basis for studying human or national history. From the long primitive society, slave society and feudal society to the present socialist society, China is rich in historical remains. Protecting historical and cultural heritage and studying the history of human development are conducive to promoting the further development of society.

2. Protecting historical and cultural heritage is of great significance to scientific research. In the process of historical scientific research, people find that historical ancient cities, ancient buildings and structures have profound scientific principles. For example, the Zhao Zhouqiao in Zhao County, Hebei Province was built in the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (581_ 618) (6518), with a history of 14 years. The bridge is 64.4m long, 37.2m long and 7.23m high. Zhao Zhouqiao has a history of 14 years, and has experienced 1 floods, 8 wars and many earthquakes, especially the 1966 earthquake of magnitude 7.6 in Xingtai. Xingtai is more than 4 kilometers away from here, and there is also an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.0 here, and Zhao Zhouqiao is not damaged. Therefore, it is the earliest existing, longest span and best preserved ancient open-shouldered stone arch bridge in the world today. Zhao Zhouqiao 196 1 was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council. 199 1 year, the American society of civil engineers selected this bridge as 12 "milestone of international historical civil engineering", and built the bronze medal monument of "international historical civil engineering monument" on the east side of the north end of the bridge. This is a miracle in the history of bridge building in the world and has high scientific research value.

It is true that there are also many historical and cultural heritages whose scientific principles are still unclear and need to be explored. Protecting historical and cultural heritage is of great significance to scientific research.

3. Protecting historical and cultural heritage is of great practical and far-reaching historical significance to the development of tourism economy. It is these historical and cultural heritages created by human progress that provide a good foundation for our social development, especially the development of tourism economy. Strengthening its protection is beneficial to the sustainable development of tourism economy.

(1) Historical and cultural heritage is the basis of developing tourism.

The object of tourism activities is tourism resources. The development of tourism economy in a country or region depends on tourism resources, besides natural tourism resources endowed by nature, it is also inseparable from humanistic tourism resources. China's historical and cultural heritage of more than five years is rich and charming, attracting countless people from China and making foreigners yearn for it. These are important resources for the development of tourism, and also important places for people to entertain, visit, enjoy beautiful scenery and acquire relevant historical knowledge. The famous Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site, Yin Ruins, Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and many imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties and other historical and cultural heritages. There is also a small Zhouzhuang with an annual tourism income of 200 million yuan. Visible, historical and cultural heritage protection, the object of tourism will exist.

(2) Intuitively expressing the unique charm of humanities, history and culture with economic value is conducive to better developing the tourism economy. With the improvement of economic level, the income brought by tourism is also increasing, and the proportion of tourism in the national economy is also increasing. China has great potential for human, historical and cultural tourism. Protecting this part of tourism resources can develop tourism economy faster.

(3) Protecting historical and cultural heritage can enhance the value of tourism assets and develop tourism economy sustainably. Historical and cultural heritage is an important tourism resource and also a tourism asset. Therefore, protecting historical and cultural heritage can enhance the value of tourism assets. Historical and cultural heritage is the historical and cultural heritage of the whole country and even the whole mankind. The value of protecting cultural heritage lies in being watched, studied and utilized by the world. Therefore, where cultural heritage is well protected and developed, tourism will develop well and the value of tourism assets will be much higher. Such as the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, Pingyao Ancient City, zhouzhuang town and other historical and cultural heritages have been well protected, and the value of their tourism assets has increased rapidly, which is conducive to the sustainable development of tourism economy and can promote the overall economic development of the region.

Protecting historical and cultural heritage is an important part of spiritual civilization construction. A nation without culture is a nation without taste, and it is impossible to survive and develop for a long time. China is an ancient civilization in the world, and the Chinese nation is an enthusiastic and enterprising nation with rich and splendid culture and unique historical and cultural heritage. With great shock and inspiration, China has 30 world historical and cultural heritages, ranking first in the world. In the long history of the world, it has always maintained a strong vitality and appeal. It plays a great role in developing economy, enhancing national strength, improving people's cultural taste, cultivating noble sentiments, enhancing national self-esteem, inspiring patriotic enthusiasm, improving national cultural image and enriching the world cultural treasure house. Culture is the driving force of progress and the accumulation of history. Therefore, protecting the historical and cultural heritage and carrying forward the national spirit is an indispensable part of building an advanced socialist culture and an important part of building a socialist spiritual civilization.

Preserving and protecting historical and cultural heritage is also related to the future. Global Agenda 2 1 Century points out that an important aspect of sustainable development is the protection of historical and cultural heritage. Protect historical and cultural heritage and benefit future generations.

However, the protection of historical and cultural heritage has been neglected for a long time. In the process of economic development for many years, due to the constant changes of cultural values, many non-renewable material cultural heritages bearing great historical and cultural values have disappeared intentionally or unintentionally. Several large-scale constructions in the last century destroyed and destroyed many traditional historical and cultural heritages and lost their original features. In addition, the lack of understanding of the value and function of historical and cultural heritage, contempt of ideas, insufficient financial support, and imperfect systems and norms have also made the protection of historical and cultural heritage unfavorable and there are many problems.

Three. Several problems in the protection of China's historical and cultural heritage

1. Lack of understanding makes it difficult to achieve * * * knowledge. Although the whole society

The understanding of the value and significance of historical and cultural heritage protection is constantly improving, but there are differences in the value orientation and aesthetic orientation of different departments, different posts and different people, which leads to contradictions and even sharp opposition between understanding and interest requirements. For example, in urban construction, there are different opinions on whether to leave some historical sites and whether to build new historical and cultural landscapes that have disappeared. This situation has led to many problems in the protection of historical and cultural heritage that are difficult to deal with because of the lack of knowledge.

2. The historical and cultural heritage is unclear. Many historical and cultural heritages sleep on the ground and underground. In the process of rapid urbanization, it is not clear that historical and cultural heritage is involved. Many valuable historical and cultural heritages have not been investigated and registered at all, let alone published cultural protection units and reasonable plans. 3. The phenomenon of "constructive destruction" is serious, and the relationship between protection and development is not handled properly. With the rapid development of economy, many areas only pay attention to simple economic development and scale expansion, while ignoring the protection of historical and cultural heritage. The degree of destruction of historical and cultural heritage is worrying. Especially in the transformation of some old cities, large-scale demolition and construction have destroyed many historical traditional blocks and historical buildings. Xiangfan Song City Wall was razed to the ground overnight; The historic buildings around the Zunyi conference site were demolished. In order to develop the city and renew the old city, it is necessary to demolish some houses and old buildings that have lost their historical use value. At present, ancient Beijing has also encountered a controversial issue, that is, whether the ancient hutong quadrangles should be preserved and how to coordinate the relationship between the living environment of citizens and the protection of historical and cultural heritage. We can't destroy some ancient buildings and monuments, sell land and raise funds for the needs of developers.

In the process of developing tourism resources, some places unilaterally pursue the economic benefits of tourism, which has caused serious damage to historical and cultural heritage. First, in order to cater to the tourism boom, traditional historical blocks were demolished, and a series of substitutions and even development in different places were carried out, making many valuable historical and cultural heritages "fake antiques".

4. The legal system is not perfect and the law enforcement is weak. Protecting historical and cultural heritage requires a multi-pronged approach, especially management according to law. It is important to speed up legislation to protect historical and cultural heritage. Why can many important cultural heritages, many regional leaders, and even the most grass-roots leaders go up in smoke in one sentence? It is because there is no clear and specific legal provisions to manage, but the power is greater than the law.

5. The lack of protection funds, professionals and technology directly affects the development of historical and cultural heritage protection. Because there is no special protection fund, many historical and cultural heritages are in a state of natural extinction. Especially in poor areas, there are only one or two cultural relics professional cadres, and it is difficult to guarantee even the daily expenses. Without a high-quality professional protection talent team and excellent protection technology, what about the protection of historical and cultural heritage?

Four. Measures to protect historical and cultural heritage

1. Actively publicize, update ideas and strengthen the awareness of national protection. Protecting the historical and cultural heritage of the city is the sacred duty of all levels of government and every citizen in the city. The government should increase investment and protection of cultural heritage, and at the same time widely mobilize the masses, so that every citizen can consciously cherish and care for cultural relics, and strengthen supervision by public opinion. With the support of the masses and public opinion, the protection of historical and cultural heritage has a strong reliance, and I believe that the power of the people is the most powerful.

2. Improving the quality of the whole people goes hand in hand with legal protection. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, when the Great Wall tourism was just emerging, all the Great Wall scenic spots generally encountered the peak of disfigurement. Climb the Great Wall from the west gate of Badaling Wengcheng, and observe along the climbing Great Wall on the north and south sides respectively. On this 3-meter-long Great Wall, almost all the places that tourists can reach are engraved with various characters, including place names, people's names, "visit here", Chinese, Japanese, Korean and illegible characters. These words not only destroyed the historical features of the Great Wall, but also damaged the city wall with some words as deep as half a centimeter. The Great Wall is a symbol of the Chinese nation, which has seriously damaged the national image. This is why the Great Wall Society of China and the Badaling Great Wall Management Committee jointly launched a collection activity for the plan to clear the handwriting of the Great Wall. After the news was published, it aroused strong repercussions at home and abroad, and all walks of life made suggestions for the protection of the Great Wall. In recent ten years, with the improvement of tourists' quality and the strengthening of management, lettering damage has declined, but it still exists.

It is important to speed up legislation to protect historical and cultural heritage. Cultural heritage should be protected not only by a series of administrative regulations, but also by criminal law and other laws. Serious damage to historical and cultural heritage should be defined as a crime and should be dealt with criminally.

3. Correctly handle the relationship between protection and construction, take protection as the premise and take the road of sustainable development. To realize the development of tourism resources, the first and most important thing is the protection of historical and cultural heritage. As a non-renewable humanistic tourism resource, it is an inseparable object of tourism activities. Once destroyed, it will disappear forever, and there will be no long-term development and utilization. Therefore, in the process of development, we should pay special attention to the protection of historical and cultural heritage, and we must never be eager for quick success. In terms of protection methods, we should not only follow the corresponding national protection laws and regulations, but also find a road that conforms to our own environment and conditions in combination with the actual situation. Learn from the practice of Zhuge Village (Bagua Village) in Lanxi, Zhejiang. You can also open physical historical and cultural heritage in a limited time, such as the Potala Palace in Tibet. It can even be closed to the outside world and only open to scholars and related researchers.

With the development of social economy, these unique historical and cultural heritages, as a valuable and non-renewable tourism resource, will have an increasing value. We should attach great importance to the precious resources we have, realize that these resources are potential and constantly appreciating capital, and look at them from a long-term perspective. Even if it cannot be developed immediately due to conditions, it should be actively protected, and other industries can be used to develop first, and then their valuable cultural values can be transformed when the time is ripe.

4. Find out the family property and do a good job in protection planning. When you travel to the Central Plains, the locals will proudly say to you, "You can find the treasure with a spade and a few digs." . Although it is a joke, it can also reflect the mentality that local people are proud of because of their profound cultural accumulation. On the other hand, it is also suggested that everyone should have a good understanding of the historical and cultural heritage of the motherland, do a good job of excavation, find out the family background, and facilitate planning and protection.

As a historical and cultural heritage, the hutong quadrangles in Beijing mentioned above should actively repair and restore the beautiful living environment of the old-fashioned residential quadrangles. However, it is necessary to deal with the relationship between personality culture and improving the living standards of hutong residents. Nowadays, in some historical and cultural cities, the business atmosphere is getting stronger and stronger, while the cultural atmosphere is getting weaker and weaker. Old Town of Lijiang is a world historical and cultural heritage, and the ancient city is well protected. However, one store after another in the ancient city has a weak cultural atmosphere and cannot fully reflect the characteristics of the ancient city. This is regrettable. Protecting historical and cultural cities is not the whole of protecting cities. Its scope, content and requirements should be carefully determined through urban planning. The key is to deal with the relationship between protection and development, the relationship between new and old buildings, and the coordination between old and new buildings in style and color, so as to make the overall pattern harmonious without losing the characteristics of a famous cultural city. It is necessary to strictly control the cultural heritage protection areas and historical blocks that have too much space, inappropriate economic development, tourism development and inappropriate artificial scenic spot construction.

There is a lack of proper coordination between improving citizens' living environment and protecting historical and cultural heritage. In terms of cultural heritage protection, Pingyao local government has taken the following measures: first, formulate the protection plan of the ancient city; Second, implement the relocation project of residents in the ancient city; Third, comprehensively strengthening the infrastructure construction of the ancient city can be used for reference.

5. Learn from foreign advanced protection experience and strengthen the protection process. Learn from the successful experience of "protecting ancient cities and building new cities" abroad, protect valuable traditional streets and ancient villages as a whole, and then develop new areas to avoid "constructive destruction" in the process of urbanization. Improve the environment of protected traditional blocks, maintain the original appearance of the facade, update indoor supporting facilities, improve people's quality of life and meet people's demand for modern quality of life.

6. Strengthen capital investment. The state allocates 20,000 yuan each year for the protection of famous historical and cultural heritage cities. When Old Town of Lijiang, a famous historical and cultural city and a world cultural heritage, was hit by an earthquake, the international community also gave a considerable amount of donations. In order to fully protect historical and cultural heritage, funds are insufficient, and international and national support capacity is bound to be limited, which requires all localities to make full use of the heritage itself, take out a considerable part of tourism revenue, strengthen self-support and strive for a virtuous circle.