Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Tourist attractions - What are the severe situations and threats for the sustainable development of wetland tourism?
What are the severe situations and threats for the sustainable development of wetland tourism?
1. Productive human interference?
Productive human interference includes the non-ecological nature of industrial and agricultural production and wetland tourism development, which can also be called industrial interference. Its harm to the health of wetland ecosystem is caused by one-sided pursuit of economic benefits, neglect of industrial structure adjustment, extensive development and neglect of ecological environment protection. At present, this disturbance is the dominant factor affecting the health of wetland ecosystem in Hangjiahu area. Since the 1990s, especially after the 20th century, tourism has started to change from sightseeing to leisure and holiday tourism. The natural feelings of tourism consumers are constantly improving, and wetland eco-tourism is developing rapidly. The development of wetland eco-tourism has sprung up in various places and has become the focus of tourism development. The economic value of developing wetlands by relevant subjects has brought severe challenges to wetland protection. In order to solve the problem of wetland protection funds, accelerate regional economic development and solve financial difficulties, local governments have introduced a large number of private capital, transferred management rights, encouraged decision makers and operators to make full use of cheap natural resources, and transformed them into economic indicators as soon as possible, which weakened the protection of wetland ecosystem and ecological environment. As economic man, wetland management enterprises pay more attention to the development of wetland ecotourism while pursuing the maximization of economic benefits. Ignoring the protection of ecological environment, the development of wetland eco-tourism lacks planning and quick success, which leads to over-exploitation and strong construction intensity, and the conflict with ecological environment protection is becoming increasingly fierce. ?
(A) the non-ecological nature of agricultural production?
The non-ecological nature of agricultural production is mainly manifested in the agricultural non-point source pollution caused by the large use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and the increase of toxic substances in wetlands caused by high-density farming, the intensification of eutrophication and the decline of water quality, which leads to the decline of biodiversity and self-purification ability. Hangjiahu area is one of the important rice producing areas in China. In order to increase production, farmers use a lot of chemical fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer in the production process. The actual utilization rate of chemical fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer applied in farmland is only 30%-50%, 30%-50% and 7%- 15%. Most of them enter the nearby water body with farmland drainage, which leads to eutrophication of wetland water body, and the consequence is a large number of aquatic organisms. The unscientific and unreasonable development of aquaculture and planting also affects the health of wetland ecosystem to varying degrees. For example, there are three pig farms in Zhuxia Lake Wetland, Deqing County, Huzhou City. Except for some pig manure used as fertilizer, the rest pig urine, some pig manure and pigsty cleaning wastewater are directly discharged into the lake. This kind of wastewater has high concentration of organic matter, suspended solids, high ammonia nitrogen content and strong smell, which seriously pollutes the lake. In order to obtain greater fish culture density and economic benefits, bait is directly put into the lake. In addition, a large number of water chestnuts were planted in the lake area, and farmers directly sprinkled fertilizers and pesticides on the water body, which also seriously deteriorated the water quality. It can be seen that the non-ecological development of aquaculture and planting has accelerated the process of wetland eutrophication, causing serious damage to the ecological environment of wetlands, and the self-purification ability and ecological service function of wetlands have declined. ?
(B) the expansion of industrial production and its non-ecological?
Hangjiahu area is a developed area of township industry and private economy. In addition to the deterioration of wetland ecological environment caused by the increase of agricultural pollutants, the decrease of wetland area and wetland ecological deterioration caused by industrial development are another important inducement of productive human interference. On the one hand, the development of industrialization has brought about the continuous expansion of the demand for land resources, leading to the shrinkage or disappearance of a large number of wetlands. For example, in 2005, the wetland area of Hangzhou Bay Industrial Belt was about 1.78× 1.05 hm2, in which Haining was rich in wetland resources, followed by Hangzhou and Jiashan, and the wetland area lost by industrial development in that year was about 7%. Among them, the wetland resources in pinghu city decreased by more than 1% annually, with significant changes, and Jiaxing and Hangzhou were also around the regional average. It is estimated that by 2020, due to the continuous expansion of construction land, the wetlands around Hangzhou Bay Industrial Belt will shrink in a large area, and about 1.2× 1.04 hm2 of wetlands will be converted into construction land. At present, the wetland around Hangzhou Bay is threatened by the occupation of construction land. Among them, "the wetland area of the first-class risk level is about 8000 hectares, accounting for 69% of the total area of wetland retreat; The area of secondary risk wetland is about 2000 hm2, accounting for 19% of the total area of wetland retreat. There are more than 700 hectares of Grade III and IV risk wetlands, accounting for about 6% of the total area of wetland retreat. With the expansion of construction land, the trend of encroaching on wetlands has not weakened. " On the other hand, Hangjiahu area is one of the most developed areas in China, especially the township industry. The industrial level is low and the management is extensive. Most industrial wastewater containing many pollutants and excessive nutrients is directly discharged into rivers, lakes and offshore waters without treatment. Industrial pollution has seriously damaged the ecological environment similar to wetlands in this area. At present, except the main stream of Qiantang River, the water quality of other small and medium-sized rivers and plain water networks is seriously polluted, and the organic pollution problem of most urban rivers is outstanding, and the water bodies are black and smelly all the year round. The water in coastal waters is in a state of moderate eutrophication. The water quality in the coastal waters where Jiaxing is located is the worst in Zhejiang Province, with 1 0,000% being Class IV seawater, while the water quality in Hangzhou Bay is all Class IV seawater, resulting in poor quality of life, biological integrity and richness in the coastal waters. ?
Second, life pollution?
Domestic pollution, including domestic sewage, domestic garbage and human excrement, has always been one of the main hazards to the health of wetland ecosystem. The impact of domestic pollution on the health of wetland ecosystem has attracted people's attention as early as the 1990s. With the structural adjustment of rural economy and the development of rural urbanization, the proportion of urban residents is increasing, but the utilization rate of human excrement is decreasing. In addition, the lack of domestic sewage treatment facilities in villages and towns makes the potential and practical harm of domestic pollution to wetlands more and more serious. It can be seen that the harm of domestic pollution to the health of wetland ecosystem should not be underestimated (table 1). ?
Third, other human interference factors?
In addition to productive human disturbance and life human disturbance, there are many human disturbance factors of wetland ecosystem health in Hangjiahu area, including careless introduction of exotic biological species, unreasonable infrastructure construction such as roads and bridges, unscientific arrangement of wetland management system and lack of operation mechanism. ?
(1) Introducing alien species?
Inadvertently introducing alien biological species will easily lead to the disappearance of the original biological species, affect the water quality of the wetland and lead to the decline of the health level of the wetland ecosystem. The most typical invasive species to the wetland ecosystem health in Hangjiahu area is water hyacinth, which was introduced from South America in 1960s and listed as one of the first 16 invasive species by the State Environmental Protection Administration. Its scientific name is Eichhornia crassipes, commonly known as bag lotus, water lotus and false narcissus. In recent years, due to a large number of domestic garbage and industrial and agricultural sewage discharged into rivers and lakes, the degree of eutrophication of water bodies has been continuously improved, leading to the wild growth of water hyacinth. Water hyacinth can absorb a lot of nutrients in water during its growth, but it will turn black and muddy after rotting in late winter and early spring, releasing a lot of nitrogen and phosphorus. Corrupt water hyacinth not only worsens the water quality, but also seriously affects the landscape, causing serious harm to the health of Hangjiahu wetland ecosystem. ? (2) Unreasonable infrastructure construction?
Unreasonable infrastructure construction such as roads and bridges not only directly reduces the wetland area, but also easily changes the wetland water status, increases the load of wetland sediments, destroys the integrity of wetland ecosystem, affects the survival of wetland ecosystem and interferes with the continuity of wetland biological habitat. In recent years, with the sustained and rapid economic and social development, the infrastructure construction in Hangjiahu area has made great progress. In terms of highway construction, expressway and National Highway are the main roads in the whole region, connecting rural roads to form full coverage of highways. Highway construction is a development behavior that has a great impact on the natural ecological environment, including the impact on wetland resources, because "highway construction is a strip development behavior with many points, many lines and many lines, and the wetland resources are widely distributed, which makes the impact of highway construction on various wetland ecosystems inevitable." ?
(3) unscientific wetland management system?
The unscientific arrangement of wetland management system and the lack of operating mechanism will also have a great impact on the health of wetland ecosystem. The degradation and loss of wetlands are not only due to the lack of public knowledge and policy knowledge about the value of wetlands, but also due to the imperfection of protection institutions and the dispersion of organizational decisions. For example, administrative regions are artificially divided into geographical regions, but there is no restriction on material and energy exchange and information exchange within or between watershed wetland ecosystems, and they are interrelated through water cycle or biological information exchange. However, the cutting of administrative areas and the pursuit of their own economic interests will inevitably lead to the destruction or pollution of wetlands in the upper reaches of the basin enriched by water circulation, and the current ecological compensation mechanism in the basin is still in the exploration stage. Imperfect institutional arrangements and the lack of operational mechanism will inevitably lead to the "lack of management" of the wetland ecosystem health in the basin, and ultimately affect the health of the wetland ecosystem in the basin. Therefore, "wetland protection must not only alleviate or eliminate the threats to wetlands from reclamation, pollution and overuse in administrative areas, but also strengthen the protection of relatively independent wetland ecosystems, and must also break through the concept of administrative divisions and strengthen cooperation and exchanges between administrative areas." ?
(4) Excessive tourist activities?
Tourism is called "smokeless industry" because of its low pollution. In the process of development, people tend to pay more attention to its economic and social benefits and less attention to its environmental protection. In fact, low pollution does not mean no pollution. In fact, the process of tourism activities is a process of zero contact with tourism resources and the environment, and it still has inherent and hidden destructive power to the environment. As far as wetland eco-tourism area is concerned, tourists' behavior and tourism traffic will bring air pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution. Excessive passenger flow will break through the carrying capacity of the scenic spot and seriously interfere with and destroy the normal circulation of the environment and biosphere in the wetland eco-tourism area. It can be seen that the damage caused by tourism activities is direct and close, as obvious as the conflict of environmental protection, and it is difficult to avoid. ?
Especially during the Golden Week every year, there are too many tourists in Hangjiahu Wetland and the density of tourists is too high. Although Golden Week tourism has achieved amazing economic benefits, the large-scale gathering of tourists in a short period of time is a great test for the ecological carrying capacity of wetlands. The high density of tourists not only increases the chance that the wetland ecological environment will be destroyed, but also the crowded tourist space is not conducive to tourists really enjoying the fun of the travel journey, which will reduce the per capita tourism ecological footprint and make real eco-tourism impossible. At the same time, the excessive number of tourists also increases the probability that tourists will destroy the wetland ecological environment because of their low quality. In the process of tourism, most people intentionally or unintentionally destroy wetlands, but few tourists really pay attention not to destroy the wetland environment during the tourism process. ?
- Previous article:42 years ago, she found diamonds worth 654.38+0 billion for a tractor. What is the current situation?
- Next article:Pingyao travel guide?
- Related articles
- Where is the Shuanggu Town Housing Security Group?
- Summary of special tourist routes for Hangzhou summer vacation in 2022 Recommended places for summer vacation in Hangzhou
- The broken workpiece has no root.
- What are the interesting places in Chongqing Bishan Scenic Area?
- What are the trendy brands?
- If you want to go to Singapore, what is the best parent-child tour recommendation?
- What brand of insulated kettle is good, bring water to the baby when he goes out.
- Introduction to playing in Hankou River Beach
- Where is the best stopover for Hengyang driving in Beihai?
- My home is in Tonghua, Jilin, and I want to travel to Dandong. Look at the sea. How much does the fare cost per person? How much does it cost to play there for 5 days? Please help me with the answe