Residential architecture in Tujia villages in western Hubei?

What are the specific contents of the Tujia village residential buildings in western Hubei? Zhongda Consulting will answer them below.

A preliminary study on the residential architecture of Tujia and Miao villages in western Hubei_Bisen Youxin_Architectural Culture_Architecture Chinese Network According to a preliminary investigation by the cultural relics department, there are various cultural relics and ancient architectural remains in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei There are more than 200 places, which can be divided into 14 categories including temples, ancestral halls, academies, churches, ancient pagodas, Guanzhai and residential buildings. Among them, residential buildings can be divided into many types. According to their scale and characteristics, they can be divided into quadrangle-style patio houses (including beam-lifting, bucket-through and well-drying) and semi-suspended stilt-style buildings (i.e. stilted buildings). According to the building materials and the development of the Neolithic and Paleolithic Ages, they can be divided into cave dwellings, stone dwellings, wooden dwellings and mixed dwellings, etc. Today, Yumuzhai in Lichuan City, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei

The architectural types and preservation status of folk houses in ethnic villages in western Hubei

According to a preliminary survey by the cultural relics department, the Tujia and Miao ethnic groups in Enshi, Hubei There are more than 200 cultural relics and ancient architectural relics of various types in the autonomous prefecture, which can be divided into 14 categories including temples, ancestral halls, academies, churches, ancient pagodas, Guanzhai, and residential buildings. Among them, residential buildings can be divided into many types. According to their scale and characteristics, they can be divided into quadrangle-style patio houses (including beam-carrying, bucket-through and well-dry) and semi-suspended stilt-style buildings (i.e. stilted buildings). According to the building materials and the development of the Neolithic and Paleolithic Ages, they can be divided into cave dwellings, stone dwellings, wooden dwellings and mixed dwellings, etc. Today, in Tujia villages such as Yumuzhai in Lichuan City, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province, Pengjiazhai in Xuanen County, and Gunlongba in Enshi City, some of these folk houses with ethnic characteristics are still relatively intact. Building type.

1. Yumu Village, an ancient temple.

Yumuzhai is located in Daxing Management Area, Moudao Township, Lichuan City, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province. It is 3.5 kilometers away from Daxingchang Market Town in the south, 60 kilometers away from Lichuan City in the southeast, and Wanzhou Port in Chongqing City in the northwest. 50 kilometers, and the top of the village is more than 1,300 meters above sea level. National Highway 318 passes through Zhailu. From the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty to the thirteenth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1369-1735 AD), it has been a military fortress for Tujia people and a place where Tujia people have gathered for generations. There are currently 9 villager groups in the village, housing 159 households and 610 people. It is a natural minority village isolated from the outside world. The village has three cliffs and majestic checkpoints, shaped like a drum. The only ancient stone path entering the village is from the "drum handle". The path is only 1 meter wide and the terrain is very dangerous. Yumuzhai was approved by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit in 2006 due to its relatively well-preserved residential buildings and rich cultural relics.

2. Pastoral Pengjiazhai.

Pengjiazhai is located at the northern foot of Wuling Mountain, in the southwest of Shadaogou Town, Xuanen County, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province. There are more than 250 people in 45 households in the village, all of whom are Tujia people. There are currently 26 residential buildings in the village. The main type is Tujia Diaojiaolou. Diaojiaolou was formerly known as "Gaolan" and "Gelan", also known as "Gelan" and "Malan". It is considered to have developed from nest dwellings (simple dwellings based on trees and building blocks). It is derived from the spatial concept of "cave dwellings" and "Gelan". The structure of the nest is combined with the Chinese "ganlan" style architecture. According to the natural environment of Western Hubei, where there are many mountains and few fields, many slopes and few dams, and a rainy and humid climate, the ethnic minorities in Western Hubei built their houses on different terraces between the mountains and slopes. It uses the height of the hanging legs to adapt to changes in terrain and integrates buildings and bungalows. According to the three-dimensional structure, there are buildings with upper and lower floors, "people live on top, and cattle, sheep, dogs, dolphins and livestock below"; or "the downstairs has two parts, one is a pounding and grinding room, and farm tools and sundries are also stored in it, and the other is a pounding and grinding room." The upper part is the livestock room, and the chickens, dolphins, cattle and sheep that the family raises are all kept in it." It may be built with three floors, upper, middle and lower, with the upper floor for storage and the middle floor for living (the hanging part is used as a girl's boudoir or a daughter-in-law's bedroom). The lower layer is the livestock and debris layer. This structure fully reflects the living space required for mountain farming. It is the best residential building form chosen by the ethnic minorities in western Hubei under the severe natural conditions of steep slopes and narrow land.

There are open farmlands in front of the village, a long rope bridge, and a wind and rain pavilion with umbrella handles. On the other side of the stream, you can see the 26 wooden houses in Pengjiazhai spread out along the mountain on three main platforms, forming a triple horizontal plane. There are more than 9 niches standing in the front and back, with cornices and ridges decorated; there are ten more There are many mountain-faced niches at the end of the main house. They have a "一" shape in front, a "︺" shape in the back, and most of them are "L" shaped. They are both "intrigue" and "form a couple". Below the niches Some of the spaces are paved with stone slabs and used as village passages to make them dense and spaced; some of the penetrating spaces formed under the stilts are used as natural terraces in front of and behind the house, making them ventilated and light-transmitting, beautiful and concentrated . This kind of semi-suspended stilt-style (i.e. stilted building) residential buildings that are widely distributed in southwestern Hubei and have national characteristics can be found in most districts and villages in the eight counties and cities in western Hubei Prefecture, such as Zhonglu, Lichuan City The residential building complex of Jiajiaba Village in Guihua Village, the residential building complex of Labisi Village in Jiusi Township, Laifeng County, the residential building complex of Liujiayuan in Xujiatuo Village, Gaoleshan Town, Xianfeng County, and Liangting Street in Qingyang Village, Jiaoyuan Town, Xuanen County 〈Residence〉 and so on. Among them, Pengjiazhai and Liangting Street in Qingyang Village in Xuan'en are of great architectural scale and characteristics, and were included in the 20 "Ethnic Folk Ecological and Cultural Reserves" named by the Enshi Prefecture Government in 2006.

3. Stretching Gunlong Dam.

Gunlongba Village, Cuijiaba Town, Enshi City, Hubei Province, which is currently being applied for "China's Famous Historical and Cultural Village", is a small natural village where the Xiang family of the Tujia family mainly lives, and it also belongs to Enshi Prefecture." One of the National Folk Ecological and Cultural Reserves. Because it is located on a small flat land in the mountains, there is the "Yellow Dragon" Jianlong River on the left and the "Qinglong" Yangyugou on the right, which flow into the Tiankeng like a rolling dragon, continuously blessing the descendants of the Xiang family. It was named after the former single-surnamed village that had no business and four-bedroom houses and developed into an ethnic village with more than 200 households and more than 800 people living in small settlements and large mixed settlements today. There are 3 ancient Ming and Qing Dynasty buildings and 13 modern building groups with protection value and more than 200 houses in the village. The total building area exceeds 30,000 square meters, and 70% is relatively complete. The main type is a quadrangle-style patio house built with a mixture of wood, brick, and stone, with walls surrounding it in the shape of a "Hui"; some have volcanic walls sealing the two mountains, with decorative reliefs and colorful patterns on the wall caps, and roofs. There are two forms: hanging mountain and hard mountain. For example, the "four-house foundation" in the Maokan Mountain building complex consists of three front rooms, three back rooms, and four side rooms with a patio-style brick and wood structure. The foundation wood is intact, the fire sealing wall is towering, stone pillar foundations, door fans, window fans, etc. The carvings are simple, complex and exquisite. Another example is the "Long Street Eaves House", which is a combination of brick and wood with three stone doors, three entrances, nine front rooms, nine back rooms, eight side rooms, a pavilion (pavilion house), four courtyards, a back garden, and more than ten enclosed houses at both ends. The structural building is one of the largest houses in the Gunlongba ancient building complex. Because of its long strip shape, it is also known as the long street eaves. Except for the demolition of the enclosed house and the holding hall on the right side and the reconstruction of a new house at the middle door of the front house, the rest are well preserved.

The homogeneity of residential characteristics and the differences in architecture

The existence and continuation of the residential buildings in Tujia villages are inseparable from their specific natural environment, historical background and national cultural conditions. They all have relatively complete unique characteristics, and at the same time they have certain differences and personalities.

1. The clan idea of ??"living together as a clan".

No matter what type of residential structure they are, they usually form cottages or villages where the ethnic groups live in groups. Most of the villages are built close to the mountains, and the villages are usually close to the mountains and close to the dam, with one surname per village or one surname for the whole village. Ruyumu Village is mainly the place where Tujia Chieftain Tan lives; Pengjiazhai is naturally the residence of the Tujia family with the surname Peng, and Xuanen Zhangjiazhai, which is located in the same county as Pengjiazhai, has 9 households. The surname is Zhang; there is also the Xiang family in Gunlongba Village in Enshi who has lived for a long time. Brothers of the same clan often live in separate families but not in separate houses, which is why they have structures such as: three with ten rooms, two with wells, and five with eleven rooms. , two patios, seven rooms with fifteen rooms, five patios, and a large-scale residential building complex in Zhongping with six rooms, two rooms, and ten patios. It reflects a strong national and clan ideology and the big family concept of "four generations living under one roof" and "family fun" in feudal society. However, as the ties between the nation and the outside world have strengthened and expanded, these relatively independent villages have gradually moved from being closed to opening up, and have become today's villages where multiple ethnic groups live together. The layout of the village has also been separated from the courtyard of "living together", and formed a single family courtyard, independent, while retaining some traditional residential courtyards.

2. The religious custom of "humans and gods living together".

Tujia people attach great importance to rituals, religion, respect for their ancestors, and have traditional customs of offering sacrifices. In Tujia people's houses, there are shrines on the front wall of the main room. Even in the cave-dwelling rock houses in Yumuzhai, people are erecting two wooden stakes and installing wooden boards in front of the uneven cave wall in the entrance hall to set up a shrine for "the Lord of Heaven and Earth, the Prince of Heaven and Earth, and the Master." Since most of the Tujia people migrated from Xiangxi, Jiangxi, and Southwest China, each village worshiped different gods. Most of the family gods of scholarly families enshrine "the throne of the Lord of Heaven and Earth", and some have the "Holy Master" tablet. Worshiping the "Altar God" is unique to the Xiang family. With the changes of the times, the gods that people worship and believe in have changed. Walking into the modern residential buildings built in the village, we can see that there is still an eye-catching portrait of Chairman Mao hanging on the front wall of the main room, with a shrine underneath and traces of burning incense. It shows that the villagers still worship Chairman Mao as the god who brought them a happy life today. This is a display of residential authoritative space. They believe that the interior of a house is not only a place for future generations, but also a place where ancestors and gods live. Only if they serve their ancestors and gods well, will their spirits in heaven bless them with happiness and health for generations to come. Another phenomenon of "people and gods living together" is that traditional Tujia people houses are equipped with firepits. There are also many forbidden sacrifices related to the fire pit. The Tujia people have a ceremony to move the fire to a new house. The fire in the fire pit symbolizes the eternal fire of family livelihood, and also symbolizes the continuous incense of the race. It is the psychological embodiment of the deification of the Tujia religious culture.

3. The architectural model of "semi-mixed living between humans and animals".

Farming in the mountainous areas of western Hubei has low productivity. People rely on the mountains to live a self-sufficient life, open to nature and close to nature. No matter what type of dwellings there are in Tujia villages, they are basically a semi-mixed residence of humans and animals, that is, humans live in the front and livestock live on the side; humans live above and the livestock stalls are below. The spatial form of the primary and secondary relationships is very clear. In particular, most of the main and side buildings are elevated on stilts, and the upper part of the multi-room house is used as an embroidery room (called the girl's room in Tujia); the lower part is used as a pig pen, a cattle pen, a mill, or to store farm tools and sundries. The elevated floor can isolate the ground air, make ventilation and facilitate moisture removal, which is suitable for the mountainous geographical environment and humid climate characteristics. It is convenient for cattle and pigs to be housed, livestock fertilizer is convenient, and it is beneficial to dry crops. However, the mixing of humans and animals is not conducive to cleanliness and sanitation, and it is not convenient to install modern equipment.

In recent years, with the overall advancement of rural modernization, many cattle and pig pens have been moved to areas far away from human settlements in an attempt to separate humans and animals. However, some villagers still find it inconvenient to raise livestock and return to a semi-mixed living model. .

4. The living concept of "harmony between man and nature".

The people of Yumuzhai built their village along the mountain and lived in danger; the people of Pengjiazhai built their village along the mountain and were shaded by bamboo forests; the people of Gunlongba built their own village with "Longkou Water". This kind of architectural style, leaning against mountains and rivers, where ethnic groups live together, with mountains, water, bridges and trees intact; thousands of stilts on each floor with their own stilts, and people, houses and scenery being harmonious, is exactly what the ethnic minority residences in western Hubei are like. It embodies the living characteristics of "harmony between man and nature". In particular, the stilt building is built in stages and has stilts near the ridge. It is suitable for mountains, rivers and flat land. It follows the slope and the ground and allows nature to take its course. It not only makes full use of the limited land, but also achieves harmony and unity with the surrounding environment, reflecting the relationship between people and the surrounding environment. Nature complements each other, and the metaphysical consciousness of "taking heaven and earth as a house" is an ecological building with distinctive regional characteristics among the residential buildings of ethnic minorities in my country. The residential buildings in Yumuzhai, Pengjiazhai and Gunlongba, as the carrier and representative of the regional culture of Tujia villages, show the footprints of the development of Tujia architecture, embody the wisdom and creativity of the Tujia people, and are full of local culture. The family has a long history and culture.

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5. Differences caused by region and culture.

Tujia folk houses in western Hubei are mainly built with a mixture of stone, wood and bricks. The "Kanyu theory" is paid attention to in the location selection of villages. However, from a regional perspective, the same materials are affected by different regions. There are differences in the influence of the construction. For example, most of the craftsmen of Yumuzhai came from Sichuan, and the architectural design was influenced by the Qiang housing culture of the Southwest. Some of them are bracketed and cornices, hidden in the mountains, or watchtowers are dangerous and majestic, with simple architecture. Rhythm and unique creativity. Gunlongba, according to the "Origin of the Xiang Family" records, Xiang Dafa, the ancestor of the Xiang Family, named Badou, was the leader of the Ming Dynasty army. In the seventh year of Chongzhen (1635), he led his family to fight. It started in Henan, passed through Chu again, and later From Pengshui through Shizhou, he rushed to Gunlongba to settle down in Mancao. In their own words, the earliest ancestors were actually not the Tujia people but the Han people. It was only after they came to the Tujia area and lived with the Tujia children here for nearly 20 generations that they evolved into the native Tujia people. Therefore, its architectural structure is a kind of courtyard house with the characteristics of Chu and Han culture. It may have towering gables and embossed heads, or it may be surrounded by a palace or a courtyard, where relatives can visit without leaving the house. It is different from other Tujia stilted building community buildings. A precious physical object that combines Tujia architectural art with foreign architectural art.

Building conservation and development design

1. Sealed protection and changes in living concepts.

Most young people in Tujia villages today go out to work as construction workers. Not only do they earn money, but they also learn some new construction techniques and bring back some new living concepts. So in these quaint and natural villages, new tile-roofed houses or flat-roofed buildings pop up all of a sudden, and some even follow the fashion and install rolling shutters. However, there are still piles of farm tools and sundries in the living room, which ruins the scenery. . Although the government has banned the construction of new houses on the village, new houses are still being built quietly. Because it is a sign of wealth, a modern flavor, and an innovation in the concept of living. However, this kind of unplanned construction will undoubtedly affect the architectural ecology of the entire protected area. Therefore, for national cultural relics protection units like Yumuzhai, the author believes that the residents should be relocated as a whole to the other end of the village to build a new village, and the areas where ancient buildings are concentrated should be sealed and protected and developed and utilized as tourist visits and inspection projects. . Let those silent ancient buildings bring living economic benefits to the villagers, thereby consciously strengthening their awareness of protection.

2. Open protection and design innovation.

Open style does not mean indiscriminate modification or arbitrary innovation, but it is more appropriate to remove the rough and unreasonable features and take the essence. For example, Diaojiaolou is the main building form in Tujia villages in western Hubei, but its lifestyle and environment are not conducive to people's living styles and environments such as people and animals living together, small windows, and built-in fire pits that cannot exhaust smoke. Therefore, improvements and innovations are needed. It can retain its beautiful and multi-functional style in the architectural form, and introduce designs such as "road improvements, water improvements, kitchen improvements, toilet improvements, biogas pools, and wealth gardens" in new rural construction to improve internal facilities and the external environment. Optimization, etc.; its building materials can also be designed as steel-mud brick-concrete materials, and then the appearance can be modified, so that the architectural culture of Diaojiaolou, a fairyland on earth, can be preserved, inherited and developed, making it a unique building in Tujia villages in western Hubei. A symbol of culture and identity.

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