On Liu Zongyuan’s Thoughts on “Traveling”

On Liu Zongyuan's "tourism" thoughts

During his exile in Yongzhou in the Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan wrote many masterpieces featuring tourism and sightseeing, and formed the "tourism" concept. Tourism can be purely physical and mental, tourism should be dominated by oneself, tourism is the tool of politics and unique aesthetic thoughts of tourism, etc. This is a valuable tourism resource that plays an extremely important role in the development of Yongzhou's tourism industry.

Keywords: Liu Zongyuan; ?Travel? Thoughts; Yongzhou

Liu Zongyuan was born in a scholarly family of officials in the Tang Dynasty. He received a good education since he was a child and has read the landscape travel notes of famous writers of the past dynasties. Famous articles, he has accumulated rich knowledge of travel aesthetics; he traveled around the world with his fathers since he was a child, and met literati from all over the world. Later, he became an official in politics and traveled around Chang'an. Especially in 805, Yongzhen's reform failed and he was demoted to Yongzhou and Liuzhou, far away from Chang'an. Unable to succeed in his official career and suffering from many illnesses, he had no choice but to stay in the mountains and rivers. By 818, he wrote a large number of travel notes and prose, including: "Notes on Daishi Hall in Dongchi by Yang Zhongcheng in Tanzhou" and "Notes on Xixuan of Longxing Temple in Yongzhou" There are 25 articles in total, which were written in Yongzhou, Liuzhou, Yongzhou, Guizhou and other places. They were written over a period of 14 years. As a relatively backward area, Yongzhou has been a place where people who were relegated in the past dynasties were concentrated, especially in the Tang Dynasty. There were a large number of scribes who were relegated to Yongzhou, and the situation was complicated. Most of Liu Zongyuan's writings were based on his personal experience in Yongzhou, not sleepwalking. and works of fugue.

From Liu Zongyuan's travel prose, we can find that his works not only have outstanding artistic features, but also have unique "travel" thoughts. "Guanyou", that is, there is a view in the tour, and there is a tour in the tour, intersecting with each other, with "tourist" as the focus. Its main contents are as follows:

1. ?Visiting can purify the mind and body

Confucius put forward the concept that "the wise enjoy water and the benevolent enjoy mountains" more than 2,000 years ago. Confucius actually connected human nature with the naturalness of mountains and rivers. In the Tang Dynasty, more than a thousand years after Confucius, Liu Zongyuan further proposed the connection between human psychological activities and the natural environment. He believed that landscapes not only gave people visual and auditory feelings, but also cultivated sentiments, purified body and mind, and nourished emotions. Sex enables people to blend with all things in the realm of natural culture and art, and even achieve selflessness.

Liu Zongyuan wrote in "The Records of Dongchi Daishi Hall Written by Yang Zhongcheng of Tanzhou": "Although the land is victorious, if people are able to live there, the mountains will increase and become taller, and the water will expand and expand. The hall does not need to be decorated, it is just beautiful. ?This kind of natural resort that makes people feel beautiful can be lived in. In people's artistic conception, the mountains seem to be higher, the water seems to be suddenly wider, and the main hall seems to be new and bigger. He believes that in the process of feeling the natural environment, people will have an aesthetic effect of "compliment". According to Liu Zongyuan, in this beautiful natural environment, people use springs and pools as their homes and clouds as their friends. Capturing the beauty of the secluded place and entertaining it in the sun. Then, people's moral behavior will become increasingly higher, their writing style will become more and more serious, and their understanding of the laws of things in the world (Tao) will also become increasingly expanded and deepened (? Then the deeds will become higher, the writing will become more severe, and the Tao will become more appropriate) Yi Mao?). In "Records of the Three Pavilions of Lingling and Xue Ling" it is written: If your anger is disturbed, your worries will be disordered, and if your vision is blocked, your ambition will be sluggish. ?That is, if a person is always in a single or uncomfortable situation and atmosphere, he will feel upset, and when he is upset, his thoughts will be confused; if his vision is always not wide, his intentional activities will often be blocked and his will will be depressed. They are discouraged in everything they do and have a morbid mentality. They are either decadent and inactive, or they make troubles, drink alcohol, and get into fights for no reason, which brings misfortune to mankind. If the living environment is changed, worries and sluggishness will be alleviated or eliminated, so sightseeing has become a psychological need of people. Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou and lived in Longxing Temple for the first time. He felt that he was living in an ambiguous place ("Xixuan Notes of Longxing Temple in Yongzhou"). Later, the environment was changed, and the west wall was carved into a house, and the outside was a pavilion. When I opened the window and looked out, I could see the distant water and the forest, and the shadows of sails on the river. I suddenly felt like I had turned darkness into light, and I couldn't help but feel melancholy. Leniency. Later, he expressed his love for the mountains and rivers, and proposed that "the leisurely and imaginary person has the divine plan, the deep and quiet person has the inner plan", and "wanders with the creator" ("Shide Xishan Banquet Travel Notes"), and achieves the "condensation of the mind". The state of being in harmony with the universe.

2. When traveling, should I be the master?

In "Shide Xishan Banquet Travel Notes", Liu Zongyuan talked about being demoted to Yongzhou and taking advantage of the opportunity to give charity. , while traveling for a long time, he said: "One day I went up to a high mountain with my disciples, and walked deep into the forest, back to the poor stream, and saw secluded springs and strange rocks, all the way." When he arrives, he will sit on the grass, pour the pot and get drunk. When they are drunk, they lie down next to each other and dream. The meaning is extreme, and the dream is also of the same interest. When you wake up, you get up and when you get up, you return. I thought that any abnormality in the mountains and rivers of the state was due to me, but I didn't realize the strangeness of Xishan. ?He believes that as the aesthetic subject, I play a leading role in the interaction between mind and material. My emotions of joy, anger, sorrow, and joy are projected onto the objects, and the objects become in a state that is consistent with me, and the objects can also obey my control. People feel that objects seem to become symbols of themselves. Liu Zongyuan believed that any abnormality in the mountains and rivers of the state was due to me. This was the reason. Because of my aesthetic psychology, I feel that the scenery of Xishan is strange and unique. In the process of observing things with me, the author continuously uses dynamic words such as "人", "poor", "arrived", "draped", "leaned", "lying", "rising", "return", etc. Special breed? Dream depiction. This elevates me to a new level.

Not mediocre me, but extraordinary me. Only in this way can we understand all things wonderfully, feel connected with things, and feel one with ourselves.

? It is as long and graceful as it is, but it cannot reach its end; it is as if it is wandering with the Creator, but it does not know its end. A person who fills his glass with wine and becomes drunk without knowing the sun. The pale twilight comes from afar, until I can't see anything, but I still don't want to go back. ?This is the traceless realm where gods and objects wander, emotions and scenery meet, and objects and I are one. In the process of sightseeing, one must embrace all things with a quiet heart and give full play to the role of synesthesia, so that the sense organs can participate together. It can be seen that vision, hearing, feeling, perception, coordination and full play of imagination can bring the greatest pleasure to the aestheticians.

3. Is "tourism" a tool for politics?

As a politician, Liu Zongyuan has always been concerned about the politics of the world. He did not give up even if he suffered a major blow to his body and mind. Moreover, he also It was natural for him to think of how to combine tourism with politics, so he put forward the idea that people who watch tourists are the tools of politics. He believes that "tourism" is conducive to politics. Liu Zongyuan criticized the misconception that there are sightseeing tours in the city, or that it is not political. He proposed that the way to govern is to let people relax and entertain themselves, and then the conduct will be better, the culture will be more severe, and the road will be better. Yi Mao is also a person who praises each other. ?At the same time, he believes that tourism can allow people to have spiritual leisure and relax, which is a psychological need of people and is related to the tranquility of the entire society and the development of social culture. Liu Zongyuan proposed that tourism is a "tool of government" and linked tourism with government construction to stabilize the country. It can make those in the society behave wildly, have wild thoughts, and have nihilistic intentions and depressed will. The morbid psychology cannot tolerate illegal and deviant behavior, so that the society can be peaceful. Liu Zongyuan also listed that in ancient times, Pi Chen was good at communicating with the princes. He often traveled to the countryside by car and often achieved results. Mi Buqi was the magistrate of Shanfu County. He played the zither but did not go down to the hall. Shanfu managed the place very well. He had many old friends and political affairs. In my spare time, I would like to wander around this mountain to express my thoughts about the victory. Therefore, he believes that those who are good at politics must pay attention to this social need, have the concept of developing local tourism, and pay attention to the construction of local tourism and cultural facilities. The second most important thing is changing clothes, eating, and visiting. Eyes, I occasionally stand in the pavilion to show my voice, I look at it very much, don't pay attention to where it is going? This is also a good way to develop the local economy. He believes: "The mountains are in front and the water is below. You can look up to the house and enjoy the music. Once you are done, you are very envious of wealth. You can make food the basis of it. The moon has the power to win. The shameful meal can be used as etiquette." Laughing, talking and talking back and forth, only then can we understand the essentials of political affairs. ?Next, Liu Zongyuan proposed that politicians should be good at taking advantage of local favorable conditions to develop tourism.

IV. Value-for-money sightseeing and aesthetic thinking

People have various purposes for traveling, and everyone has a love for beauty. During the travel process, People are generally interested in beauty, appreciate beautiful images and are attracted by them, resulting in a feeling of beauty. Some will also sublimate the sense of beauty on this basis and create beautiful things. Liu Zongyuan is like this. Through visiting the mountains and rivers, he further understands the principles and creates beautiful artistic conceptions that are thought-provoking. In "People Praise Things", Liu Zongyuan described Dai's success and his increasing prominence, and regarded the resort of Dongchi as a carrier of "beauty". It exists objectively and is independent of human will. Liu Zongyuan believes that beauty is the real existence of an object that can be perceived by the subject, making people happy and satisfying their spiritual needs.

When Liu Zongyuan was in Yongzhou, most of the places he remembered were ordinary mountains and rivers. They were not as majestic as Mount Tai, as steep as Mount Hua, as beautiful as Mount Heng, or as strange as Mount Huang. Some of them had not even been visited by people in Yongzhou. , but in Liu Zongyuan’s writings, it is: “There are always beautiful and strange places in it”, and there are even hundreds of famous mountains and rivers in it, and the water is the best. Liu Zongyuan's aesthetic thinking about landscapes that are dry on the outside but solid on the inside is unique.

Anyone who has read Liu Zongyuan's "A Journey to Huangxi" knows that the descriptions of the scenery in the article are like a long scroll of Huangxi landscape pictures. It consists of four parts: the first part describes the Huangshen Temple. Nearby landscape: two mountains standing on the wall, with blue and green vegetation, one word "dan" and one word "bi", bringing the vibrant colors of early summer to life on the paper; the second part describes the landscape of the first pool, which is superb, vivid and realistic. The lush trees, flowers, grass, and moss all around the stone pool reflect in the water, showing a strong green ink color. At the same time, the deep pool water also gives people a strong and smooth feeling, which is both like accumulated powder and stagnant. Moving grease. The stream flows from a distance, shining white in the summer light, like a white rainbow falling on the ground. In this description, only 12 words are used: "Dai Zhu Gao Stop", "Lai Ruo Bai Hong" and "Shen Shen Silent" to convey the color, shape, luster and sound of the pool to the readers; the third part describes the second In the landscape of the pond, he painted the tall rocks surrounding the "precipitous stream". The imagery is so realistic and the metaphors so fresh that it is difficult for ordinary brushes to express them. The articles describing the scenery seem to use the technique of close-up in a movie, like a large freehand painting with heavy ink and color; in the fourth part, the author turns his pen and opens up a new realm for readers, highlighting the "Shan Shu" Landscape of fields with gentle water. After reading this short travelogue of several hundred words, the majestic mountain scenery, strange pools, soothing mountains and rivers, and flat fields seem to be before my eyes, which is breathtaking. This kind of poetic and picturesque descriptions can be found in Liu Zongyuan's travel notes, such as "The Yuan Family's Keji" and "Yongzhou Cui Zhongcheng's Wanshi Pavilion" and other chapters are all masterpieces.

Most of what Liu Zongyuan wrote about were small scenes of only one acre square, which could be as long as a cage, or a foot, or twice a foot, and a stone canal that could be ten paces long. The stone stream, which can be ranked among the 18 or 19 houses in the Hu bed, is as wide as it is clear and flat, and contains more than ten acres of cobalt erbium pond. Although the beautiful scenery is small, it presents the scene of "cage in various forms". This is an aesthetic thinking that emphasizes meaning rather than shape. It pursues the meaning of things and emphasizes that it is the scenery that can convey the expressive feelings, not necessarily weird and beautiful. Therefore, it broadens people's natural aesthetic vision and expands the natural aesthetic space, so that people do not pay attention to dead trees, ugly rocks, weeds, idle flowers, deserted suburbs, etc., thus gaining great aesthetic value.

In terms of aesthetic issues, Liu Zongyuan often elevated the sense of beauty to the level of Taoism. When he passed by Tanzhou, he wrote "The Notes of Dai's Hall in Dongchi by Yang Zhongcheng of Tanzhou". The article described the reflection and scenery of Dongchi: "It turns everything upside down, and the outline of the sky is dim." Under the trees, there are pines, cypresses, firs and oaks, covered with water chestnuts, gorges and flowers, which are gloomy yet gloomy, charming yet prosperous. Anyone who wants to see the beauty of floating is dedicated to Dai. ? Then, while praising Dai's books on Confucius, Zhuangzi, and Chinese characters, he also tried his best to praise the moral articles of sages: Although the land is powerful, if people can live there, the mountains will be taller if they increase, and the water will be wide if they are spread. , The hall does not need to be decorated, but it is already beautiful. The Dai family uses springs and pools as their residence, uses clouds and objects as their friends, soaks in the secluded beauty, and entertains them with the sun. Then their behavior will become higher, their literature will become steeper, their ways will become smoother, and they will be praised by each other. Liu Zongyuan sublimated the beauty of sightseeing into the way of a sage, and realized the combination of the two, giving out the praise of other ways!

5. People with "ease", because of their place, and the whole world. Architectural and landscape design

Liu Zongyuan believes that "touring" is not just about walking around alone and stretching. The body is a desire of human beings. But as far as Yongzhou was concerned at that time, there were two problems. One was that the scholar-bureaucrats had ideological obstacles. At that time, they did not realize the role that sightseeing played in social customs and the tranquility of the country; the other was that in practice they were influenced by the state. The environment where the city is located is limited, and some areas lack tourism resources such as strange mountains and rivers, so it is difficult for his advocacy to spread. But Liu Zongyuan, who is good at picking out the bad and choosing the good from social practice, is also a profound architectural theorist and design master. He has made unique achievements in theoretical research and construction achievements in landscape architecture. There is such a description in "Yongzhou Wei Shijun Xintang Ji": "Yongzhou's people, its place, its nature". These are the three principles that Liu Zongyuan believes should be grasped in landscape architectural design. "Yijiren" means to save manpower, material and financial resources, and reduce project expenses; "Because of its location" means adapting to local conditions, making full use of the original topography and landform conditions, following the slope, and taking the sand, water, springs, and water on the spot. Plants and trees are artificially landscaped; "make it as natural as possible", that is, do not artificially destroy the natural beauty of the original scenery. There is less craftsmanship and more wildness. Although it is made by humans, it seems to be created by nature. The purpose is to get rid of the predicament of the strange scenery of dome valleys and secluded rocks where the states and cities are located without the "natural creation of the earth" through this "integrated form and supporting situation" spectacle. Based on Xue Cunyi's political achievements, Lingling Three Pavilions were built. He loudly said: Hu Cheng: "A gentleman must have something to rest on, a skillful tool to make it clear, peaceful and level, with enough permanence, and then he can make things happen from a distance." That is to say, landscape architecture should not only pay attention to reflecting its own function and use value, but also pay attention to its own function and use value. We should pay attention to the social value of landscape. Good architectural landscape can make people happy and help improve work efficiency. This was used to untie the ideological knots of the scholar-bureaucrats at that time and build confidence that tourism would benefit citizens. He believes that the construction of parks and entertainment venues is an important construction in the construction of spiritual civilization and an important plan in urban planning, which cannot be taken lightly. Therefore, he expressed that he deeply loved Xue Cunyi's creation of Three Pavilions, "I love the beginning, but want to perpetuate the path."

These were all formed by Liu Zongyuan in the specific practice of landscape architecture. When he was demoted to Sima of Yongzhou, Hunan, he greatly appreciated the beauty of Yongzhou’s scenery and personally directed and participated in the construction and planning of several landscapes. He bought a piece of land by the Ran River on the west side of Xiaoshui on the outskirts of Yongzhou City and built his home near the stream. He named his new residence with the word "yu": Yuqiu, Yuquan, Yuqu, Yuchi, Yutang in the east of the pond, and Yutang in the east of the pond. There is also a Yu Island in the middle of the South Yu Pavilion, which was renamed Ranxi as Yuxi. This is the famous "Eight Fools". He also planned and built many scenic spots such as the West Pavilion of Longxing Temple and the West Pavilion of Fahua Temple. In terms of style and characteristics, the former is good at "arrogant"; the latter is famous for "open".

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In summary, Liu Zongyuan, with his rich cultural literacy and long-term and detailed observation of landscapes, revealed the compositional rules why landscapes become landscapes. and how it stimulates people’s aesthetic feelings. Advocating the development of tourism to coordinate social and psychological balance for the benefit of the people shows that Liu Zongyuan has historically provided a starting point for world tourism theory and its cause, and his analysis of tourism psychology has opened up the first avenue of tourism scientific research. Door. In particular, "Liu Culture" plays an important role in the construction of Yongzhou's landscape today. The poems, prose, inscriptions and inscriptions he left behind, his dealings with monks and Taoists, legends and stories are intertwined with other cultures, enriching Yongzhou's landscape culture. The scenery is named after the text, and the scenery is passed down through the text, thus greatly increasing the popularity of Yongzhou's landscape. At the same time, it also promoted the development of landscape culture and art, and led people, led by literati and celebrities, to travel around the landscape, which helped to enrich the content of landscapes and landscapes.