A preliminary study of Shaoxing traditional culture

Shaoxing opera

Shaoxing local opera in yue opera. Originated in the rural areas of Shengxian County (now Shengzhou City), it was called Shaoxing Opera in the early days because Shengxian County belonged to Shaoxing Prefecture. The rural folk tune originated from "singing the earth script" is called "Little Brother Class". They are only equipped with rulers and drums, and then gradually add silk strings and percussion instruments. They are conducted by the drum board, and the sound of "DuDu" is endless when playing, commonly known as "DuDu Class". In the 1920s, Yue Opera entered Shanghai and was renamed as Yue Opera in the late 1930s. Exploration and reform in singing, performance, music and repertoire have become a major national drama. It is good at expressing delicate thoughts and feelings, and its plays are mostly about love and family. Many famous Shaoxing opera actors created their own schools according to their own voice characteristics, which were inherited and carried forward by young actors. Huqin has many kinds of boards, such as adagio, middle board, allegro, clear board, reverse board, horizontal tone, chanting tone and crying tone. Its singing is beautiful and soft, euphemistic and lyrical. ?

Shaoxing opera

Shaoxing opera, also known as Shaoxing taipan and Shaoxing random play. It rose during the reign of Kanggan in the Qing Dynasty, and often performed on the stage of temple fairs in water towns in the early days. It entered Shanghai in 1930s and was named Shao Opera in 1950s. Musical instruments are mainly banhu, flute and barrel. Music and singing are enthusiastic, high-pitched, rough and bold, and are good at expressing generous and tragic feelings. The lead singers are Fan Er and 357. There are five kinds of Fan Er, Surfboard, Adagio, Running Water and Allegro. "357" is similar to the tune of high-pitched tune in Huizhou Opera. It is named after its three-character, five-character and seven-character composition. It is euphemistic and lyrical. Most of the plays are historical themes or romance novels, with about 300 plays. The repertoires after 1949 include Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon, Yu Qian, Long Hudou, Shoutang, Dayu Harnessing Water and the drama Blood and Tears, which reflects Shaoxing's rural struggle. "Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon" was once put on the screen, and won the Best Opera Film Award of the second film "Hundred Flowers Award" in China. The book has been distributed to more than 70 countries or regions. ?

Shaoxing lotus drop

Shaoxing Lotus Falls Shaoxing rap art began in the late Qing Dynasty. In the early days, one person sang one or two people to help each other, and they were active in small town tea shops or village temple fairs. At first, it was a song of congratulations on getting rich and good luck. Later, it gradually formed a festival poem with a story. In the mid-1920s, along with Hu Si, the basic tunes that have been handed down to this day began to form. The lyrics are mainly in Shaoxing dialect, and the story is randomly increased or decreased. Traditional bibliographies include Naojishan, A Journey to the South of the Yangtze River, Pearl Tower and He Wenxiu. After 1949, there were blood and tears, and I went back to my parents' house. Back to Mother's Home and Crazy Girl won awards in China. Artists are mostly enthusiasts transferred from other industries. Famous artists include Tang Priest and Wang Jinfu. Since then, artists such as, Ni have appeared. ?

Rural drama performance (held on religious festivals)

In the old days, Shaoxing offered sacrifices to social gods in urban and rural areas in spring and autumn, in order to reward them and pray for their blessing. Generally, performances are performed in the temple platform or "grass platform" (platform built on the ground outside the temple) or "river platform" (platform built on the river). Most of the social dramas are performed by Shao Opera Troupe. One said that the club is the name to divide the region, and the acting in the club is called social drama. Lu Xun wrote "Social Drama", describing the performance of social drama in Shaoxing countryside in the late Qing Dynasty. ?

Mulianxi

The social drama of Mulian Opera is to admire the gods, and Mulian Opera is to seek ghosts. In the old society, Shaoxing people prayed for peace, and the Mid-Autumn Festival (July and a half in the lunar calendar) was regarded as Ghost Festival. Mulian Opera performances are mostly held around the Mid-Autumn Festival. The troupe is called Mulian class, which is semi-professional. Actors are usually Taoist priests or fishermen and farmers. Singing belongs to Yue Zhong tune system, but it is rough and irregular. Manglietia play is based on the story of Manglietia saving her mother. There was a "funeral" before the performance, which called inviting ghosts to the theatre. During the performance, as usual, the headgear is hung on the stage in an unpredictable way, and the music is gloomy and sad, and few women and children watch it. In the fifty-sixth year of Qing Qianlong (179 1), Li Xiangte, the magistrate, once listed the performance of Manglietia as one of the ten prohibitions, but later it became a habit and failed to stop it. After 1949, except before 1956, Liang Mulian's class was invited to Shanghai to participate in the performance of the 20th anniversary of Lu Xun's death, and the Mulan Opera gradually disappeared among the people. ?

A god-welcoming tournament

In the past, temples and shrines were established all over the world, and various temple fairs came into being. In order to pray for blessings and eliminate disasters, temple fairs generally only offer sacrifices and perform social dramas to repay God. At the same time, those who patrol the temple with idols are called gods. Except for the drought and rain, it all happened on the birthday of Bodhisattva. A person in charge of welcoming the God will be set up, with the production income of the temple fair and the funds raised by the merchants as the funds. Each village has items with a clear division of labor (such as the school meeting for sacrificial ceremonies and the spear meeting), equipped with a set of personnel, props and costumes, which will be available at that time. All the village houses that God passed by were set up by the roadside, and special people were waiting, offering incense sticks and gifts. In addition to land meetings, there are also water, and dozens of big ships are often dispatched. This custom lasted until the early 1950s. ?

Legal briefing expert

Shaoxing touts began in the Ming Dynasty and flourished in the Qing Dynasty. There is a saying that "no salt can be an official". In the Ming Dynasty, many Vietnamese studied law. In the Qing, Yong and Gan dynasties, Shaoxing touts became a regional and professional professional group. Shaoxing touts have a division of labor, such as "touts with criminal names", "touts with books", "touts with names" and "touts with certificates". In the big yamen of the governor and magistrate, there are also "music teachers" who draft the memorial and notes. Shaoxing touts have always had different reputations. The detractors think that Shaoxing master is cunning, narrow-minded, ruthless and often kills people. Praisers think they are smart and capable, hate evil, are not afraid of powerful people and have a sense of justice. ?

Meet in a teahouse and settle the dispute over tea.

In the past, tea shops in Shaoxing were not only places for people to drink tea, but also places for people to exchange information. There is a folk saying that "the official yamen is open in eight characters, and you can't get in without money." . When there is a dispute in the neighborhood or in the countryside, the parties often abide by the creed that "good people don't go to the yamen, and good people don't go to court", preferring to go to a tea shop to solve it privately, which is called "having tea". In this way, the tea shop has become a place to comment on civil affairs and mediate civil disputes. Near the entrance of the tea shop, there are two tables put together, commonly known as "horsehead table". Only those who have prestige in the local area, are convinced by the people and keep their word are qualified to sit at the "horse's head table". The two sides had a dispute and agreed to go to a tea shop and make a bowl of "tea" according to the number of tea customers, whether they knew it or not. Then, the two sides stated the cause and effect of the dispute and their respective views and attitudes to the tea drinkers in turn, so that the tea drinkers could analyze and comment and express their opinions. No matter whether the opinions are consistent or not, the people sitting at the horse's head table will finally come to a conclusion according to the opinions of all parties and their own opinions, and it is also the practice that the wrong party pays the tea money of the tea drinkers present. This custom no longer exists today. ?

Wu da com

Shaoxing, the five kings in the old days, has more than 4,000 hectares of fish and about 700 fishing areas, commonly known as "fishing swings". The person in charge of fishing is called the "fishing department". They have been engaged in fishing for a long time and have rich experience, and they have mastered the cultivation techniques of different fish species. Fish fry are put into fish farming in early spring. After the winter solstice, fish usually grow to two or three kilograms, and those who escaped from the net last year can grow to six or seven kilograms. In order to supply the "New Year" market, all fishing friends have to make a big round-up, commonly known as "widening the net". The "big net" is the big net that sinks to the bottom. During the round-up, the boat was driven and the net was cast. 10 Many fishermen pulled the net at both ends, and several "stable dugong" dived into the water to clear the obstacles. When the fishery administration department ordered "pulling the net", the fishermen at both ends pulled hard and hung the fish into the net. In this way, you can catch about 10 thousand Jin at a time. The steady Duke Du is also an expert in fishing in cold winter. Wrapped in a torn cotton-padded jacket, rowing a semi-covered boat, there is a pot of fire at the bow and hot water burning in the pot. While rowing, they watched the banks of the river and the bridges open. They found that the target took off his cotton-padded jacket, jumped into the water naked, caught the fish, threw it into the cabin, grabbed the ship's rail and turned over, wiped himself with hot water, put on clothes, and drank a few mouthfuls of soju to drive away the cold. From them, the Vietnamese people are good at swimming and learning water. ?

Rectification meeting

The rectification meeting, also known as the "meeting", is a spontaneous mutual financial interaction of Shaoxing people. When people encounter wedding or funeral events or temporary financial difficulties, they will invite relatives, friends and neighbors to raise money for the party. It has three forms: one is called "shake the club", which is shaken once a month. Except for the initiator, those who shake will "join the club" and collect "club money" from everyone except themselves. Second, it is called "sitting in the meeting", and the people who attend the meeting are agreed at one time in the form of the first invitation, and the "meeting money" is charged every month. Third, it's called "Single Down Club", which is a gathering of people who help solve difficulties, and also a mutual aid meeting for the poor to help the poor. ?

Tang Zhongtian

It is a good custom for Shaoxing people to take part in public venues. Some big families in Shaoxing often live in villages under their own surnames. The whole clan * * * has some fields, such as sacrificial fields (ancestral halls), righteous fields and study fields. , also known as the "public domain". The income from land sacrifice is used for clan sacrifice and house "fat", the income from benefiting farmland is used to help the widowed and poor in the clan, and the income from field study is used for clan learning. Some large families distribute some school fields to scholars, exempt from paying rent, and return them after they become officials; Some regulations stipulate that all expenses of clan children shall be paid by the school field from the time they enter school, but after obtaining fame and rank, they must buy a few acres of school field for the clan; Some implement the "scholarship" system, and students get 2000 points in the composition of the college entrance examination, and those who pass the examination are also rewarded. The winner will spend 4000 papers on the flag plaque. China scholars give 6000 words and so on. ?

Build bridges, paves roads and pavilions.

Building bridges, paving roads and pavilions has always been a non-governmental public welfare activity in Shaoxing. Once launched, it will be "rich and contribute". ? The 7-mile-long "pond refuge" and the "pond refuge" of major rivers such as Qingdian Lake, Guazhu Lake, Dongpanjiang River and Zhutoujiang River are all built by private investment. This move provided shelter for sailing boats when they encountered strong winds and waves. On rural roads, there are many pavilions for pedestrians to rest, and even thousands of stone bridges are often built by private funds or donations. Roads between villages are often maintained. These are all manifestations of traditional public morality. ?

foundling hospital

Nursery is a nursery set up by charitable organizations to adopt abandoned babies or babies that families can't support. Since the late Qing Dynasty, a special board of directors has been set up. In addition to donations from charitable organizations, trade associations and good people, all the funds needed are raised from fields donated to nurseries. At the peak, there was 1000 mu of "Tangtian", which raised more than 300 babies. Thousands of children have grown up from kindergarten. At the same time, childless families can also go to nurseries to adopt babies. ?

Lingxiaoshe

Lingxiao Association is a voluntary non-governmental charity providing medical treatment and medicines. From 65438 to 0928, the gentry and colleagues in Shaoxing tin foil industry donated a lot of money to transform the Taoist temple at the northern foot of Fufu Mountain in Shaoxing into Lingxiao Society, sponsored by the famous old Chinese medicine practitioners in Shaoxing, and the charitable men and women in the money foil industry raised funds to buy medicinal materials and set up a medical bureau. At that time, the Chinese Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine stipulated that all famous doctors in Shaoxing should take turns to attend the free clinic in Lingxiao Society, and the travel expenses should be taken care of by themselves. If you don't take turns, you will be despised and spurned by the medical profession. Therefore, from the establishment to 1949 years ago, Vietnamese and Chinese famous doctors always had a half-day rotation clinic in Lingxiao society every ten days. And opened a Chinese pharmacy, with a complete range of medicinal materials. When the poor are sick, they can often get help from Lingxiao society to treat and apply drugs. After 1949, Lingxiao Club stopped its charity activities and was rebuilt and expanded into a part of Shaoxing Hotel. ?

festival

Shaoxing calligraphy festival is known as the country of culture. Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty invited celebrities to gather in Lanting, drinking and writing poems, which gave new ideas to the superstitious custom of "Xiu". Vietnamese people have followed suit and become accustomed to each other. Lanting is famous for its holy land of calligraphy. 1984 65438+1On October 22nd, the Standing Committee of the First People's Congress of Shaoxing made a decision to designate the third day of the third lunar month as Shaoxing Calligraphy Festival. On this day every year, members of Shaoxing Lanting Bookstore and famous calligraphers at home and abroad will gather in Lanting or Zhu Jie Temple, Wang Xizhi's former residence, to remember the past, continue to write about the victory, commemorate the book saints, learn calligraphy skills and hold a book fair. ?

Wangxingji paper fan

Wang's paper fan Shaoxing has a long history. By the Ming Dynasty, Shaoxing's fan making technology had been very exquisite, with dense bamboo as the handle and white paper as the paste, which was worthy of painting and calligraphy. In the first year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1875), Wang Xingzhai, a native of Ke Qiao, Shaoxing, and his wife Chen Ying founded a workshop. On the basis of traditional fan making technology, they carried out reform and innovation, made paper fans into palace tributes, and set up sales offices in Hangzhou, Shanghai, Hong Kong and other places. Wang's fans are "Mao Quanben" and "All Brown". "Mao Quan Ben" takes bamboo with fine and even bamboo tendons as the fan bone. "Full brown" is taken out of the clouds by expensive solid brown bamboo and processed into fan bones. Black paper fans have to go through more than 70 processes, using pure mulberry paper as the material and several layers of alpine persimmon paint on both sides, so that the paper fans are not exposed to rain and sun, which can not only generate wind power, but also shade and block rain. It is known as "a paper fan, half an umbrella". The fan is painted with landscapes of figures, inlaid with gold and silver, adding icing on the cake. Products are exported to Japan, Southeast Asia, Hong Kong and Macau. ?

Never change the brush.

The golden brush is the best of the small brushes produced by Buheting Bizhuang in Shaoxing in his early years. Bizhuang was founded in the fourth year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1865), with the owner's name as its name. Before and after the shop, the pen maker is also a clerk, and Bu Heting himself is also a good writer. From the original best-selling "landscape water" brush, after improvement and perfection, it was renamed "gold does not change" Soft and moderate, full of ink after writing, smooth writing and beautiful appearance. Lu Xun used this pen almost all his life. In order to meet consumers' demand for "gold is unchanged", Lu Xun Memorial Hall specializes in producing "gold is unchanged" and sells it in the shopping department of the museum. ?

Shaoxing lace

Shaoxing lace is made of fine yarn. Formerly known as "Wan Li", it originated in Venice. It was introduced into Shaoxing in the late Qing Dynasty, and gradually became a household sideline of rural women, which was a handicraft integrating foreign crafts and China national culture. 1949 established lace society (later renamed lace factory). Its main products include thousand-thread lace, thousand-thread weaving, large group edge, woven lace, woven mesh lace. "inextricably linked" and "big set of fate" have won awards in China. Exported to more than 50 countries and regions such as Europe, America, Japan, Hong Kong and Macao, with a small amount of domestic sales. ?

Shaoxing felt hat

Shaoxing felt hat Shaoxing folk hat. Made of wool, it goes through more than 30 processes before and after, and it is black inside and outside, hence the name. Dome, edge, front can be folded into bucket shape, which can keep warm in winter and shade in summer. It can be used in all seasons except hot summer, and farmers and craftsmen are durable and economical to buy and use because of hard work in the fields and tight rain. After 1966, the folk custom of wearing black felt hats in Shaoxing became less and less, and felt hat factories and shops closed down one after another. In order to meet the needs of tourists and old farmers, there are also a small number of production workshops. ?

Shaoxing silk

Shaoxing Silk Shaoxing is one of the places where sericulture, silk reeling and silk weaving were carried out earlier in China. About 6000 years ago, Ning Shaoping had a primitive sericulture textile. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Yue implemented the policy of "developing agriculture and mulberry", and the silk industry flourished for the first time. During the Jin and Southern Dynasties, silk weaving technology was further improved, and products were listed as tributes. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it once became the center of southern silk weaving. With the introduction of excellent silkworm eggs and silk weaving technology in the north, the quality has improved and the varieties have increased. Tributes include silk, silk, yarn 10, of which Luo is the most famous. In Song Dynasty, Shaoxing had the largest variety of silk in China, and its output was also the first in China. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the silk industry in northwest Zhejiang experienced ups and downs. /kloc-in the 1920s, the machine was pulled by an iron machine, and it picked up again. After 1949, especially after the reform and opening up, Shaoxing silk industry has made unprecedented development. Synthetic fibers, silk garments and silk knitwear have appeared one after another, forming a complete and large-scale silk weaving industrial system. ?

Shaoxing tin foil

Shaoxing tin foil is commonly known as? Tin foil. It is said that it began in the Hongwu period in the early Ming Dynasty and was first produced by "sinners". So in the old society, the front of the tin foil shop was tied with wooden fences, nailed with bamboo pieces and chained, just like the prison gate. Later, it gradually became a major industry in Shaoxing. The aluminum foil industry has developed rapidly. By the time of the Republic of China, almost half of Shaoxing people were engaged in this industry, so it was called "tin half city". After 1949, the Foil Village and Foil Square in the city closed down one after another. 1979, Shaoxing Fozhuang was rebuilt to meet the needs of foreign trade. Except for a small amount of domestic sales, most products are resold from Hong Kong to Japan, Singapore and the United States. ?

Yueci

Shaoxing is the birthplace of China celadon, which matured in the Eastern Han Dynasty and flourished in the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Yue porcelain was rich in categories and beautifully made, and had the reputation of "jade" and "ice". In the Tang Dynasty, a large number of Yue porcelain was transported from Mingzhou (now Ningbo) port to more than 20 countries or regions in Asia, Africa and Europe, opening up a "ceramic road" at sea. It gradually declined in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. After 1949, Yue porcelain was brilliant again. 1954 Shaoxing Porcelain Factory, which was put into production, inherited the traditional porcelain-making art, successfully developed and trial-produced more than 500 fancy varieties, with an annual output of about 50 million pieces, which sold well all over the country and exported to more than 30 countries or regions. 1980 successfully trial-produced color-changing glazed porcelain, which can change color 14, 198 1 won the national major scientific and technological achievement award of light industry. ?

Shaoxing rice wine

Shaoxing wine is the oldest variety of yellow rice wine among famous wines in China with a history of 2,500 years, so it is called "old wine" because the longer it is stored, the better. In the old days, some people hid the wine underground when the boy was born, and took it out when the boy won the first prize, which was called "Zhuangyuanhong". There are also girls who hide wine in the ground when they are born, and take it out when they get married, which is called "Daughter Red". Excellent materials, exquisite workmanship and unique water quality have been exported to overseas in Ming and Qing Dynasties, enjoying a good reputation in Southeast Asia. In the 20th century, it won many awards at home and abroad. Starting from 1988, Shaoxing rice and carved flowers were designated as national banquet wines. There are four representative varieties: Justin, Jia Fan, Shanniang and Xiangxue. At present, Shaoxing brewing enterprises have formed a group company, which has been exported to more than 30 countries and regions except domestic sales, accounting for about 70% of the national rice wine exports. During 1990 ~ 1996, Shaoxing held four "Yellow Rice Wine Festivals". ?

Dried vegetables and pork

Dried vegetables are common dishes in Shaoxing families, and foreigners call them "roasted mushrooms". "Skin" and "burning" have different practices and tastes. The cooking method of Shaoxing family is to use dried vegetables and meat with a little sugar. The meat is ruddy, oily but not greasy. Vegetables contain meat oil and are fragrant. If dried vegetables and meat are cooked together in a pot, the taste is not as good as steaming. Premier Zhou Enlai liked this dish very much and used it to entertain foreign guests. ?

Beans flavored with fennel

Anise bean is a folk snack in Shaoxing and a regular snack in small restaurants in urban and rural areas. Because of its low price and good quality, it is deeply loved by drinkers. There is a folk saying that "eat fennel beans, chew them rightfully, and use them with cautious soy sauce." Modest and sincere, it is an old-fashioned sauce garden in Shaoxing. Since Lu Xun wrote it into the novel Kong Yiji, it has become a specialty of Shaoxing. ?

gunpowder

Pingshuizhu tea is named after its appearance as a pill, and its ancient distribution center is Pingshui Town, Shaoxing. Its predecessor was Shaoxing Rizhu Tea. The Blue Box by Wu Chuhou, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said: "Yuezhou Rizhu Tea is the first in the south of the Yangtze River." In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the tea produced in Japan changed from strips to beads. Because of its round and compact shape, green color, rich aroma and durable foam resistance, it is known as the "green pearl" abroad, and the demand exceeds supply, and the tea area gradually expands to surrounding counties. After 1949, the production of bamboo tea has been mechanized except picking. Pingshui tea area mainly produces pearl tea, which is one of the four major tea areas in Zhejiang, accounting for about half of the province's output. Tiantan brand 3050 Super Pearl Tea 1984 won the gold medal in the 23rd World Quality Food Selection Conference held in Spain. Nowadays, the bamboo tea garden has expanded and the output has soared, and it is exported to more than 40 countries and regions. ?

orchid

Orchids, also known as "Chunlan", "Shan Lan", "Cao Lan" and "Fragrance of Flowers", are one of the potted ornamental plants with a long history of cultivation in China. Common cymbidium, cymbidium, cymbidium. Shaoxing is one of the earliest places to grow orchids in China. It is said that Zhulan Mountain is the place where kiku grows orchids. Nowadays, Shaoxing orchids are mainly produced in Julie and Tangdi, and there are many varieties. The traditional famous species "Song Mei", "Loumei", "Wanyelianding" and "Butterfly" all come from Shaoxing. Lv Yun is a rare species in Shaoxing and a rare resource protected by the state. 1984, the Standing Committee of Shaoxing Municipal People's Congress made a resolution to designate orchids as the city flower of Shaoxing and establish Shaoxing Orchid Association. Every spring, Fushan holds an orchid exhibition. 1988, at the first China Orchid Expo in Guangzhou, Shaoxing newly-bred orchids "Butterfly with Chrysanthemum petals", "Jade dress in Phnom Penh" and "Silver Edge of Chunlan" won gold medals. Shaoxing orchids enjoy a high reputation in China, and are also exported to Japanese, Australian, British, American and Hongkong countries and regions. ?

Dark-winged ship

Wu Peng boat is a unique means of transportation in Shaoxing water town, which is named after the canopy is painted black. Ships are big and small, and the big ones range from "Sanmingwa" to "Liumingwa". Mingwa refers to a kind of movable tent between "fixed tents", which is embedded with transparent oyster shells with a diameter of about one and a half inches, which can be used for lighting and shading from rain. This kind of ship has a high hull, and tables and chairs can be placed in the cabin for drinking and entertainment. A small rowing boat with feet, commonly known as "rowing boat" or "rowing boat", is only 4 meters long and can accommodate 3 ~ 4 people in the cabin. Because the boat is light, small rivers and shallow streams are also rowed unimpeded. Farmers have to use this as a means of transportation when they go out to the fields or enter the city. When driving, the boatman sails, paddles, paddles, and uses his hands and feet to operate freely, which is feasible at a speed of more than ten miles per hour. In order to be quick, some people paddle in the front cabin. ?

Hucho

Characteristics of Shaoxing folk houses in Taimen. In addition to poor houses, more terraces have been built. That is, there is a door bucket in front and a patio, hall, side room, building and garden in the back, forming an independent residence. Its width and depth depend on family status, economy and population status, ranging from 3 to 7 bays in width and from 2 to 7 bays in depth. Doors are generally along eaves, stone hoop doorframes, stone steps, and two (or four) solid black doors. The name of the platform door is named according to the surname, official position and building structure. There is a saying that "there are 100,000 people in Shaoxing and 3,000 people in Taiwan Province".