Explanation of terms; Noble travel and civil official travel?

China’s tourism history is divided into two stages of development. The first stage is the stage of aristocratic travel; the second stage is the stage of civil servants’ official travel. The former occurred in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to political turmoil and disasters Frequently, the authority of the emperor was challenged by aristocratic families, and parade activities almost stopped, and even daily close trips were restricted. On the contrary, the powerful aristocratic families were wild and wanton, and their wanton travel became a feature of the times, and The first glorious period of tourism culture appeared. At that time, the ideas of cowardice, Taoism, and Buddhism went hand in hand without being contradicted. The Confucian concept of "the benevolent is happy in the mountains, the wise is happy in the water" and the concept of "taking care of oneself", retreating to the mountains and forests, and the Taoist concept of being free and happy, returning to The idea of ??cultivating nature and cultivating immortality in the mountains, as well as the Buddhist viewing method of "green bamboos are all true, and lush yellow flowers are nothing but prajna", became popular among the literati and officials, forming a free and unrestrained, unrestrained and indulgent tourism theme. This has caused China's steady and restrained tourism culture to undergo certain changes in the upper class.

There are many forms and styles of aristocratic travel, such as talking about travel, commenting on travel, chanting travel, Xiao travel, leisure travel, vertical travel, etc. Tanyou is a group of aristocratic children, visiting temples or mountains and forests, chatting while traveling. Commentary is different from tanyou in that it is a form of travel in which people make direct comments and discussions on the tourist objects while traveling. The good education of the aristocrats enables them to express their feelings about the tourist objects more accurately when traveling. Travel evaluation is an earlier tourism aesthetic activity. It has got rid of the mystery and emptiness of talking about travel, and has begun to directly reflect on tourism. The objects are discussed and evaluated. Yingyou is a kind of aristocratic chanting while traveling, touching the scene and feeling emotional. Cao Cao once "went east to uncover the stone to view the sea" and chanted the poem "Guan Canghai". Tao Qian was a chanter during the Jin and Song Dynasties. A representative figure. He said in "Returning to Xi Ci" that he "composed poems near the clear stream", that is, wandering and chanting. A little later, Xie Lingyun (385 AD - 433 AD) liked to invite people to visit mountains and rivers. On each trip, more than a hundred people traveled and chanted, leaving behind many poems describing the natural landscapes of the south of the Yangtze River, expressing the tourists' intoxication with the beautiful landscapes. Xiaoyou means to whistle while traveling to vent your emotions. The aristocrats of the Wei and Jin Dynasties believed in nature and did not adhere to etiquette. When traveling, they would scream and vent their sexual feelings wherever they happened. This is also the sincerity of their character. "Xiao Fu" fully describes the mood of the nobles of the Wei and Jin Dynasties when they were traveling. To. Climb high to the valley, face the mountains, and let out a long roar, causing thousands of valleys to reverberate. This scene can really express your emotions and make you forget your thoughts. Youyou is a leisurely wandering, which is the most beautiful in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. It is a form that shows the mysterious and calm demeanor of the nobles. It is easy to achieve leisurely travel in form, but it is difficult to achieve leisurely travel in heart. Inner travel is often better reflected in harsh environments. Zongyou means to travel to your heart's content. Sun Gong inherited his "good nature in landscapes" and after working in a suburban county, he "wanted to travel as much as he wanted, including the famous Fu Shengchuan River, which he never visited". The aristocrats' indulgent travels raised the entertainment and enjoyment of tourism to a very high level. .

The second stage of the development of tourism in ancient China was the stage of civil official and eunuch travel. The establishment of the civil service system made civil official eunuch travel a tourist activity that shines in the sky. In order to eliminate the aristocratic monopoly during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty The imperial examination system was implemented to select officials, which set off a wave of reading craze and the literatiization of officials, which led to study tours, exam rush tours, appointment tours, and eunuch tours that continued to be popular, and promoted the development of aesthetic tourism such as sightseeing, sightseeing, and historical sites. The civil servants with high literary talents and their reserve force, scholars, studied, served as officials and traveled, pushing traditional tourism activities to the peak of glory. Civil servants had the Confucian purpose of "cultivating oneself, harmonizing the family, governing the country, and bringing peace to the world" and shouldered the responsibility of modern times. With the heavy responsibility of ruling over the people, Tian traveled to various posts, paying homage to the historical sites along the way, and cultivated himself into a "benevolent man" and a "wise man" in "Leshan" and "LeShui". They used their literary talents to recite poems and compose lyrics , creating travel notes, adding cultural accumulation to the famous mountains and rivers. Du Fu, Li Bai, Bai Juyi, Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, and later Yuan Hongdao, Ji Yun, etc. have traveled all over China, and their traces can be seen everywhere, and they have become tourism resources for later generations.