Outline of geography review in the second volume of the seventh grade

Review Outline of Geography for Grade Seven (Part Two)

Chapter VI Asia, the continent where we live.

Section 1 Natural environment

First, the largest continent in the world.

1. Ball position: Most of Asia is located in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere.

2. Close to the ocean: the Arctic Ocean in northern Asia, the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Indian Ocean in the south.

3. Continent and dividing line: Northwest Asia is bounded by Ural Mountain, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountain, Black Sea, Turkish Strait and Europe; Southwest Asia is bounded by Suez Canal and Africa; South faces Oceania across the sea; The northeast faces North America across the Bering Strait.

4. Asia is the largest continent in the world, with the widest latitude and the farthest distance from east to west.

5. Asia Division: Asia is divided into East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Central Asia and North Asia according to geographical location.

China is located in East Asia, which also includes North Korea, South Korea, Japan and Mongolia.

7. China borders North Asia to the north, West Asia and Central Asia to the west, South Asia to the southwest and Southeast Asia to the south.

Second, topography and rivers.

1, Asian topographic features: the ground is undulating, high in the middle and low around; The terrain is complex and diverse, mainly plateaus and mountains.

2. Main topographic areas: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in central Asia, with an altitude of over 3,000 meters, and some areas are higher than 5,000 meters, which is called the "roof of the world"; The western Siberian plain ~ ~ is located in the north of Asia, with an altitude of 0~200 meters, and is the largest plain in Asia. North China Plain ~ ~ is distributed in eastern Asia, with an altitude of 0~200 meters; Indus plain ~ ~ is distributed in southern Asia, with an altitude of 0~200 meters; Deccan Plateau is distributed in southern Asia, with an altitude of 200~ 1000 meters. Iranian plateau ~ ~ is distributed in western Asia, with an altitude of 1000~3000 meters; The mountains in central Siberia are distributed in northern Asia.

3. Major rivers and oceans: ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River flow into the Arctic Ocean; The Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Meigong River flow into the Pacific Ocean, and the Ganges River flows into the Indian Ocean.

4. Distribution characteristics of rivers: Most rivers originate from the mountains and plateaus in the middle and flow radially to the surrounding oceans. The reason is that the terrain in Asia is high in the middle and low around.

5. Lake: Caspian Sea ~ ~ The largest lake in the world, saltwater lake; Lake Baikal ~ ~ the deepest freshwater lake with the largest storage capacity in the world; Dead sea ~ ~ the lowest point of the world land.

Third, the complex climate.

1. Climate characteristics: complex and diverse, with remarkable monsoon climate and the widest continental climate distribution.

2. Climate influencing factors: latitude factors ~ ~ Asia spans tropical, temperate and cold zones, and the higher the latitude, the lower the temperature; Land and sea factors ~ ~ Asia is bordered by the ocean on three sides, with more precipitation in the east and south and less precipitation in the central and western regions; Topographic factors ~ ~ Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Pamirs have high altitude, resulting in plateau mountain climate.

3. Main climate types: tropical rain forest climate, tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, temperate monsoon climate, temperate continental climate, tropical subtropical desert climate, Mediterranean climate, plateau mountain climate and cold zone climate.

4. temperate continental climate: it is the most widely distributed climate type in Asia, covering central and western Asia. Its climate is characterized by long and cold winters, short and warm summers, and scarce precipitation throughout the year.

5. Monsoon climate: It is mainly distributed in the east and south of Asia, and is characterized by large seasonal changes in wind direction and seasonal changes in precipitation throughout the year. The disadvantage is that it is prone to droughts and floods.

6. Characteristics of climate distribution in Africa: with the equator as the center, the climate types are symmetrically distributed in the north and south; The tropical climate is dominant, and the tropical rain forest and savanna climate are widely distributed.

Section 2 Human environment

First, the most populous continent.

In 2000, the total population of the world was 6.055 billion, and the population of Asia was about 3.68 billion, accounting for 665.438+0% of the total population, making it the most populous continent.

2. Countries with a world population of over 6,543.8 billion: China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Japan and Nigeria.

There are six in Asia: China, Indian, Indonesian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Japanese.

Except Antarctica, the population of all continents in the world is in descending order.

Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America, Oceania, Antarctica

4. Except Antarctica, the average natural population growth rate is from high to low.

Africa, Latin America, Asia, Oceania, North America, Europe,

5. The net population of the world is 6.055 billion×1.3% = 78710,000. The net population of Asia is 3.68 billion×1.4% = 51.52 million.

6. Asia has a large population, which puts heavy pressure on resources and environment.

Second, diverse regional culture.

1. There are about 1000 ethnic groups in Asia, accounting for about half of the total ethnic groups in the world. Among them, the Han nationality is the most populous nation in the world.

2. The three cradles of human civilization in Asia: the Yellow River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; Indus valley area; Mesopotamia Plain (two river basins). Reason: Suitable for temperate (or tropical) climate; Abundant water sources; Fertile land.

3. Ethnic groups in different regions show different cultural and artistic styles and different national customs in terms of architecture, costumes, music and dance, etiquette, etc.

4, the relationship between the culture of different regions and local natural conditions:

Natural conditions or national customs marked on drawings.

6. Japan's earthquake-resistant buildings designed to prevent earthquakes are prone to earthquakes.

3. Houses and terraced hillside areas in Yemen

5. Dayak people in kalimantan island live in a 200-meter-long high-rise house. The climate is hot and humid, and people live in compact communities.

4. Bangladeshis who live in Ganges Delta and make a living by fishing have a hot and humid climate and many rivers and lakes.

2. Yakutians living in eastern Siberia live in wooden houses, wear fur clothes, and the means of transportation is dog sledding. The climate is extremely cold.

1. Bedouins in Saudi Arabia live in tents, wear wide robes and live a nomadic life. In the tropical arid grassland, people live a nomadic life.

5. Every country has its own unique cultural customs, and understanding and respecting the cultures of other regions is the basis for realizing friendly exchanges with other countries. Therefore, before going abroad, people should understand the customs of the country they are going to and respect their cultural differences.

Second, differences in economic development.

1, Asia's economic development is unbalanced; A few countries belong to developed countries, and most countries belong to developing countries.

2. Countries with per capita GNP exceeding 10000 USD: Japan, Israel and Singapore; Countries with per capita GNP below $500 are: Vietnam, Mongolia, Nepal, Bangladesh and India; Japan's per capita GNP is about 145 times that of Nepal.

3. China is at the lower level in the economic development of Asian countries.

Chapter VII Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

Section 1 Japan

First, countries with many volcanic earthquakes:

Main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu.

The coastline is winding, what a good harbor.

Multi-volcanic earthquake: located at the junction of Pacific plate and Eurasian plate; Pacific rim volcanic belt; Mount Fuji is a volcano.

Second, the developed processing trade economy:

It is a small country with a small territory and poor resources.

Import raw materials and fuels from abroad-processing-export.

The concentrated distribution areas of industrial zones: Pacific coast and Seto inland sea coast. Because the port conditions here are superior, the ship can dock, the factory is close to the dock, and the land and water transportation is convenient; Coastal cities with concentrated population and abundant labor resources are also the largest consumption places in China. Coastal plains are concentrated and the price of land reclamation is low.

Third, the compatibility of eastern and western cultures:

A country composed of a single nation-Yamato Nation

Eastern and Western cultures are compatible, and tradition and modernity coexist.

Four, reading analysis requirements:

Fill in the following picture: Sea of Japan, Pacific Ocean, Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu; Keihin, Nagoya, Hanshin, Seto Inland Sea, Kitakyushu Industrial Zone

Section 2 Southeast Asia

First, the location of the intersection:

Southeast Asia: Indian zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

Malacca Strait is an important sea passage: it is located between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island, and it is an important passage from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and from Asia to Oceania. Fill in the location of Malacca Strait accurately on the map.

Fill in the names of the capitals of Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Cambodia and the nearby rivers.

Second, the tropical climate and agricultural production:

Climate characteristics of tropical rain forest: high temperature and rainy all year round; Distribution: Southern Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

Tropical monsoon climate characteristics: high temperature all year round, concentrated precipitation in rainy season and uneven seasonal distribution; Distribution: zhina Peninsula and northern Malay Peninsula.

Agricultural production: rice (Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are important rice exporters in the world), rubber (Thailand is the world's largest rubber producer), palm oil (Malaysia is the world's largest palm oil producer), coconut (Malaysia is the world's largest producer and the Philippines is the largest exporter) and banana (the Philippines is the largest producer).

The favorable conditions for developing rice production in the southeast are: high temperature and rainy climate, fertile land along the Yangtze River and the downstream delta plain, abundant irrigation water, long history of rice planting and sufficient labor force.

Third, mountains and rivers alternate with each other, showing a columnar distribution.

Four, the most concentrated areas of overseas Chinese:

Race: Most of them are yellow.

The area where overseas Chinese are most concentrated.

Rich in tourism resources

Section 3 India

First of all, the world's second most populous country:

The largest country in South Asia.

Topographic features of India: The three landforms are divided into three topographic regions, namely Himalayan Mountains in the northwest, Ganges Plain in the middle and Deccan Plateau in the south. Most of the territory is below 65,438+0,000m above sea level.

The second most populous country: the population has exceeded 654.38+0 billion.

Ancient world civilization: one of the three cradles of Asian civilization.

Second, frequent floods and droughts:

Tropical monsoon climate is dominant: tropical monsoon climate is characterized by high temperature all year round, with summer precipitation concentrated in June-September and uneven seasonal distribution of precipitation.

Monsoon and precipitation: frequent droughts and floods.

Influence of monthly wind direction on precipitation

The northeast has a light wind in January and a dry season.

It is windy in the southwest in July and rainy season.

Flood and drought

The change of southwest wind comes early and retreats late, strong wind comes late and retreats early, and the wind force is insufficient.

Third, agricultural production is self-sufficient.

Topographic precipitation in crop distribution area

There are many plains in the Northeast Peninsula and many rice areas along the coast.

There are almost no plateaus and mountains in the upper reaches of Ganges River in the northwest of Maidegan Plateau.

World agricultural power

Fourth, the developing industry.

Traditional industry: iron and steel industry

Summary of resource status of distribution center in industrial sector

Kolkata's coal, iron and manganese industrial centers in the iron and steel industry are all close to the origin of raw materials, that is, the principle of proximity. Such an industrial layout can save freight and reduce costs, so the factory should be built in the raw material producing area or near the consumer market.

Cotton textile industry Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore cotton

Hemp textile industry

High-tech industries: atomic energy, aerospace and computer software are developed.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) drawing

Himalayas, Ganges Plain, Deccan Plateau

New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore

Section 4 Russia

First, the territory is vast.

The largest country in the world: 6,543.8+0.7 million square kilometers.

Countries across Asia and Europe, continental border: Ural Mountains, ural river.

Most areas are flat;

Major topographic regions and major rivers in Russia

Eastern western Russia

East European Plain

Volga River Ural Mountain West Siberian Plain Yenisei River Middle Siberian Plateau Lena River East Siberian Mountain

Most of them are located in the north temperate zone, and the temperate continental climate is dominant: the winter is long and cold and the summer is short and warm.

The temperature gradually decreases from west to east and from south to north. Precipitation decreases from south to north and from east to west, and it is concentrated in summer.

Second, rich in natural resources and developed in industry.

Natural resources are complete in variety and rich in reserves.

Developed heavy industry:

St. Petersburg industrial zone: petrochemical, shipbuilding, electronics, aerospace, food, textile and other industries.

Moscow industrial zone: iron and steel, automobiles, airplanes, rockets, electronics and other industrial sectors (the above two industrial zones are mainly machinery, chemistry and various light industries).

Ural industrial zone: petroleum, steel, machinery and other products (mainly steel and machinery industries)

Novosibirsk Industrial Zone: coal, oil, natural gas, electricity, steel and other industrial products. (mainly heavy industry and military industry).

Russian industry is dominated by heavy industry, and the development of light industry is slow, and the main industrial areas are concentrated in Europe. In contrast, the Asian part is relatively weak, resulting in uneven distribution of light and heavy industries. The characteristics of industry are closely related to its resource conditions. Russia's oil, natural gas, iron ore and other resources are rich and widely distributed, which is conducive to the development of heavy industry.

Third, developed transportation.

Eurasian land bridge

Some railway networks in Russia and Europe are obviously dense, while some railway networks in Asia are relatively single. Trans-siberian railway, built in the southern mountainous area, is more convenient for economic development, mainly considering the climatic reasons and its proximity to neighboring countries.

Passenger transport is mainly by railway and highway; Goods are transported by rail and pipeline, among which pipeline transportation accounts for the largest proportion.

Moscow is the largest city and St. Petersburg is the second largest city.

Fourth, mapping

Fill in the notes in the picture:

East Siberian Mountains, Central Siberian Plateau, West Siberian Plain, Eastern European Plain and Ural Mountains.

Lena River, Yenisei River, ob river River and Volga River.

Kursk Iron Mine, Second Baku Oilfield, Tyumen Oilfield, Kuzbas Coal Mine

Moscow, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Murmansk, Vladivostok

The first Eurasian continental bridge

Chapter VIII Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

Section 1 Middle East

1. In southwest Asia and northeast Africa, there is a region called the Middle East. The Middle East is located in the land of "three continents and five oceans". The three continents refer to Asia, Europe and Africa, and the Caspian Sea in the five seas is a lake. The Middle East includes West Asia (except Afghanistan) and Egypt in North Africa.

2. The Middle East is the region with the richest oil resources in the world at present. The oil in the Middle East is mainly distributed along the Persian Gulf and transported to western Europe, the United States, Japan and other developed countries.

3. The climate in the Middle East is dry, rivers are scarce and water resources are scarce. The Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East is the largest peninsula in the world. The Suez Canal is located in Egypt.

4. The race in the Middle East is mainly white, and the residents are mostly Arabs, and most of them believe in Islam. Mecca is revered as a holy city by Islam, and Jerusalem is revered as a holy city by Islam, Christianity and Judaism.

Country: Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia

Located in Arabian Peninsula, it is the largest peninsula in the world.

In the picture, three cities are called holy cities by Islam:

Mecca, Jerusalem and Medina.

Ocean:

④ Persian Gulf, ⑤ Arabian Sea,

⑥ Red Sea, ⑥ Mediterranean Sea, ⑧ Black Sea and ⑨ Caspian Sea.

Straits and canals: ⑩ the Strait of Hormuz, ⑾ Suez Canal, ⑿ Turkish Strait, ⑿ Nile.

Section 2 Western Europe

1. Western Europe has a dense population and many countries, most of which are developed countries. Its economy is diversified, mainly in manufacturing, traditional animal husbandry and prosperous tourism.

2. The European Union is a regional international organization with close political and economic ties. At present, * * * has 25 member countries, using the unified currency euro.

3. London, France, Rome, Italy and Berlin, Germany.

4. Most of Western Europe is located in the north temperate zone, and the temperate maritime climate is widely distributed. The terrain is mainly plain and the animal husbandry is developed. People call pasture "green gold". British animal husbandry accounts for 70% of the total agricultural output value. Holland and Denmark are world-famous dairy countries.

There are many tourist destinations in western Europe, such as London Bridge in England, windmill in Holland, Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, bullfighting in Spain, and fjord scenery in Norway.

Country: Spain France Britain Germany Italy

Topography and Peninsula: Scandinavia, Western Europe Plain, Bode Plain, Alps and Apennine Peninsula.

Ocean and Strait: ⑤ Norwegian Sea ⑤ North Sea ⑧ Baltic Sea ⑨ English Channel ⑨ Mediterranean Sea ⑩ Gibraltar Strait.

Section III Sub-Saharan Africa

1, sub-Saharan Africa, the largest desert in the world, is mostly located in the tropics, and more than 90% are black, so it is called "black Africa". Residents are concentrated in the Gulf of Guinea and the Congo Basin.

2. Due to the long-term occupation and plunder by colonialism, most countries in this region have formed a "single commodity economy", exporting cheap primary products and importing expensive industrial products, which is at a disadvantage in international trade.

3. Africa has the highest natural growth rate of all continents and a large population. In addition, the climate is always hot, the precipitation is dry and wet, agricultural production is backward, and residents often go hungry.

4. Africa's climate is mainly tropical rain forest climate, tropical grassland climate and tropical desert climate, and its distribution characteristics are: centered on the equator, symmetrically distributed in the north and south.

5. Congo River B Congo Basin, Somali Peninsula

D. ethiopia highlands and madagascar

F gulf of guinea g Sahara desert h cape of good hope

I am close to the East African Plateau, where there is the Great Rift Valley and the South African Plateau.

Section 4 Australia

1. There are kangaroos and emus on the national emblem of Australia, and koalas and platypus are their unique animals.

Australia is the country that exports the most sheep and wool in the world, and is called "riding on the back of sheep". Sheep are concentrated in the mixed agricultural belt along the southeast and southwest coasts. Due to the vast territory and sparse population, the agricultural and animal husbandry production is highly mechanized, and most products are exported, including wool, wheat and beef.

3. Australia is rich in mineral resources, concentrated in coastal areas, with a large proportion of exports, and is called a country sitting on a mine car. At present, the service industry has become a pillar industry in Australia.

The population and cities of Australia are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas, with Canberra as the capital, Sydney as the largest industrial center and port city, and Melbourne as the second largest city.

Cities: Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne,

Rivers and lakes: D murray river, Aier Lake in northern Hubei.

Topographic area: ① Great watershed,

(2) the central plain, great basin, also known as great artesian basin.

③ Western Plateau

Ocean: ④ Pacific Ocean ⑤ Indian Ocean

Chapter IX Countries in the Western Hemisphere

Section 1 America

1. Location: Central North America, Western Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere. Canada borders Mexico to the north. It is adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Gulf of Mexico in the south, with convenient maritime transportation.

2. Territorial composition: The territory occupies the fourth place in the world, second only to Russian, Canadian and China. There are 50 local states (48 local states and 2 overseas states:

3. Population and capital: There are 290 million people, mainly white, belonging to immigrant countries. The capital, Washington, is located in the eastern part of the United States, on the Atlantic coast.

4. Terrain: the plain is the main component-three north-south longitudinal zones; Terrain: the east and west sides are high and the middle is low.

A. To the west is the towering Cordillera Mountains.

B Central China-a vast plain, accounting for more than half of the country's total area.

C. Appalachian mountains in the low east

5. Rivers and lakes: Mississippi River-the longest river in North America.

B. The Great Lakes-from west to east are Lake Superior (the largest freshwater lake in the world), Lake Michigan (all over the United States), Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and finally flow into the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence River. Except for Lake Michigan, all the Great Lakes are the dividing line between the United States and Canada.

6. Climate: The temperate continental climate is dominant.

7. Specialization in agriculture:

A. Highly developed and mechanized; Specialization of agricultural production. It is the largest producer and exporter of agricultural products in the world.

B. main agricultural products: wheat, soybeans and corn.

C. Major agricultural areas: dairy belt (northeast of the country), corn belt (central of the country), cotton belt (lower Mississippi River), wheat area (central of the country, north and south sides of the corn belt), animal husbandry and irrigated agricultural area (west of the country) and subtropical crop belt (Gulf Coast).

Take a closer look at the distribution map of agricultural belt in the textbook P85, and pay attention to protecting the environment while developing agriculture.

8. Industry:

A. characteristics: complete industrial system and complete departments. It is the most developed industrial country in the world. Chemical industry, electronics, automobiles and airplanes all rank among the top in the world.

B.20 Since 1990s, high-tech industries represented by information technology and biotechnology have developed vigorously. The most famous is the "Silicon Valley" in the southeast of San Francisco, which is the largest high-tech industrial center in the United States and even in the world.

C. Major industrial zones: Pacific coastal industrial zones, which are developing rapidly; Southern industrial zone, developed late; Northeast industrial zone, a traditional industrial zone in the United States. However, the United States consumes a lot and imports the most cars, steel, oil and textiles in the world.

9. City: new york: Atlantic coast, the largest city and the largest seaport in the United States.

10. Resource consuming countries

① The largest resource consumer and waste discharger in the world; (2) can analyze the per capita energy consumption statistics.

1 1. The impact of the United States on world resources and environment

(1) Bulk imports: coal, iron ore, oil and timber.

(2) A large number of emissions: waste gas, waste water and waste.

Brazil in the second quarter

1. location: western hemisphere and southern hemisphere; East of South America, east of the Atlantic Ocean. The largest country in South America,

2. Capital: Capital: Brasilia. The population accounts for half of the total population in South America and is the most populous country in South America.

3. Topography:-Plains and plateaus are dominant, and the terrain is high in the south and low in the north.

Amazon Plain-the largest plain in the world, where the tropical rain forest is the largest existing tropical rain forest area in the world.

Brazil Plateau-the largest plateau in the world

4. Climate: It is dominated by tropical rain forest climate and savanna climate. The climate is hot and humid.

5. Rivers:-Amazon River, the longest river in the world and the second longest river in the world.

6. The ethnic composition is complex: there are indigenous Indians, whites, blacks and yellow people. Ethnic groups intermarry with each other and form different hybrids, which is a society with many hybrids.

7. Language: The folk entertainment of the Brazilian people is samba, and there is a carnival every year. Language-Portuguese.

Agriculture is an important basic sector of Brazil's national economy. There are many kinds of tropical cash crops, and the output of coffee, sugarcane and citrus ranks first in the world. Coffee beans, sucrose, citrus juice and soybeans are important export products. Brazil is called the "coffee kingdom", as long as the coffee gardens are distributed in the southeast.

9. Industry: A. Mainly distributed in the southeast, because the southeast is the main distribution area of iron minerals. Convenient transportation. In modern industry, steel, shipbuilding, automobile and aircraft manufacturing have leapt to the ranks of important producers in the world. Gradually form a relatively complete industrial system from a single agricultural product exporting country.

B. With industrial sectors such as mining, steel, aircraft manufacturing, automobiles, shipbuilding and food, it is an important producer of steel, ships, automobiles and aircraft in the world, and its industrial output value ranks first in South America. Among them, 3/4 industries are distributed in the southeast coastal areas.

10. Population and cities: mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas, with few population and cities in the Amazon Plain. Sao Paulo is the largest winter night center and city, and it is also a megacity in the world.

1 1. Crisis of tropical rain forest: The existing problems are as follows: ① Multinational companies cut down a lot of trees in order to build large trunk roads. ② Develop mining industry and open up large farms. (3) The primitive immigrant agriculture of poor farmers who cultivated land. Rainforest area is greatly reduced, soil erosion is serious, precious wild animals are plundered, and the global ecological environment is seriously threatened. Therefore, the whole world hopes that Brazil will focus on protecting this primitive tropical rain forest.

Chapter 10 Polar Regions

I. Antarctic region

1. Location: The Antarctic continent south of the Antarctic Circle and the surrounding oceans constitute the Antarctic continent.

2. Terrain: Plateau is the main terrain.

3. Features: Climatic features-split wind, dryness and severe cold. Known as the "ice and snow plateau"; Precious freshwater reservoir for human beings;

Antarctic continent is the coldest continent in the world, with the most frequent snowstorms and the strongest winds. The difference between winter and summer; The "white desert" on the earth.

4. Poles: The poles are south and north along the rest of the meridian, and the earth rotates clockwise.

5. Representative animal: penguin

6. Investigation: Great Wall Station and Zhongshan Station have been established successively in China.

Second, the Arctic region.

1. Location: the area north of the Arctic Circle, including most of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the northernmost continent and many coastal islands in Asia, Europe and North America.

2. Features: Greenland is the largest island on earth; Bering strait

3. Pole: the pole is north, common along other meridians, and the earth rotates counterclockwise.

4. Representative animal: polar bear

5. Investigation: Huanghe Station was established.