What are the five famous museums in the world?

May 18 is International Museum Day. The Louvre in France, the British Museum in Britain, the Metropolitan Museum in America, the hermitage museum in Russia and the Palace Museum in China are the five largest museums in the world. Among them, the first four are world-recognized museums with worldwide collections of cultural relics.

The Louvre

This world-famous art hall was built at the end of 12. It was the castle of the French royal family at that time and was used as the national treasury and archives. Later, after a series of expansion and repair, it gradually became a grand palace with Renaissance style. From the16th century, Francois I began to collect various works of art on a large scale, and later emperors continued this tradition and enriched the collection of the Louvre. On August 1793, the Louvre Art Museum officially opened to the public and became a museum. Today, the museum has collected 400,000 works of art, including sculptures, paintings, arts and crafts, ancient orient, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece and Rome. 198 1 year, the French government carried out a large-scale renovation of this exquisite building, and the Louvre has since become a professional museum. Its art collection is rich in variety and high in taste, making it world-class. Among them, the most important three treasures of the town palace are well known to the world: Venus, the Mona Lisa of Leonardo da Vinci and the goddess of victory of Samotra. So far, the Louvre has become a world-famous art hall. There is a transparent pyramid-shaped building at the entrance of the Louvre, and its designer is the famous Chinese-American architect I.M. Pei.

British Museum

British Museum, British Museum, founded in 1823. Her exhibition hall contains treasures that best represent British art and literature, as well as many extremely precious documents and manuscripts, such as the original of the British Magna Carta and the original of Shakespeare's manuscript. There are historical sites in Egypt, West Asia, the East, Greece, Rome and Britain. There are "trophies" of the British dynasty, such as the Little Sphinx of Egypt, Elgin marble from the goddess of Athens and so on; In addition, we also collected folk information, artworks and unearthed cultural relics from China, India and other countries with a long history. You can see many China antique calligraphy and paintings in the porcelain showroom. Most of these cultural relics were plundered by the British and French allied forces and Eight-Nation Alliance when they invaded China. The collection of Oriental Art Museum is mostly China cultural relics, reaching more than 20,000 pieces. Among them, the red pottery bowl in banpo village more than 6,000 years ago, the jade knife and Yu Fu in the Neolithic Age, the bronzes in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the porcelain, jade, lacquerware, paintings and sculptures from Qin and Han Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, and even the two big stone lions at the back door of the museum are all fine works of art in China. There are also a large number of Buddhist paintings plundered by Stan from Dunhuang Tibetan Sutra Cave. The most famous Chinese painting in its collection is The History of Women by Gu Kaizhi, a great painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. This is a famous masterpiece, which occupies a high position in the history of China painting. This work was brought to Britain in 1900 when Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing.

Its library is famous for its rich collection of books. Every book in England is kept here. In fact, you can find all the publications in this country here. In addition, there are many precious editions and precious manuscripts from various countries. This library is the best place to study, and Marx's Das Kapital was completed here. In the British Library, there are more than 60,000 kinds of China ancient books, including the earliest edition of Paramita Classic by China, 45 volumes of Yongle Grand Ceremony, court archives, bamboo slips, China woodblock printing and Dunhuang manuscripts 1 10,000 volumes.

At present, the British Museum is divided into 10 branches: Ancient Near East Pavilion, Coins and Commemorative Coins Pavilion, Egypt Pavilion, Ethnic Pavilion, Greece and Rome Pavilion, Japan Pavilion, Medieval and Modern Europe Pavilion, Oriental Pavilion, Prehistoric and Early Europe Pavilion, Prints and Sketches Pavilion and West Asia Pavilion.

Metropolitan museum

The Metropolitan Museum of New York is the largest museum in the United States, built in 1870. The whole museum is a building, covering an area of 8 hectares, which is19 of the Forbidden City in Beijing, but the exhibition area is very large, no less than 24 hectares, twice that of the Forbidden City. The Metropolitan Museum claims to be the largest museum in the western hemisphere, with more than 200 galleries and more than 3 million pieces of various cultural relics and artworks. The content is rich and colorful, reflecting the American style with sufficient funds and high style.

In BC 15, the complete Egyptian temple was relocated in the giant glass cover in the hall specially built by the museum, with a total weight of 800 tons. It is said that in order to ensure the original appearance, each brick is labeled, which is very magical and can be described as the treasure of the town hall. The Fashion Museum is also the best in the world, with a collection of/kloc-0.5 million pieces of national costumes from five continents in the past four centuries. Suzhou Garden in Xuan Ming, China, which was built by skilled craftsmen in Suzhou in September 198 1 2000, was also replicated in the North Hall on the second floor of the main building of the museum. This may be a typical "cultural transplant", which is very attractive to the audience. In order to avoid crowding, a special route is stipulated to enter the park, and the number of people is controlled by the timed elevator. There are cornices, carved beams, fish ponds, pavilions, indoor couplets, dusters, square tables and plush chairs in the park. Except for Xuan Ming, the interior furnishings of Britain, France and West from 14 to 18 centuries were arranged according to time and country. Although they are all equally magnificent, French painted roofs, English fireplaces and Spanish-style furniture are still branded with the marks of different times and different nationalities. The museum also has a large collection of cultural relics and artworks from China, especially some Buddha statues and murals. Visitors can also enjoy some precious ancient China paintings in the museum, such as White Night Map by Han Gan in the Tang Dynasty.

Amitash Museum

The Winter Palace is one of the largest and oldest museums in the world. This palace was designed by the famous architect Rastrelli. It was originally the private museum of Queen Catherine II. 1764, Catherine II bought 250 paintings by Rembrandt and Rubens from Berlin and deposited them in the Hermitage of the Winter Palace (which means "hidden palace" in French), hence the name.

The Winter Palace was built between 1754 and 1762, burned by fire in 1837, rebuilt between 1838 and 1839, and was destroyed again during World War II. It was carefully restored after the war. The palace has three floors, about 230m long,140m wide and 22m high. It is a closed rectangle with an area of 90,000 square meters and a building area of more than 46,000 square meters. The four sides of the Winter Palace have their own characteristics, but the interior design and decoration style are strictly unified. There is an inner courtyard in the quadrangle palace, which faces the Palace Square, the Naval Command and neva river on three sides, and is connected with the Little Hermitage Palace on the fourth side. On the side facing the Winter Palace Square, the center is slightly prominent, with three arched iron gates and a group of Atlas colossus at the entrance. There are two rows of colonnades around the Winter Palace, which are magnificent. The palace is beautifully decorated, and many halls are decorated with Russian gems-malachite, jasper and agate products. For example, the malachite hall used 2 tons of malachite, and the parquet floor used 9 weights of precious wood. Amitash is the largest and most distinctive baroque building in St. Petersburg. Its integrity and brilliance are impressive, and its decoration is rich. The decorative frame and relief decoration on the window give people strength, the columns are arranged regularly, and the wall is matched with white and green, which makes the dragon look varied and lifelike. 19 17 Before February, the Winter Palace was always the palace of the tsar, and was later occupied by the bourgeois provisional government. 1917165438+1October 7 (65438+1October 25), the uprising people captured the Winter Palace. After the October Revolution, the original official residence and the whole Winter Palace were placed in Tashi, Elmy, and the Elmi National Tashi Museum was formally established on 1922, and the Winter Palace became a part of the museum. The surface of the Winter Palace of 1946 is painted with the original sapphire color. The museum now includes five buildings: Winter Palace, Amitash, Old Amitash, Amitash Theatre and New Amitash. At present, the museum is divided into eight parts: Primitive Culture Department, Ancient Greece and Rome Department, Oriental Ethnic Culture Department, Russian Cultural History Department, Ancient Coin Department, Western European Art Department, Science Education Department engaged in tour guide work and Works Restoration Department. There are more than 2.7 million pieces in the eight departments, including prehistoric culture and Egyptian art collections, as well as a large number of oil paintings and sculptures from Italy, Spain, Germany, Britain, Russia, Belgium, the Netherlands and France. Among them, there are 6,543,800 paintings, 6,543,800 sculptures, 600,000 line drawings, 6,543,800 coins and badges, and 224,000 ancient furniture, porcelain, gold and silver products, precious stones and ivory handicrafts. These handicrafts are displayed in more than 350 exhibition halls, such as Picasso's three-dimensional painting exhibition hall, Italian and French painters exhibition hall, Russian clothing exhibition hall and so on. All the exhibition halls have their own characteristics, the most striking of which is the exhibition hall of Peter the Great, where a large number of articles for Peter the Great are displayed, many of which are made by himself. In a glass cabinet in the exhibition hall, there is a wax figure of Peter the Great, and his hair is the real hair of Peter the Great himself. There is a wooden pole next to the portrait, and a line is engraved on the top of the wooden pole, which is more than two meters high, indicating that Peter the Great is more than two meters tall. Like the Forbidden City in China, the collection is extremely rich, so if tourists want to visit all the exhibition halls, I'm afraid it will take less than a month.

Imperial Palace

The Palace Museum is a comprehensive museum in China, which was established on the basis of palaces and their collections in Ming and Qing Dynasties. From 65438 to 0987, the Forbidden City was listed as a "World Cultural Heritage" by UNESCO.

According to China's ancient astrology theory, Ziweiyuan (i.e. Polaris) is located at the zenith where the Emperor of Heaven lives, corresponding to heaven and man. According to the emperor's residence, it is also called the Forbidden City. After the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty seized the throne, Judy decided to move the capital to Beijing and began to build the palace, which was completed in the 18th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1420). 19 1 1 year, the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the last feudal monarchy in China-the Qing Dynasty. 1924, the emperor Puyi was expelled from the palace. For more than 500 years, 24 emperors lived here and ruled the whole country.

The Forbidden City is surrounded by a wall with a height of 10m and a moat with a width of 52m. It is 96 1m long from north to south and 753m wide from east to west, covering an area of 780,000 ㎡. There are gates on all sides of the city wall, and the layout of palaces in the city extends along the central axis to the east and west sides. Red walls and yellow tiles, colorful buildings and carved beams, resplendent and magnificent. The halls and terraces are patchwork and magnificent. The southern half is centered on the three halls of Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe, and flanked by the two halls of Wenhua and Wuying. It is the place where the emperor held a court meeting, which is called "the former court". The northern half is centered on Gan Qing, Jiaotai, Kunning Palace, Dongxiugong and Imperial Garden. It is the place where emperors and queens live, hold sacrifices and religious activities, and deal with daily affairs, which is called "post-bedroom". The total building area of the front and rear palaces is163,000m2. The layout of the whole palace is rigorous and orderly, and every inch of bricks and tiles follow the feudal hierarchical etiquette system, which embodies the supreme authority of the emperor. 1925 10 The Palace Museum was formally established in June 10. According to the preliminary inventory, there are more than 70,000 pieces of cultural relics left by the Qing court1/kloc-0, which are listed in the book "Inspection Report of Clean Room Rehabilitation Committee" published by 1925, which can be described as a rare treasure and a wealth on earth. In addition, there are a large number of books, classics and documents. To this end, the Palace Museum has an Antiquities Museum, a Library and a Literature Museum, which respectively organize manpower to continue sorting out cultural relics.

On the eve of the full-scale outbreak of World War II, in order to protect the cultural relics in the Palace Museum from war damage or Japanese imperialist plunder, the Palace Museum decided to adopt the policy of moving cultural relics south to avoid the enemy. 1933 From February to May, important cultural relics in the palace were packed into13,427 boxes and 64 packages, which were delivered to Shanghai in five batches and then transferred to Nanjing. So a cultural relics warehouse was established in Nanjing, and the Nanjing branch of the Palace Museum was established. 1937, the cultural relics moved southward were moved to Sichuan along the Third Road and stored in Baxian, Emei and Leshan in Sichuan Province. Until the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, three cultural relics were concentrated in Chongqing and transported back to Nanjing on 1947. From the end of 1948 to the beginning of 1949, the Nanjing Kuomintang government selected 2,972 boxes of cultural relics from the Nanjing warehouse and transported them to Taiwan Province Province. Later, a new museum was built in Shuangxi, outside Shilin, Taipei, for public display. After 1949, a large number of remaining cultural relics were transported back to the Palace Museum in succession to more than 10,000 boxes, but 22 1 box is still sealed in Nanjing warehouse. In the past ten years, the Palace Museum has received an average of 6-8 million visitors from home and abroad every year. And with the development of tourism, the number of visitors has increased, and people's interest in the Forbidden City has never stopped.