Lion Mountain Chuwangling Tour Introduction+Tickets

The Chu Mausoleum of Lion Mountain belongs to Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, and is the fief of the King of Chu in the Western Han Dynasty. A large number of Chu tombs have been preserved here, and many valuable cultural and architectural sites have been discovered through modern excavation, which has become a national treasure cultural relics center. Here, I'd like to share with you a detailed strategy for playing the Chu Tomb of Lion Mountain.

Xuzhou, formerly known as Pengcheng, is located at the junction of Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan and Shandong provinces. It is an important hub in East China and a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. Xuzhou is the hometown of Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, which has a strong Chinese culture. Xuzhou belonged to the enfeoffment state of Chu in the Western Han Dynasty, and the tombs of Chu kings excavated here may be the most valuable historical relics in Xuzhou.

Generally speaking, Chu refers to the south-central areas of Hunan and Hubei, but at the end of the Warring States period, the territory of Chu was extremely vast, including most of the south and many places in East China. After the demise of the Song Dynasty, Xuzhou was also returned to the State of Chu.

The anti-Qin war led by Xiang Yu, a Suqian from Xuzhou 100 km, overthrew the Qin Dynasty. Someone advised Xiang Yu to dominate Guanzhong, but Xiang Yu wanted to go back to Xuzhou. He said: "wealth does not return to my hometown, like clothes embroidered at night, who knows!" " (Historical Records) If you don't go back to your hometown after mixing, it's like walking in good clothes at night. Who knows? The person who advised him said, "People say that Chu people bathe monkeys' crowns and ears. Sure enough. " (Historical Records) People say that Chu people are monkeys in hats, and it really happens. Xiang Yu got angry and cooked the man. Xiang Yu was based in Xuzhou, near his hometown Suqian, and became the overlord of Western Chu.

Four years later, Han Xin, a Huai 'an native who is 0/80 km away from Xuzhou/KLOC, defeated him in this area and helped Liu Bang, a Xuzhou native, unify the whole country. Liu Bang is also nostalgic. After his success, he was reluctant to go back to his hometown, but his heart was even bigger. Although he doesn't give up his hometown, he can rule the world as long as he lives in Guanzhong. Han Xin, who defeated Xiang Yu, became the king of Chu in the new Han Dynasty. He is Wang Zhiyi and has seven different surnames. Later, in the Han Dynasty, Han Xin was demoted to Huaiyin Hou and was later killed. His position as king of Chu was held by Liu Bang's younger brother Jiao Liu Jicheng. Later, in the 400 years of the Han Dynasty, the Chu State with Xuzhou as the core existed for about 220 years, during which Pengcheng State and Xiapi State also appeared in this area.

Entrance to the inner tomb (with a huge patio above)

2. Among the tombs of Chu King excavated in Xuzhou, the tomb of Chu King in Lion Mountain should be the most famous. It is the largest tomb with the largest number of cultural relics and the highest historical value among all Han tombs in Xuzhou. When I took a taxi, I said I was going to the Han Tomb in Lion Mountain. The driver only reacted and said "Hi, Chu Tomb". The locals directly call it the tomb of the king of Chu, almost ignoring other tombs of the king of Chu here. There are many articles and pictures about this tomb on the Internet. I try not to accept stereotypes.

Graves are considered valuable. Personally, I think there are three points: first, the identity of the tomb owner is important. For example, the tombs of important people are relatively more valuable than the tombs of ordinary people, because important people have a greater impact on history; Second, the unearthed cultural relics are of high value, such as unearthed funerary objects and clothes; Thirdly, the tomb has a special shape, which can reflect the funeral system and engineering construction ability at that time.

The richer the contents of tombs, the more helpful it is for future generations to understand and study what happened in the past. Conversely, the contents of tombs can also prove people's existing cognition and judgment, which is a process of mutual argumentation.

A paved road leading to the main hall or grave.

In my opinion, the primary value of the Chu Tomb in Lion Mountain should be unearthed objects, such as a large number of terracotta warriors and horses in the tomb pit and jade articles in the tomb.

This is one of the few Han tombs where Terracotta Warriors and Horses have been unearthed. Compared with the more famous Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, the figurines of the unearthed Terracotta Warriors and Horses are much smaller, which is obviously in contrast with the replicas in the exhibition hall.

This may be related to the dominant thought of Huang Lao's inaction in the early Han Dynasty, and the funeral was simple and pragmatic. A similar statue was buried in the tomb of Emperor Han Jing. Even if the emperor is still like this, of course, the princes can't cross it.

In terms of style, it is generally believed that the Qin figurines are realistic, while the Han figurines here are freehand. Many figurines are slightly exaggerated in shape and vivid in expression. I think they are a little cartoonish and cute, which is also an aesthetic change.

Terracotta army

Infantry statue

Jade clothes and coffins were unearthed here. Golden wisps of jade clothes are one of the symbols of the funeral of emperors and senior nobles in Han Dynasty. According to different grades, there are similar silver and copper jade clothes.

The jade clothes unearthed here are superior among similar objects unearthed in China. In addition, jade coffins wrapped with jade pieces are rare.

Lying figurine

The second is the shape of the tomb. From south to north, the tomb consists of 12 tombs, including the entrance, patio, tunnel, ear room, front room and back room. The total length of the tomb is116.2m, the total usable area is 85 1 m2, and the total amount of excavated rocks is more than 5,000 cubic meters.

The pyramid-shaped mound is divided into three sections, among which there is a courtyard above the inner pyramid-shaped mound, which constitutes a cliff-cave tomb combining vertical and horizontal caves. Some people think that this is a reflection of the development of tombs from vertical points to horizontal points at that time.

Of course, the huge excavation and excavation project reflected the ability of engineering construction at that time, and also reflected the determination of the vassal king to build the mausoleum at all costs.

Cavalry statue

Third, the owner of the tomb. It is generally believed that the owner of the tomb is Liu Wu, the third generation of the King of Chu. This man was the mastermind of the rebellion in the Seven Kingdoms at that time, and committed suicide after failure.

It is said that people around were worried that they could not be buried after conviction, so they were buried hastily. Judging from the rough excavation traces in many places in the tomb, some tombs were not completed, and the excavation of tombs was somewhat anticlimactic, which seems to indicate that the tombs were not completed at the time of burial.

Of course, this statement is also questionable. After all, rebellion is a great sin. How can we continue to be buried according to the rules of the vassal? So some people think that the owner of the tomb is Liu Yingke, the second generation king of Chu.

But no matter who the owner of the tomb is, it is the king of Chu after all, and his tomb can enrich and correct the existing cognition at that time.

Liu Wuxiang, King of Chu

3. The pyramid-shaped mound is blocked with sixteen big stones, and the four stone heads are a group. Each stone is 2.5 meters, 0.9 meters wide and 0.9 meters high and weighs 5-6 tons. In this way, the length of the blocking part is 10 meter. Such a strict sealing method should be enough for the tomb owner and his descendants to sit back and relax. But within a hundred years after burial, the tomb was stolen.

In the face of grave robbers' thirst for wealth, any obstruction is pale. Demand begets technology. In a narrow and cramped space, grave robbers still have a way to achieve their goals. They cut out the "bull's nose eye" at the outer end of the stone plug, then pulled out the four stone plugs in the upper right corner and entered the underground palace. The difficulty of this work is terrible. Drilling holes is very difficult. The width and height of each stone are 0.9 meters. Except for the first stone, I'm afraid only one person can drill a hole for the stone inside, which is time-consuming and laborious, but it doesn't require determination.

Grave stone (bull's nose eye left by grave robbers)

The high-end engineering level needed to build the mausoleum and the luxury and richness of the funerary objects are amazing. Similarly, the technical level of grave robbers is admirable. Both sides are trying their best to give full play to their intelligence and wisdom, and deduce the offense and defense to the extreme.

As we all know, the royal mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, Dong Qingling's Mausoleum, was robbed by warlord Sun Dianying on a large scale in 1928. Now Dong Qingling is a 5A-level tourist attraction and an official institution that can generate income. Safety is not only to protect the mausoleum, but also to protect tourism resources. Even so, some people can continue to rob tombs under the eyes of modern security. In recent years, a queen's tomb has been stolen. Grave robbers dug holes to pump water, rested during the day and worked at night, and fought for more than ten days to achieve their goals. They really regard grave robbery as a profession. Of course, the Qing Dongling covers too much land, and the shortage of manpower is really unbearable.

4. Even though Wang Chu's tomb in Lion Mountain has long been stolen, there are still more than 2,000 pieces (sets) unearthed in the tomb, which shows the luxury of its tombs. Among them, there are a large number of jade articles. It is generally believed that jade is a symbol of identity and status. Ordinary people hold it badly, and it is easy to be seen through, while gold and silver can be melted. So the grave robbers didn't take the jade, and the gold thread on the gold thread jade clothes of the king of Chu was also taken away, leaving only one piece of jade. Now the gold thread and jade clothes in the tomb are all original.

S-shaped Jade Dragon (it should be the best, recently borrowed for exhibition, and the picture is from Xuzhou Museum official website).

The jade here constitutes the main body of the jade exhibition in Xuzhou Museum, among which the beautifully shaped jade has become the symbol pattern of museums or scenic spots.

Among jade articles, what attracts me more is an S-shaped jade dragon. The symbol of the Han cultural scenic spot where the Chu Tomb is located is an S-shaped Yulong, and the symbol of Xuzhou Museum is also in this shape. If you don't look carefully, you will think it is the same constellation, but if you look closely, you will find that the Yulong in the two places is similar, but not the same. But then I saw two S-shaped jade dragons in Xu Bo's exhibition hall, one of which was the shape adopted by Xu Bo, and the other was not the symbol of the Han cultural scenic spot. The pattern used in the scenic spot sign should be one of the best, but I didn't see it on Xu Bo.

I recently saw an S-shaped jade dragon in the exhibition hall of Xubo.

Recently, I saw the S-shaped Jade Dragon II in the exhibition hall of Xu Bo (this pattern has also become the symbol of Xu Bo).

Later, I asked Weibo, the official of Xu Bo, and explained that the best S-shaped Jade Dragon was indeed in Xu Bo, but it was recently exhibited in the United States, along with silver and jade clothes. So I saw the silver wisp of jade clothes in Xubo because I went out to borrow the exhibition, and it was not in its place in the exhibition hall. Of course, Guan Wei also said that these Jade Dragons are exhibited by turns, not necessarily at the same time.

S-shaped Jade Dragon Sign on the Glass of Xuzhou Museum

This tomb of the king of Chu still conforms to the burial style of Han Dynasty, but the Lion Mountain where it is located is very short, with an altitude of only 50 or 60 meters, almost as high as the street outside.

Compared with the Han Tomb in Mancheng, which was dug at the top of the mountain, this tomb gives the impression that it was dug underground. Perhaps more than two thousand years ago, this area was a highland, but with the passage of time, the landform has changed.

The Tomb of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain and its nearby area have now become a cultural attraction in China, with China culture as the main culture and the statue of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang.

This is the largest China cultural theme park in China. In addition to the Han tombs, there are unearthed cultural attractions such as the Terracotta Warriors Museum and the Stone Relief Exhibition Hall, such as China No.1 Bhikuni Dojo (which was not entered due to time) and Liu Ancestral Hall. Stone relief is also a unique relic of the Han Dynasty, which often appears in funeral ceremonies, such as tombs.

The Han Terracotta Warriors, Tomb and Stone Relief in Xuzhou are also called "Three Wonders of the Han Dynasty".

Xuzhou Han School has a strong flavor, from the Chu State in the Warring States, to the Western Chu State in Xiang Yu, to the Chu State in Han Xin, and then to the Chu State in the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty, also known as Chu Land, which inherits their Chu rhyme and proves that most of the objects of Han culture come from Chu tombs.

"Chu" and "Han" are doomed to be inseparable, just as Liu Bang and Xiang Yu are lifelong opponents, and each other is even more dazzling because of the existence of the other. This is also mapped to the chessboard, which has become the boundary of Chu River and Han Dynasty. The two have been perfectly integrated in Xuzhou, and now Xuzhou is also trying to create cultural labels such as "Han Feng, Chu Yun".

6. Where did Gao Di Liu Bang come from? There is no doubt that he is from Xuzhou. Pei County or Fengxian County?

Historical Records says: "Gaozu, a Li Zhongyang from Pei County" is a Li Zhongyang from Pei Junfeng County, which is a large administrative unit, including Pei Yi (Pei County), Fengxian County and other places. Liu Bang, also known as Pei Gong, is easily regarded as a Peixian because of his work and troubles.

According to historical records, Liu Bang pacified Ying Bu and passed through his hometown on his return trip, where he held a big banquet to celebrate his elders. He sang heartily: the wind blew in Yunfei, and the corvee was spared in Pei County. Later, his elders asked for corvee in Fengxian. Liu Bang said, "I was born in Feng Wu, and I have never forgotten my ears. I especially think that yongchi is the reason why I am against Wei. "

Fengyi is the place where I grew up. I will never forget it. I didn't help Yongchi to rebel because of Fengyi people. I took refuge in Wei, so I was exempted from its corvee. Of course, in the end, the corvee in Fengxian was saved.

So what do Xuzhou locals think of this problem?

I took a taxi in Xuzhou and passed by a few days later. I asked nine taxi drivers, at least one of whom was a female driver. The universality of this data sample should be reasonable.

I asked them the same question, whether Liu Bang belongs to Fengxian or Peixian, because there are many sites and memorial halls related to Liu Bang in both places.

As a result, four said they were from Pei County, and five said they were "rich" or "educated", that is, they were born and raised in Fengxian County or their careers were in Pei County.

This thing is relatively clear: abundant and long. In fact, for Liu Bang, abundance is one.