Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Tourist attractions - Was there a battle in Jiayuguan in history? If so, what battles have you fought? It is called the best in the world.
Was there a battle in Jiayuguan in history? If so, what battles have you fought? It is called the best in the world.
The schematic diagram of the distribution of the Great Wall in China shows the distribution of the Great Wall in China in a photoelectric way. Through the illustration, we can know that the first Great Wall in China's history is Chufang City, which is located in present-day Henan Province. The Great Wall of Qi is mainly distributed in Shandong Peninsula. It starts from the northeast of Pingyin County in Shandong Province in the west and flows into the sea to the east of Xiaozhu Mountain in Jiaonan City in the southeast. The Great Wall of Qin Shihuang starts from Min County, Gansu Province in the west and passes through Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Liaoning and other provinces. It is the first Great Wall of Wan Li in Chinese history. In Han Dynasty, the Hexi Great Wall started from the mouth of Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, reached Dunhuang along the Hexi Corridor and ended in Lop Nur, Xinjiang, covering more than 1,2 kilometers in Gansu. This Great Wall has played a great historical role in resisting the invasion of Xiongnu, opening up the territory of western regions, ensuring the smooth flow of Silk Road and developing Hexi economy. The Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty started from Jiayuguan in Gansu in the west, extended to Shanhaiguan in Hebei in the east and extended to Liaodong Peninsula, with a total length of 12,7 Li. It is the most well-preserved and largest-scale Great Wall in China. Among them, the important relics of the Great Wall are the Great Wall on Wushaoling in Tianzhu County, the Great Wall of Embroidered Temple in Shandan County, the pier at the mouth of the Great Wall in Shandan County, Jiayuguan Guancheng and Jiayuguan West Great Wall.
The Great Wall is the product of strategic defense in ancient wars. It has gradually developed from the combination of early castles and walls into a complex structure with multiple functions, such as customs, castles, walls, terraces and towers. The main principle of the Great Wall construction is to adjust measures to local conditions and adopt different construction methods according to different geographical forms, including loess rammed Great Wall, masonry-built Great Wall, Hongliu Sand-mixed Great Wall, palisade Great Wall and trench Great Wall.
from the construction of the great wall in past dynasties, the construction methods of the great wall have diversified characteristics, and the main construction methods are rammed construction, adobe masonry, red willow sandwich construction, stone masonry, brick masonry, wooden fence and so on. However, its main construction principle is "blocking with danger due to terrain".
The construction of the Great Wall is an important part of the historical development of the Great Wall in past dynasties. In the history of the construction of the Great Wall, there have been many popular folk stories, such as the story of Meng Jiangnv crying at Shanhaiguan. At the same time, many typical Great Wall cultural relics have been unearthed. Among them, the Great Wall badge was unearthed in Jiayuguan North Great Wall in 1975. The badge is engraved on both sides of the stone, with the words "From the first day of July, the 19th year of Jiajing" engraved on the front and "I started work" engraved in the middle. On the back, it is engraved with "Cai Zhi Mei Qi", and the next inscription reads "One Worker Li Qing Team, Two Workers Mei Xi Team, Three Workers Wang Yuan Team, Four Workers Hou Xun Team, Five Stations Zongdui, Six Workers Zhang Tan Team". The content of the badge shows that the Great Wall construction project was contracted by division of labor at that time, and the badge is an important certificate to check the quality responsibility of the Great Wall construction in the future.
The theme of Unit 2, "The frontier fortress of Tiemajingo is a high-level summary of the Great Wall War in ancient China.
Since the Great Wall was built, it has been for the need of war attack and defense. From the early bow, arrow, sword and spear to the later firearms, the tragic and tragic attack of the Great Wall has interpreted the thrilling scenes of war stories inside and outside the Great Wall.
Guarding the Great Wall is an important activity to ensure social, economic, military and traffic stability and order along the Great Wall. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, border counties and captains of various ministries were set up along the Great Wall, stipulating that every man who reached the age of 23 must serve as a "pawn" at the border for one year. In the Ming Dynasty, a "Nine Sides" was built along the Great Wall, which was under the jurisdiction of various health centers and institutes and stationed troops all the year round.
The Great Wall Token is an important document for the Great Wall garrison. The token, made of copper, is engraved with the word "Yong Chang Wei Commanding Officer's Night Training Card" on the back, and the left side is engraved with the number "Suzhou Ba Bai Si Shi Wu", which reflects the strict guard system of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty.
the waist tag, that is, the guard tag, is engraved with the word "guard" on the front and the word "Yong 23,12" on the left. On the back, it is engraved with "Anyone who guards the official army and hangs this card, whoever has no card will be guilty according to the law, and the borrower and the borrower will be guilty of the same crime".
Pig's trotters are collected along the Great Wall in Dunhuang during the Han Dynasty. They are the remains of the lives of soldiers guarding the frontier in the Han Dynasty. They have lasted for more than 2, years and are extremely rare cultural relics of the Great Wall.
defense is an important part of the great wall military. since the Qin and Han dynasties, the great wall defense has had a set of defense technologies and garrison systems. If there is a war, the soldiers guarding the border will fight. If there is no war, they will repair the wall of the Great Wall, maintain the garrison equipment and engage in border patrol and watch.
diversion is a device embedded in the wall of the city barrier in Han dynasty, which can rotate freely and observe the ground within 11 degrees outside the city, which can not only observe the enemy's situation, but also close the perforation, which is better than preventing the enemy's arrows.
Tiger Fall is a sharp stake buried in the ground to defend the enemy from riding. The stake is harder after being barbecued with fire, and its tip is higher than the ground, which is daunting. Tiantian is an important form of defense of the Great Wall in Han Dynasty. Paving fine sand on the outside of the frontier fortress beacon, "Sha Buqi looks at its surface and looks at its trace every day to know that the Huns are coming in."
The watchmen patrol tiantian regularly every day, which is called "the trace of the sun" and "painting tiantian".
the bonfire system came into being in the western Zhou dynasty. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the bonfire system had developed more strictly. The general bonfire system is that burning grass during the day is called "beacon" and lighting at night is called "embarrassing". "Feng" uses accumulated salary as the main burning material, while "Sui" uses chicory as the ignition material. In the Ming dynasty, the bonfire system also included shooting warning, and the warning method was to raise the beacon and fire the cannon at the same time. If there were more than 5 enemies, they would raise the beacon and fire the cannon.
table of beacon system in Han dynasty: the beacon system in Han dynasty adopted different signal signs, appliances and setting-off places according to different days and nights, but the main thing was beacon smoke during the day and lighting fire at night.
beacon signal table in the Han dynasty: there are strict regulations on beacon signals in the Han dynasty. According to the enemy's situation, different signal systems are formulated day and night. Generally speaking, beacon lighting is the main method during the day, and lighting fire or accumulating salary at night is the main method.
Ming dynasty beacon signal table: based on the beacon signal in Han dynasty, the beacon signal in Ming dynasty also added a cannon system with sulfur, ammonium nitrate and gunpowder as combustion-supporting raw materials. According to different sadness, there are corresponding regulations on the number of beacon raising and cannon firing.
the bonfire contract on the frontier fortress: namely, the bonfire system on the frontier fortress, which was unearthed in Pochengzi, Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia. During the Han Dynasty, the central government promulgated the bonfire system, in which the system promulgated by the central government was called goods, and the system promulgated by counties was called goods agreement.
The Great Wall attack is a direct means to consolidate the development and rise and fall of China's national regimes. Every dynasty has to participate in wars regularly for its own regime stability and territory expansion. In addition to the strength of military strength, it is important to compare the advantages and disadvantages of military weapons in the Great Wall attack. Among them, traditional weapons mainly include bow, bow, riprap, spear, knife and sword. Firearms began in the Song Dynasty, and the use of gunpowder made the war more cruel and heroic. Firearms played a very important role in military defense in the Ming Dynasty, and at that time, it was known as "the best firearms in Hexi".
Unit 3 Sunset on the Great Wall, Silk Road and Rain
As a huge carrier of cultural exchange and integration of the Chinese nation, the Great Wall has directly witnessed the development history of the Chinese nation for thousands of years. The Great Wall of Hexi came into being with the Silk Road, which opened a channel for direct dialogue between Chinese and Western civilizations and made great contributions to the development of world civilization. The purpose of the construction of the Great Wall in Hexi is to ensure the smooth flow of roads in the western regions. Under the protection of the Great Wall in Hexi, ethnic exchanges and business trips along the Silk Road are becoming more and more frequent, thus making Hexi region present a rich and unique social form. Through the effective management of the Great Wall in Hexi during the Han and Ming Dynasties, it was possible to ensure the long-term prosperity of the Silk Road. The Great Wall of Hexi and the Silk Road interacted with each other, thus forming the social, economic and cultural development and prosperity in the northwest of China.
the surreal sculpture scene-the spring breeze Yumen coming out of Yangguan in the west comes from the Tang poem "There is no reason to go out of Yangguan in the west" and "The spring breeze does not pass Yumen Pass". The scene takes the Yangguan and Yumenguan of the Great Wall in Hexi as the background, with the theme of expressing the cultural exchange between China and the West on the Silk Road in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and uses modern polymer materials to express surreal sculptures, vividly showing the farewell and melancholy feelings of businessmen in the Central Plains when they "went out of Yangguan in the west"; At the same time, it also shows the scene of "Spring Breeze Yumen", with high spirits and a full face of spring breeze. It is the so-called Tang Dynasty that attracts western businessmen and celebrities to go straight to the Central Plains, just like "Spring Breeze has passed Yumen Pass".
Road Map of Silk Road in Han and Tang Dynasties:
Han: Chang 'an-Dunhuang-Nandao: Ruoqiang-Yecheng-Kashgar-Afghanistan;
North Road: Turpan-Korla-Kashgar-Rest-Daqin.
Tang: Chang 'an-Anxi-Nandao: Tonghannan Road;
Middle Road: Turpan-Kashgar-Central Asia;
North Road: Hami-Urumqi-Yining-Kashgar-Central Asia.
in 138 BC and 119 BC, Zhang Qian made two missions to the western regions, which opened the traffic between the central plains and the western regions, marking the official opening of the "Silk Road" between the central plains and the western regions. The Map of Zhang Qian's Missions to the Western Regions is the work of Cave 323 in Dunhuang Mural, which vividly reflects the scene when Zhang Qian paid homage to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty when he went west.
Xuanzang's Buddhist scriptures map shows the image of Xuanzang, a monk, who went to ancient India to learn scriptures through the Silk Road in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Xuanzang came back from the scriptures and wrote the famous "The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang", which described the social situation and customs of the countries in the western regions in detail. It is an important material for studying the historical geography and social conditions of Hexi region and Central and South Asia.
The guard of honor of bronze chariots and horses was unearthed from the Han Tomb in Leitai, Wuwei. It includes 14 bronze chariots, 39 bronze horses, one bronze bull and 45 bronze figurines. It consists of 99 pieces, and it is huge in appearance and magnificent in momentum. One of the leading horses is exquisite in shape and full of charm. It is the famous bronze galloping horse which has been identified as the tourist symbol of our country. Ranked in front in turn are 17 samurai vehicles with spears and halberds. After that, there were five horses, and the middle one was tall and rode by the tomb owner. The other four rides are from riding. In the middle of the team are chariots and horses figurines consisting of 1 axe cart and 4 chariot. The last three carts are parallel vehicles, belonging to logistics vehicles. The ceremonial figurines fully demonstrated the feudal bureaucrats' travel scenes in ancient times, such as waiting for Ma Xiaoxiao and "cars running like water in Ma Rulong".
The management organization of the Great Wall in Hexi is in charge of the northwest gate of China, and has sent troops to guard and manage it in the past dynasties, so as to ensure the smooth flow of the Great Wall and the Silk Road through effective administration, thus maintaining long-term social stability and prosperity.
Muzhang is a kind of Han bamboo slips. It was collected in August 1977 at Huahai Han Great Wall in the northwest of Jiayuguan, with seven edges and eight sides and a length of 37 cm. It was written in han li with 212 characters. The essay was sent to the prince by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty when he was seriously ill, which involved the rise and fall of the dynasty and explicitly mentioned the state affairs of "observing the bonfire".
Unit 4 The theme of the exhibition is ancient and modern Jiayuguan
Jiayuguan is the starting point of the western end of the Great Wall in Wan Li in Ming Dynasty, which was built in the fifth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (AD 1372). After 168 years of construction, it has become the most spectacular Guancheng along the Great Wall in Wan Li. Jiayuguan Guancheng was announced by the State Council in 1961 as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. In 1965, the city was established under the name of Guan.
Jiayuguan has been "the important road for paying tribute to the people and the throat of Hexi security" since ancient times. In ancient times, it belonged to Xirong, Qin belonged to Wusun, and the Huns occupied it in the early Han Dynasty. The Northern and Southern Dynasties were occupied by Qianliang, Xiliang, Beiliang and Western Wei Dynasties. The Tang Dynasty belonged to Jiuquan County, and the Song Dynasty was occupied by Tubo, Uighur and Xixia. The Yuan Dynasty belonged to Suzhou Road, and the Ming Dynasty belonged to Suzhou Wei, where Jiayuguan was set up.
The inscription of "Ascending Jiayuguan" was written by Zhou Dawu, Shaanxi Prefect, when he ascended Jiayuguan in 1886. The inscription was written by Huang Ziyuan, the prefect of Taiyuan, and engraved by Li Qi. There are three steles, the third of which is Guo Songtao's engraved part. The inscription describes the author's thoughts and feelings when he boarded the magnificent Jiayuguan Pass.
"Jiayuguan Jieji" monument was erected by Wang Zhen, the captain of Jiayuguan in Suzhou who was in charge of the project after the completion of Jiayuguan inner city construction in 157. The inscription records the details of rebuilding Guandi Temple and rebuilding Guancheng.
The tablet of "The Story of Jiayuguan" was a five-character poem written during a tour of Jiayuguan in the 4th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (AD 1612), and it was engraved on the tablet. "Random Notes" is ***242 words, with fluent cursive script and profound brushwork.
The tablet "The Master of the Great Wall" was presented by Yong Batulu-Zou Guanqun (Li Zhengshu), a new soldier from Wuwei, Gansu (Shaanxi), who was in charge of Jiayuguan camp.
Lin Zexu's couplets: In October 1842, Lin Zexu was exiled to Xinjiang. When he passed Suzhou, he met an old friend and wrote an inscription. The couplet reads, "Sleeping in the shade of a tree, watching cranes, adjusting breath, and drawing a picture of a banana on a snowy night".
positive kiss: that is, a kiss. According to legend, the owl is a whale in the sea, a mount of the rain god, and belongs to the fire suppression thing. Generally, it is placed on the positive ridge of the building and stands opposite.
hanging beast: it is a component on the vertical ridge of ancient buildings, looking out from each other.
Jiayuguan Great Wall is mainly divided into three parts: Jiayuguan West Great Wall, East Great Wall and North Great Wall. Among them, the West Great Wall refers to the section from the Taolai River Pier to Guancheng, with a total length of about 15 kilometers. East Great Wall starts from Shi Guan Xia and extends northeast to New Castle via Yema Bay, with a total length of about 25 kilometers. The North Great Wall runs from Jiayuguan Xincheng Fort to the east, to Jiuquan Xiagu City and connects with the Great Wall leading to Shanhaiguan, with a total length of 2 meters.
Jiayuguan Pass is an important pass of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, and it is known as the "first pass in Hexi". Guancheng is magnificent, consisting of inner city, outer city, Luocheng, Wengcheng and moat. The inner city is the heart of Guancheng, with a military command department.
The outer city was built in the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, with an outer wall of 1,263 meters long and a gate in the northeast of the city, which is called the East Gate.
The inner city is 64m in circumference and covers an area of 25,m2. There are three three-story and three-eaves, hilltop-resting wooden pavilions, namely Jiayuguan Building, Rouyuan Building and Guanghua Building.
Luocheng is the outer city on the west side, with a wall 19 meters long and 1 meters high, with the main entrance of Jiayuguan in the middle.
The Guerrilla General's Mansion was the garrison yamen office in Ming Dynasty. It was first built in the Qin Long period of Ming Dynasty, with a building area of 5, square meters, with two houses and three halls.
Guandi Temple is a rebuilt building in the 12th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (AD 157). There is a main hall, two auxiliary halls and an archway in the temple.
in addition to the majestic Guancheng, Jiayuguan is rich in cultural relics and scenic spots and beautiful natural scenery. Places of interest include the Great Wall with hanging walls, the Tuolai River Pier, the Wei and Jin tombs, and the rock paintings in Montenegro. Natural scenery includes the vast Gobi desert, magical and beautiful glacier snow peaks, rippling lakes and water towns, wonderful and unique Yadan landforms, etc.
Stage
The stage was built by Bao Shiyi, a guerrilla general of Jiayuguan in the 57th year of Qing Qianlong (AD 1792), and it was an entertainment place for officers and men guarding the city, residents in the city and business travelers. Its shape is a typical China traditional classical stage. The wooden screen separates the foreground and background, and eight figures are drawn in the center of the screen, which is the content of the "Eight Immortals" that people are familiar with. At the top is the traditional Chinese pattern "Eight Diagrams", which is a comprehensive reflection of China's ancient ideology, culture and science. On both sides are a group of amorous feelings murals, which are about monks in temples, nuns in buddhist nun, and the beauties raised by nuns. These paintings are very rare on other stages. There are couplets written on both sides of the stage: "The joys and sorrows of the past are played, and the fools are loyal to the scene." Couplets highly summarize the historical changes of human affairs and the functions of opera performance places throughout the ages.
Wenchang Pavilion
Wenchang Pavilion was founded in the Ming Dynasty and rebuilt in the second year of Qing Daoguang (AD 1822). The pavilion is a two-story, two-eaves, hilltop-resting building, with single rooms on both sides of the ground floor and 18 red lacquer columns around it, forming a cloister. Inside is the official hall with three rooms wide and two rooms deep. There are lattice doors and windows on all sides, and more than 8 colorful paintings of landscape figures are drawn on the upper part. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, this pavilion was a place for literati to meet friends, recite poems, paint and read books.
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