Folk culture and architectural characteristics in Huidong, Fujian Province

In addition, I have a report here for your reference.

Huidong refers to the seven towns of Chongwu, Xiaozha, Shanxia, Jingfeng, Dongling, Wangchuan and Tuzhai, which are located in the east of Hui 'an County, Fujian Province, with an area of about 37% and a population of about 40%. Today, many special folk customs have been preserved and attracted worldwide attention.

Is their nationality a minority or a Han nationality? Why do these customs remain for a long time? Before liberation, some scholars in this area put forward some opinions. Since 1980s, anthropologists, ethnologists, historians and film artists from all over the country and even overseas have come in droves. Many scholars have written many academic reports and put forward various academic opinions after in-depth research. As far as the investigation report is concerned, most of Huidong's folk customs focus on women's clothing and long-term marriage customs, while ignoring the investigation of Huidong's men and ecological environment. Therefore, it is difficult to fully reflect the folk customs of Huidong and its historical reasons.

It goes without saying that since the ancestors of the authors lived in the east gate of Chongwucheng, they have been engaged in fishing, and they live in the IQ village in Hong Kong adjacent to Dajie Village outside the city wall, and their mother is an authentic Huidong woman. As Huidong people, these customs have long been commonplace, and the deep-seated reasons are rarely considered, which is really "ignorance". Today, we should learn to invite and be inspired by many scholars to try to find out the root cause. In terms of its more prominent aspect,

(a) marine characteristics

Huidong, a triangular area, has created the character of the formation of marine humanities and ecological environment in this area. Women farm at home and take care of their families. Men's main occupation is to go fishing, and they always have to live an adventurous life. Their absence from Hong Kong ranges from three to five months to three to five days. When they come back with scarlet eyes, they often need a big bowl of meat and wine to supplement them. After they get rid of fatigue.

Their agile and strong physique, their strong and fearless spirit and their heroic spirit of helping each other in the same boat all have distinctive marine cultural characteristics.

(2) Special clothing

At present, the clothing of Huidong people has no characteristics for men. However, in Qingshui and the Republic of China, male fishermen wore clothes and trousers with red firewood juice (crimson color), which was a white bibcock cloth dyed with the juice of litchi trees. In order to facilitate the operation, the trousers are very wide, and the length of the trousers tube is only above the knee, which is called "pants gathering". The jacket is left-handed (the woman opens her right hand). Fishermen open their left hand because the gang's right hand works against the wind at sea. It's really "left-handed with the wrong arm, and the more people there are" ("Warring States Policy Zhao Ce Er").

As for women's clothing, it is a hot topic for folklore researchers. "Huidong Girl" has now become one of the five major tourism brands in Fujian Province. I won't go into details here, but these special costumes have their traditions and continuity, not the spring breeze overnight. The author's grandmother was from the late Qing Dynasty and her mother was from the early Qing Dynasty to the 1980s. Her generation is a set of clothes with a canopy like a horn, a black towel, a back sticker and a waist towel, and a chain (commonly known as "insert", which plays the role of a small bag for modern people). The coat is not too short, but the trousers are very wide. Yesterday, a woman's coat was straight waist, while a big one was round. Now, a yellow hat, a flowered headscarf, short sleeves, wide trousers and a blue (green) curved coat are in harmony with the sky, the sea, mountains, fields and beaches. It's really "the wind returns to the sea" (Ming and Huang poems), and the sea breeze is blowing, which is refreshing.

Huidong people's clothing has undergone several major reforms and changes, but it still has obvious uniqueness. They wear this kind of clothing on the basis of practicality and beauty, such as fishing boats entering the port to help carry fish goods, or carrying water to send food out of the port. Wide pants are convenient for wading in the sea, and short sleeves are convenient for operation. Huang Dou-Lee's mouth hurts, so she uses a headscarf to block the wind and sand. The floral patterns and colors of headscarves are beautiful choices, which increase the elegance and charm of women. Each of them has several or even hundreds of headscarves.

Clothing is a cultural factor, and it is the recognition of social life. The same color, the same line, the same and a regular combination are their same aesthetic standards, which are in line with their own figure and local fashion, and are the needs of their positions and occupations. This may also be a sign of the same nation. Clothing is promoted with the changes of life and times, and its formation and evolution is the continuation of history. So, Huidong today. Before people, the Qing Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty and the Song Dynasty also had costumes adapted to the social characteristics and life needs at that time. Looking from the past and discussing the present, Huidong women's dress is a special kind of clothing.

(3) Living in your own home for a long time

Huidong, in addition to the rural areas of Chongwu, is popular with the custom that the bride stays in her family after marrying and leaves her husband's family on holidays. Some scholars believe that this is because men often go out to sea for many years, or go out to work. In the past, women were usually only five or six years old, so it took some time to adapt to the interaction with relatives and strangers. Men may also think that if they go out to work for a long time and live with their wives and parents in the afternoon, they will feel more at ease.

Huidong women seldom share the bed with their husbands at first, even if they go to their in-laws' homes. Only when you are pregnant and give birth to a child or your husband's family spends money to adopt a child can you live in your husband's family.

Many scholars have their own views on the origin of this marriage custom: Professor Lin Huiyang speculated from the ancient marriage history that it was a legacy of the transition from matriarchal system to paternal system. Professor Jiang believes that this is the legacy of the people of Fujian and Guangdong, while the professor thinks that this marriage custom is a way to take care of various needs. At the same time, he believes that "staying married" is influenced by non-Han people, or is deeply influenced by non-Han people, or is descended from non-Han people.

Since people with the same surname can get married after liberation, and many fishing villages have the same surname, it is easy to meet relatives in the village. Moreover, with the progress of the times and the introduction of new styles, this marriage custom is gradually changing.

(4) Tattoos

In the early stage of development of many ethnic groups, there is always a fashion, that is, using needles to stab natural objects or geometric figures in the whole body or part of the human body, which can be dyed or not. Researchers believe that tattoos can be summarized as: the symbol of brave, the totem of tribal ancestors, a custom of producing mosquito-repellent dragons on water; A sign of the right to marry. In short, tattoos are generally used as a symbol of figure, and some ethnic groups use them to express their hierarchical status or create social secrets. Until modern times, some ethnic minorities still kept this custom.

Men and women in Huidong still have to follow less vulgar rules. The little girl likes to tattoo her name on her skin, and the young man looks for dragons and snakes or two quadrangles. At present, a kind of "grain color" is popular all over the world, which is different from tattoo. Tattoos are dyed after piercing. The "grain color" is to apply color-changing oil to the skin first, then apply patterned paper, then describe the wheel gallery in detail, and then apply special colors. Tattoos never fade, and "tattoos" can only last for one to three weeks. "Tattoo" is regarded as a lifelong personal ornament by modern youth, and it is a modern aesthetic that shows self-interest and demand in life and fully embodies the combination of art and science, passion and sports.

Ancient tattoos and modern "tattoos". Each has different connotations, but its original intention is to attract attention.

(5) Tooth decoration

Huidong women (occasionally seen by men) still follow the custom of decorating and inserting teeth. Before marriage, two front teeth are fitted with metal or brass braces. This is the legacy of ancient incisors.

Taiwan Province Province's Changhua County Records records: "If a Gaoshan woman has a husband, she will marry a man, and one day, she will live in a woman's house for life." This is the custom of matriarchal society.

6. Barefoot

Huidong men and women used to be barefoot, called "rough feet". In the Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China, women who practiced martial arts bound their feet on credit, while women in villages outside the city worked barefoot on beaches and fields. Even in the Republic of China, people who were barefoot or wearing wooden shoes were everywhere. With the improvement of life and the evolution of the times, I gradually turned to wearing sponges or plastic slippers, and then developed into life. It is the living habit of ancient ancestors.

In addition, there are separate organizations for men and women, such as "sister companions" for girls and "juvenile companions" for young men, as well as common strange customs and beliefs such as ghosts, offering sacrifices to gods, witchcraft, "wives and mothers", "house gods" and "heads", which are also closely related to local life characteristics.

These peculiar customs that still exist in Huidong are obviously not brought by the Han people when they moved in, but the cultural remains of our ancestors.

According to the research of ethnologists and archaeologists, the indigenous people in Fujian are Fujian people and Vietnamese people. According to historical records, the remarkable cultural characteristics of the Min and Yue nationalities are-in terms of material culture, they are: planting rice, eating clams, snails, mussels and other foreign bodies and aquatic animals, developing the textile industry of Ge and Ma, using stone brooms and broken stone brooms, casting swords with superb skills, making good use of boats, being used to water wars, building "dry fence" buildings, and firing a large number of geometrically printed pottery and primitive celadon.

In terms of spiritual culture, there are: speaking distinctive language, popular customs of haircut, tattoo and tooth extraction, retaining strong primitive customs, worshiping ghosts and gods and snake totems, and carrying out cliff burial.

The formation of cultural characteristics is closely related to the local living environment and people's social life. Therefore, these customs in Huidong today seem to be more or less able to find the answer in the cultural remains of their ancestors.

Relief pottery culture originated in the late primitive society, developed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties and weakened in Qin and Han Dynasties. It coincides with the history of the formation, development and extinction of Baiyue nationality, so this culture is considered as a typical cultural feature of Baiyue nationality. Fujian and Guangdong are a type of Baiyue nationality, and geometric relief pottery also constitutes the characteristics of Fujian and Guangdong culture in the pre-Qin period, so it is considered that the ancient nationalities in Fujian are justified. Huidong ancient group also belongs to one of the distribution areas of Fujian and Yue nationalities.

According to archaeological data, Huidong people began to live and live in ten places, with a long history of development. Neolithic sites have been discovered in Dazha Mountain, where there are many martial arts. All kinds of pottery pieces and weathered shells abandoned by human beings after eating are scattered in the range of 40X30 between rock slopes, and the cultural accumulation layer is about 1m thick. The site is 1988. Stone knives, residual stones and a large number of pottery pieces were collected, and then more than 100 pottery pieces were obtained. The recognizable shapes are cylindrical, pot-shaped and so on. Pottery materials are mostly red, orange and black, and the decorative patterns are mostly basket patterns, rope patterns, diagonal lines, flying mosquitoes and additional pile patterns. According to the appraisal and analysis, it belongs to the "Fujian-Vietnam cultural type", which shows that people of the Fujian-Vietnam nationality once lived in Chongwu sea area. This nation is today's Huidong people, and today's Huidong people are adherents of ancient Fujian and Vietnam.

In addition, as mentioned above, the sea provides food and clothes for Huidong fishermen. In the struggle against strong winds and big grain, they have developed the ability to control and brave character, which is exactly the same as the ancient Yue people's "taking boats as cars and horses as horses". Tattoos and chisels have changed obviously, which is also the inevitable development of history. But their legacy still exists, which is the most popular among Huidong folk customs at present.

According to archaeological data and folklore data, most scholars believe that Zhu Liang in ancient Fujian and Anhui was from Fujian and Vietnam, and they have gained a lot of knowledge in this respect. Now, exploring the origin of a nation from folklore should be divided into ancient and modern times. In the long history of China, great changes have taken place in the ancient Yue nationality. Baiyue people began to die in the Han Dynasty, and most of them were incorporated into the Han people. Fujian is no exception, and so is Huidong. The ancient Fujian people and Vietnamese people have become a major source of Han people in Fujian today.

However, people can't help asking: If Huidong people are Han Chinese, why are they close to Xianyou and Puchu on Yuanzhou Bay in the north? Jinjiang and Nan 'an, under Quanzhou Bay in the south, are also Han Chinese, but they can't see the special custom of Huidong people?

This is indeed a question worthy of in-depth discussion. To answer this question, we must dig deeper, find more concrete historical materials and objects underground, and analyze and compare their customs.