Travel to Tujia mountain village

There is such a typical Tujia cottage with characteristics in the Tujia Autonomous County along the river. It is typical because it was planned 4 years ago, and it is a planned Tujia cottage. It is backed by high mountains, facing Tianba, and dozens of wooden houses are built from low to high. All the houses face south, and the back hill is called Yuheshu, and the front is called Wen 'anba. There are hills around the cottage, called Qinglongzui on the right and Baihuzui on the left. The houses on the stockade are distributed in three blocks, which are connected by two roads leading to the stockade. There is only one road leading into the stockade, which branches in two at the entrance of the stockade and goes straight to the stockade top. The two roads should not only connect people and animals, but also connect water. Most people have a diaojiao building, a diaojiao building with an overhanging wing, one-sided or bilateral, and the bilateral is a dustpan room. There is also a diaojiao building, that is, the one with the wing and the main room is all suspended. There are three, five or seven rooms in the main room, regardless of size. On one level, there are single rooms, most of which are connected in two directions. According to the terrain, there are also three-way and four-way houses connected together. Some rooms are separated by a balcony, and some are connected into a courtyard. There is a courtyard dam in front of every house. Although it is different in size, it is mostly paved with bluestone. In the autumn harvest season, it is particularly convenient for people with stone courtyard dams to bask in grain.

Dazhai is surrounded by green trees, including green bar trees, maple trees, camellia trees, tung trees, acacia trees and cypress trees. There are several large acacia trees and cypress trees in the middle and upper part of the stockade, and the ancestral grave of Zhao is below. This acacia tree and cypress tree have profound meanings, which coincides with the Zhao clan's evergreen biography. There are also sporadic fruit trees in front of and behind other houses, such as orange trees, peach trees, plum trees, chestnut trees, plum trees and flower mangroves. In addition to acacia and cypress, there are two most famous trees in the village. One is osmanthus tree, which is near the dam of a large house. The owner specially built a three-foot-high earthen platform. The tree is not tall, six or seven meters, but it is very vigorous, especially the flowers are very fragrant. In August and September, you can smell its fragrance ten miles away. The other tree is the thorn lemon in Zhaikou, which is like an umbrella cover. People in Zhaikou think it is their "fire umbrella". With it, there will be no fire in Zhaikou.

There are many wells in the village, and there are four large ones, namely, Dayuanba, Bendli, Shangzhai and the top of the slope. There are many smaller ones. Many people have a small well behind their side, and they have to go out to fetch water when the water is abundant. Rainwater and domestic sewage discharge mainly depends on the drainage ditch consistent with the two main roads, and a ditch on the left walks with the road, either for * * *, or divided around, or when people go up, the water goes down. The one on the right is divided into two sections, one section is dry and wet with the main road, and the other section turns to the foot of the mountain, forming another small ditch, and then joins in after a detour. There is water in the two ditches all the year round, and sometimes there is a rushing sound of running water. Every evening, cattle and sheep will drink enough before returning to the circle. If it is dry, people in the village can go to Dashuijing Ancient Buildings outside the village or Liangshui well in the dam to fetch water.

Because the firewood square is round, the houses on the village are being built more and more densely, and there are more and more people, so people call it Dazhai Lane (local people read hang). Dazhai Lane once opened a market in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. It went to the market on the fourth and ninth days of the lunar calendar, but it was dismissed because of the high taxes and fees. According to legend, because the house on the village is corner to corner, you can go up and down the alley without getting wet. Often, a new daughter-in-law who has been in the house for two or three months can't find her own door. When she enters the village, she has to pull her own oxtail to avoid going to another house. Also, because the houses are too dense, I don't know how many fires have happened, which makes Dazhai rise and fall.

Of course, Dazhai Lane is changing its appearance due to the rapid increase of population, the destruction of forests and the passing of highways in front of the village. However, the buildings that depend on the mountain, the choice of living near the water and the characteristics of the cottage that were planned hundreds of years ago can only be smoother and smoother like the stone stairs in Shangzhai Alley, showing a unique light.

Tujia people's houses are various and colorful because of their different regions, environments, financial resources and preferences.

Living near the water is the same choice for human beings, and Tujia nationality is no exception. The "water" that lives near water is drinking water first. When building a house, the first thing to consider is whether there are wells and springs nearby. The ancients used to carry water on their shoulders, although they used bamboo troughs to lead them to their own flow, but that restriction was too great. It is even more impossible to go over mountains and mountains to run tap water like today's society. The reason why Dazhai Lane became Dazhai is because this place has high mountains, large forests and many water outlets. In order to get water, the general Tujia cottages are built below the waist of the mountain, which seems to be completely consistent with the golden section line in the optimization method. In order to store water, everyone in Dazhai Lane has a stone water tank, the big one should hold dozens of rows of water, and the small one should hold nearly ten picks. Some water tanks are very particular about carving dragons and phoenixes. There are many famous masons in the local area.

the "water" living near the water, and then the water, that is, irrigation water, is called engineering water in a fashionable way. Dazhai Lane is located at the dam side of thousands of acres of fertile land, which is a typical example. In the past, people were proud that the fields were soaked in winter, because at that time, there were fewer people and more land, and soaking in the winter fields was self-supporting and fertile, so it was not necessary to plant a small season after drying water. In our Tujia inhabited area, there are not many stockyards with more than 1 households, and they are generally scattered in three ditches and two forks. That's because it depends on that paddy field. Of course, many Tujia cottages are short of water, and their staple food is corn. Some are due to war migration, while others are due to the destruction of ecology and the sharp increase of population, which leads to the imbalance between people and water resources.

the "water" that lives near the water is the water transported by water. Tujia nationality is originally one of the five barbarians, and brook is another expression of water. In the past, waterway was the main carrier of people's traffic, and it was waterway that prospered traffic. Any big market town must be close to the waterway. Yanhe County and Sinan County are the products of Wujiang River, and these ancient towns, such as Hongdu, Siqu, Qitan and Chaodi, all benefit from Wujiang River's water transportation. Gongtan Ancient Town is an ancient town with complete services for transshipment because it is too dangerous, and ships have to unload people here. Chaodi Town, too, lost its original function and original appearance only because of relocation.

Although living near water is not unique to Tujia people, it is definitely the house-building choice of Tujia ancestors. Choosing rivers, streams, and mountain springs, coupled with ethnic migration, makes Tujia people out of touch with plains, hills, and plateaus. Also because of the proximity to water, Tujia people develop the tradition of paying attention to hygiene and being diligent in farming and weaving. It is also because the water flows and runs far away that Tujia people are flexible, open and cheerful. In addition, Tujia people are well aware of the relationship between water and trees, so they advocate "Feng Shui". The wind is a tree, and there is water when there is a tree. Therefore, Tujia shanzhai is generally surrounded by green trees, and bamboo and wood are planted in front of and behind the house. When the treetops are big, they are called "Fengshui Tree", or sacred trees, or vertical shrines, which burn incense and paper all the year round, making people afraid to cut them down. Still not at ease, I nailed water rake nails everywhere on the trunk so that people could not cut it.

Building houses according to the mountain is the same feature of buildings in mountainous areas. But for Tujia people, it seems that there are some national things. Take "Dazhai Lane" as an example. First of all, it introduces the essence of the Chinese nation, which not only avoids the influence of the north wind on opening the door, but also fully opens to the sun, benefiting from drying the grain and drying the millet. It also absorbs the essence of five lines of gossip, and then its backer is grand and stable, and its former white tiger and Qinglong guard it. Living in the village is like sitting in a chair of a surname, which is fun and harmonious!

Tujia people build houses on the mountain. Although there are projects to level the foundation of houses, most of them will not change mountains into water. They think that will affect Long Mai. Houses are distributed along the mountain, overlapping at different levels, with obvious characteristics. All houses are bungalows with blue tiles and herringbone roofs, which are beneficial to water and ventilation, and will not form barriers or reflect light. When every family opens the door, there will be a blue sky, which can overlook the green mountains and green mountains, and can also see the birds singing. The road into the village is inclined vertically, and the door into the courtyard is inclined open. Because there are differences in height and width along the mountain, there is a diaojiao building. It is convenient and safe to raise livestock and accumulate fertilizer downstairs; Upstairs as a guest room to store farm tools, dry and elegant. Coupled with the corner cloister, it adds a bit of wealth.

It's convenient to build a village by the mountain, and it's very popular. The neighborhood is relatively dry and quiet. Relying on the mountain, there is no wind before and after, and there is no worry about the rain being flooded. The mountains and rivers drain with the trend, and there is no need for drainage. Depending on the mountain, there is a courtyard dam before and after, and a roadway on the left and right. Many people's gables can also be protected by stone piers, which can not only ensure the safety of the hospital, but also ensure the view of passers-by, and also prevent the hidden dangers of sparks in the alleys at night.

although, from the perspective of modern transportation, it is difficult for the wheels to enter the cottage, but it ensures the tranquility of the cottage, without the noise of the motor and the dust rolling from the wheels.

Tujia cottages that use local materials for history are all wooden houses, and all the wood is taken locally. In this place in eastern Guizhou, the climate is suitable, the air is moist, and there are many kinds of trees and wood growing. But in the eyes of Tujia people, only a few varieties such as cypress, pine and Chinese fir can be used to build houses. Cedar, with fine and hard texture and good water resistance, can withstand wind erosion and water immersion, and is mostly used for the stigma and foundation of gables. Chinese fir, which is loose, light and not easily deformed, is mostly used for rafters and purlins. Pine, the texture is between cypress and fir, but it has good endurance and is not brittle or loose. It is mostly used as inner column and Sichuan beam. Cunninghamia lanceolata is the best board for wall installation, and loose boards are also used in places where there are few Chinese fir. Except cypress, fir and pine, other trees are called miscellaneous trees by locals, so it is generally unnecessary to build houses. Some ancient temples and shrines, with large and straight stigmas, are said to be Sang Mu, but now there are no mulberry trees with trees. In some places, because of the lack of wood, it is also useful to wear maple, but that is limited to red maple. Because maple is too perishable, red maple is better.

The wooden houses all adopt herringbone roofs and are covered with blue tiles. Tiles are also fired from local materials. The mud of burning tiles is also more exquisite, the soil should be thin and the impurities should be less. Tujia people don't use red tiles, but they have to go through complicated processes to turn their clothes gray and form a unique tile gray (also known as blue tiles and black tiles). It is said that the blue tile is hard and light, and it is not easy to crush. A house has always required a minimum of more than 13, tiles, and there is often a saying that it is "13,6, covering three rooms". The green tile roof has two advantages. First, it is covered by layers, which is ventilated and comfortable to live in, unlike a house covered with cement slabs. Second, it absorbs heat and does not reflect light. When the latter family goes out and sees the tile surface of the front house, there will be no uncomfortable feelings such as dazzling. If it is red, the reflection is dazzling, which is definitely annoying and dry. Building a house with blue tiles is the survival of the fittest practiced for thousands of years and the choice of ancestors. Reflective materials such as tiles used by city people stick to the wall, resulting in serious light pollution, which not only increases the temperature in the city, but also really bothers people.

Many Tujia cottages attach great importance to the use of stones. In these places, there are many layers of sub-stones, some of which are in the foundation and can be used while taking them, others are near the foundation, and some are far away, so it takes effort to mine them. Use stones to build foundations and barriers. The large ones need to be carried and lifted by many people, and the small ones need to be carried and piled up by one person. Masonry ridge has low requirements for stones, as long as it has a flat side, it can be used. Of course, pay attention to the regular stone, so as to build a high-quality dam. Generally, people pay more attention to the terrace sill. Anyway, we should choose a better stone and dress that terrace sill beautifully. Stone ladders are more exquisite, with regular strips of stones, and some have to be drilled too carefully. The stone terrace and the stone courtyard ridge are not only to reduce the dust flying, but more importantly, they can play the field and bask in the grain anywhere. Spread a sun mat or something, so as not to get wet. You can also wash it with water, which is much more hygienic. The closest thing to the house is the pier and the foundation stone. Stone piers are considered together with the vertical houses. They are generally square and larger than the column heads. The wooden column heads are placed on the piers, which can increase the stress surface of the foundation, prevent a column head from pressing into the soil layer, and more importantly, separate the wooden column heads from the foundation soil to reduce the erosion of the column heads by moisture in the soil layer, so as to increase the column heads. The function of the foundation stone between the two piers is completely different, mainly playing a role of spacing. Half in the soil, half exposed. Because it is stone, it will not rot. Tujia people also have a habit of playing "Shuicheng". The water drops from the front eaves fall down the terrace, which has little effect on the drying wall in the much lower courtyard dam. The water drops from the back roof fall into the gutter, which is generally 4-5 cm deep, and the water will splash up, so people use stone to build the lower half of the back wall. Rich people use stones to pile up, build by laying bricks or stones to the eaves, and take a stone window in the middle. Although the back room is a little cloudy, it is not afraid of water erosion, especially safe. Generally, people install a "water city", that is, a piece of stone four or five feet high is placed on a grooved stone strip along the eaves and fixed, and then a wooden wall is installed on the stone strip. The lower part is stone, which is not afraid of splashing water, and the upper part is wood, so you can open the window at will. This is what the locals call "Shuicheng". In Tujia areas in eastern Guizhou, many cottages have the habit of installing water towns, which can greatly extend the service life of wooden houses.

Tujia people don't use stone pieces as tile covers. Only a few families can't afford to build tiles, and when they build their houses with wheat straw, thatch or fir bark, they put some stones on the roof, which is entirely to keep the grass or bark from being blown away by the wind, and the stones only play a heavy role.

When building a house, it is the first principle for Tujia people in eastern Guizhou to build a house, depending on the mountain, how wide and high it is, what structure it is, and some of its laws.

Carpenters, masons and masons in Tujia area all worship their grandfather, Luban. One of the characteristics of Luban's art is that "everything is inseparable". Depth of foundation: generally, it is twenty feet one foot eight, twenty feet two feet eight or twenty feet four (which is also a multiple of eight). The width of a house is thirty-eight feet and twenty-eight feet, and the width of a house is twenty-eight feet and eighteen feet, that is, a hall is generally one foot wider than a side room, a hall is one foot three feet eight inches, and a side room is one foot two feet eight inches. The height of the wooden house is subject to the central column, including Zhang 68, Zhang 78, and Zhang 8, true Zhang 8 and false Zhang 8. "True Zhang Ba" is 18 feet, 8 inches and 8 minutes, while "False Zhang Ba" is only 18 feet and 8 minutes. The height of the stand is generally determined by the owner's family, mainly considering two factors: first, the depth, the depth can be higher, and the depth can be lower. There is also the "eight characters". This "eight-character" is generally not counted, mainly depending on the owner's animal sign or momentum. A dragon or tiger can be taller. Most people don't build houses that are more than eight feet tall, because this generation belongs to dragons and tigers, and it is difficult to be sure what the next generation belongs to. Whether it is three or five or seven rooms long depends on the length of the foundation and the financial resources of the owner. The differences in arrangement are related to customs. Most of Tujia wooden houses are "seven columns and six columns", that is, seven stigmas and six hanging columns. A house with seven pillars and six pillars not only needs a lot of wood, but also is spacious. In quite a few places in eastern Guizhou, such a big house is not built. Of course, there are some "five columns and four columns", but the two columns in nave should be arranged as "seven columns and two hanging". "Seven-poster and six-poster" has 13 heads, while "Five-poster and four-poster" has only 9 heads, which shows the difference between big and small. With the same large roof, there are many stigma and dense rows, the rafters are not easy to deform and the life of the house is long. The opposite is the opposite. The seven columns arranged are the central column, the front and rear two columns, the front and rear three columns and the front and rear eaves columns. The middle column should be straight and high; The eaves column should be thick, and water-resistant cypress should be selected. There is also a stigma in the middle of the sun wall, called the sun eaves column. Take "seven columns and six hanging" three rooms as an example. A wooden room needs 3 stigma and 24 hanging columns. At 3