Distribution characteristics of karst tourism geological resources in China

Because carbonate rocks are widely distributed in China, especially in southern China, and the climatic conditions are diverse, China has become the country with the richest karst tourism resources in the world. For example, the Pearl River Basin in South China is a tropical karst development area with hot climate and abundant rainfall. Carbonate rocks are widely distributed, thick and pure lithology. In Guangxi basin, there are many characteristics, such as peak forests pulled up from the ground, overlapping peak forests, open karst depressions and lonely peak plains, criss-crossing underground river systems and large caves. The karst landscapes in Nong Gang National Nature Reserve and Longhushan Nature Reserve belong to this category.

In the north of China, due to the dry climate, less rainfall and weak surface karst, the karst geological landscape is obviously different from that in the south, showing a single karst surface morphology, with dry valleys and springs as the majority, followed by karst caves, tiankeng and gullies. The karst in Shangfangshan Nature Reserve in Beijing is of this type. Yunshui Cave is one of the longest caves in northern China, which developed in the late Proterozoic dolomitic limestone, with a length of 6 12m.

First, cave tourism resources

Cave is an important tourist resource. There are many famous caves in China, which are colorful and have their own characteristics. Some caves are thousands of years old, while others have been discovered and developed in recent years.

25% of China's cave resources are distributed in the western region, and the distribution of caves is closely related to photography, structure, climatic conditions and groundwater. Large and medium-sized karst caves in China are mainly distributed in karst development areas in Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing and other provinces. There are more than 700 underground rivers in northern Guizhou alone, and there are more than 2,000 caves in Guilin-Yangshuo, Guangxi. At present, there are more than 300 caves developed in China. Some of them were renovated on the basis of the original caves. Guilin Qixingyan and reed flute cave were developed earlier. In 1970s and 1980s, many caves were developed, such as Benxi Water Cave in Liaoning, Longgong in Anshun, Guizhou, Yaolin Wonderland in Tonglu, Zhejiang, and Shihua Cave in Fangshan, Beijing, which received a large number of domestic and foreign tourists every year. The wind and rain rocks in Lipu, Guangxi, Yan Guan in Guilin and Furong Cave in Wulong, Sichuan, which were developed in the 1990s, have produced great economic benefits.

At present, the longest caves in China are the underground river cave in Desu, Guangxi (57.2km), the north cave in Duyun, Guizhou (40km), the Tenglong cave in Lichuan, Hubei (59.8km) and the Shuanglong cave in Suiyang, Guizhou (35.2km). Long). The longer ones are Dobin Cave in Xifeng County, Guizhou Province, Zhijin Cave in Guizhou Province and Huanglong Cave in Suoxiyu, Cili, Hunan Province. The largest caves are Songjiahe Hall in Hubei (4.32 million square meters) and Jiutian Cave in Sangzhi, Hunan, with a total area of 2.5 million square meters. Zhijin Cave in Guizhou is 300,000 m2, and Stone Wind Tunnel in Xingwen County, Sichuan Province is 200,000 m2, both of which are relatively large caves. The largest water tunnel is Benxi Water Tunnel in Liaoning Province, with a main tunnel length of 3000m and a total area of 36,000m2. The Longgong flood and drought cave in Anshun, Guizhou is 4000m long, and the underground river is15km long.

So far, the main caves that have been proved in China are:

(1) Mengdonghe Karst Cave Group in Yongshun County, Hunan Province: There are more than 300 karst caves along the scenic spot;

(2) Volcanic karst caves in Longshan County, Hunan Province: there are 2 12 caves, of which Hufei Cave is tens of miles long and has been proved to be about10 km;

(3) Cave Group in Hucun Village, Ninghua County, Fujian Province: Nearly 100 caves were found;

(4) Hundreds of caves in Dahongshan, Suizhou, Hubei Province: Xianren Cave, Shuangmen Cave and Ren Huang Cave have been developed. The halls of Xianren Cave can accommodate 10,000 people.

(5) Jiuxiang Karst Cave Group in Yiliang, Yunnan: There are 100 karst caves, which are concentrated in scenic spots such as Diehongqiao, Triangle Bridge, Dashaba and Dashangdong, and there is also an underground river system with a length of 13km;

(6) shitai county Karst Cave Group: There are 0/09 known karst caves, among which Penglai Fairy Cave, Yulong Fairy Cave and Ciyun Cave have been developed, and Taiji Cave and Lingxian Cave will be opened soon.

In addition, there are Dule Cave Group in Liuzhou, Guangxi, Yiyuan Cave Group in Shandong, Shihua Cave Group in Fangshan, Beijing, Lingshan Cave Group in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Hong Jun Cave Group in Xianfeng County, Hubei, Aludong Cave Group in luxi county, Yunnan, Lingyuan Cave Group in Wuyuan County, Jiangxi, etc. The caves that have been listed in national scenic spots include Zhijin Cave in Guizhou, Longgong Cave in Anshun, Shuidong Cave in Benxi and Shuanglong Cave in Zhejiang. See Appendix 3: Main Tourist Caves in China for details.

Second, the karst peak cluster peak forest tourism geological resources

Karst in southern Guizhou and southern Yunnan continued to develop on the basis of tertiary paleotropical karst, and there are still typical tropical karst landforms such as peak forest and stone forest. Due to the recent neotectonic movement in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the larger rivers are deep canyons. Shilin is a combination of stone pillars divided by huge cracks, with a height of 3 ~ 20m, and has become a famous scenic spot. Recently, about 20 kilometers northeast of Lunan Stone Forest, a larger stone forest area was discovered, with the tallest stone pillar reaching more than 40 meters. There are also stone forests in Yiliang, Dongchuan, Maitreya and Luoping, all of which are developed in flat limestone with a thickness close to the bottom. Huangguoshu Waterfall Scenic Area in Guizhou also has Huangguoshu Stone Forest and Tianxingqiao Stone Forest. The karst landscapes in leye county, Guilin, such as peaks, deep sinkholes, Tiansheng Bridge, karst caves and underground rivers, are spectacular and systematic, and are hot spots in scientific research and tourism.

Study on karst of Yuntai landform in North China and its regional influence The layered canyon landforms such as Guanshan, Lv Lin, Wu 'an, Xingtai, Yancheng, Laiyuan and Laishui have formed karst springs, multi-layered caves, long cliffs, nested valleys, urn valleys, peaks and peaks since Miocene. In recent years, tourism has developed rapidly, and the number of tourists has increased by 10 times in 10 years. Tourism revenue increased by 50 times, and 25,000 residents were employed. The annual income increased by 200 times, making it a pillar industry of county economy. Other Taihang Mountain areas with Yuntai landform features have also become national geological parks and key scenic spots, and the development of tourism economy has made great progress.

Three. Composite karst tourism geological resources

The crust of Guizhou and the karst plateau in eastern Yunnan rose intermittently and sharply in the later period and recently, which led to the deep traceability of rivers. Mountain peaks, forests, depressions and valleys are distributed in layers, showing the characteristics of multi-layer geological landscape. Many famous tourist attractions in China, such as Guilin, Huangguoshu, Zhijin Cave, Dragon Palace, Hongfeng Lake, Libo Zhangjiang River, Maling River, Shilin, Jiuxiang Cave and Jianshui Yanzi Dongting Lake, are all distributed in this area. The surface karst forms of Maolan Karst Forest Nature Reserve include sinkholes, funnels, depressions, gullies, gullies and gullies. , combined into peak funnel, peak depression, peak basin and other landscapes, as well as Pujiashan Nature Reserve in Xingyi County. At the same time, you can also see peak forests and stone forests on this plateau. The karst landscape of Yunnan Shilin World Geopark and Nidang Shilin Nature Reserve in Xingyi County, Guizhou Province is dominated by Shilin.