A collection of sample academic papers for college students

Academic papers are an important manifestation of scientific research results and the most important, fair and objective measure of researchers' academic attainments and levels. This is a complete collection of academic essays for college students that I have compiled for everyone, for reference only!

A complete collection of academic essays for college students Part 1

Japanese in Chinese

Summary If someone mentions words like "idealism, materialism, landownership, knowledge, insurance, production, market, economy, business, cuisine", they all come from Japanese. I’m afraid ordinary Chinese people who use these words a lot won’t believe it. Moreover, most Japanese people in the country of origin of these words are dubious. But, it's true.

Keywords Chinese; Japanese; phenomenon

In the development of Chinese for more than two thousand years, only about 10,000 foreign words have entered Chinese, and about 1,000 of them are Japanese characters. vocabulary. One thousand is not a lot, but most of the other words in the ten thousand come from Buddhist terms and have almost become useless words now. Most of the words from Japanese are indispensable basic concepts in modern life, are used very frequently, and have very strong word-making functions. In this regard, loanwords in Chinese derived from Japanese have a very large impact on modern Chinese.

We all know that there are a lot of words in Japanese that come from ancient Chinese (nearly 60%). On the other hand, modern Chinese vocabulary has also introduced a large number of Japanese vocabulary and is almost integrated with Chinese. Most of these Japanese words were introduced in the 19th century.

So how were these words introduced, their structure, what are their characteristics, and what impact do they have on Chinese?

1. The upsurge of studying abroad in Japan and the upsurge of Japanese translation

In the 1960s, facing China's decline, some far-sighted people, in order to save the nation, studied abroad one after another to seek ways to save the country. Among them, most of them went to Japan to study.

A large number of Chinese students come to Japan with a very clear purpose: to learn advanced Japanese things and introduce Western civilization to China through Japan. These people studied Japanese in Japan. Japanese books were immediately translated in Japan and then sent to China for publication. At the same time, a wave of translations of Japanese books in China also followed. The books translated at that time included politics, economics, philosophy, religion, law, history, geography, industry, medicine, military, literature, art, etc., and even the earliest "Communist Manifesto" spread to China, involving social sciences and All areas of natural science. According to the "Number of Chinese Translations into Japanese" published by the Japan Society for the Promotion of International Culture in 1945, the number of translations at that time reached 2,600.

2. A large influx of Japanese into Chinese

While a large number of Japanese books were translated into Chinese and published, international students consciously or unconsciously influenced themselves by reading Japanese books. There are a lot of Japanese quotes in the article. Also, at that time, Japan published many newspapers and magazines in China, especially in Shanghai. In this way, a large amount of Japanese language was introduced into Chinese language at once. Of course, the so-called Japanese is mostly Japanese vocabulary, and Japanese expression methods also have a small amount of input.

Among the Chinese, there are those who are in favor and those who are against the phenomenon of a large amount of Japanese language entering the Chinese language. Among them, Liang Qichao was in favor, and he also used Japanese extensively in his articles. At that time, there was another translator, Yan Fu, who advocated that it would be better to directly transliterate Western words or to find corresponding or approximately similar words from ancient Chinese. Some people are clearly opposed to importing words from Japan. Peng Wenzu is one of them. He was also a student studying in Japan. In 1945, he published a book called "New Words of Blind Subtraction". In the book, he regarded the introduction of new words from Japan as "a major matter related to the survival of the nation" and criticized the large-scale import of Japanese. He said this was a "shameless act" and "I want to chop off these people's heads with a knife."

In this way, when it comes to introducing Western words, there was a situation in which the Japanese translations and the Chinese translations of Yan Fu and others appeared at the beginning. Here are a few examples: Japanese translation - Translation by Yan Fu and others

Physics - Gezhixue Geology - Geoscience Mineralogy - Epigraphy Society - Population Ethics - Famous Materials - Natural Products Utilitarianism - Utilitarianism

However, most of the translations by Yan Fu and others are not as good as the Japanese translations. In other words, most of their translations came from ancient Chinese and were very difficult to understand, so they did not spread. The reason why Yan Fu's translation method does not work is because words are a reflection of social real life. The new Western words that entered Chinese did not originally exist in Chinese society, and it is difficult to find words corresponding to these new words from ancient Chinese. Therefore, although the Japanese translation and Yan Fu's translation existed for a while, in the end the Japanese translation won and Yan Fu's translation disappeared. Later, even Liang Qichao had to use Japanese translations such as "economics" and "sociology".

At that time, the introduction of new Western vocabulary with the help of Japanese translations became an irreversible trend. Now Japanese translations such as "economic, social, and philosophical" have been completely integrated into Chinese and have been localized. Now most Chinese people don't know that these words are loanwords from Japan.

I don't know the fact that "economics, economics, and sociology" once coexisted with "economics, economics, and sociology."

In the context of the rapid introduction of Japanese into Chinese in large numbers, in addition to the reason that China was actively introducing new Western vocabulary at that time, there was also the reason for the translation and word-making methods of Japanese translators at that time. There are roughly the following methods of translation and word creation:

(1) In Japan at that time, when translating new Western words, a small amount of Chinese character transliteration was used, for example:

gas gas concrete Concrete romantic club romantic club club lymph lymph

(2) Most of them are free translations, and most of them use Chinese characters to recombine to create a new word, for example:

Procedure Banning and abolition of direct and indirect social associations in a broad and narrow sense, criticizing sewers

In addition to (3), there are also a few translations using ancient Chinese, but the meaning has changed from the original ancient Chinese, for example:

Organization, labor, magazine, society, economy, humanity, revolution.

In short, when the Japanese translate Western words into Japanese, it can be said that they use Chinese, follow the rules of Chinese word formation, and carefully choose the translation language. What is particularly interesting is that the word-making method of "verb + object" is not only not originally found in Japanese, but also goes against Japanese grammar. Even if a large number of Japanese translations created in this way enter the Chinese language, Chinese people may not recognize them, but they will certainly not feel incongruous. It's like overseas Chinese who grew up in Japan returning to China. Assuming that all foreign words were treated with katakana like in post-war Japan, then I think it would be impossible for Japanese to enter Chinese in large numbers.

3. Research on Japanese-origin words

1. Different scholars have slightly different statistics, but the number of Japanese words entering Chinese is about 1,000.

2. Most of the new words that entered Chinese in modern times came from Japanese. Although there are a few that come directly from the West, most of them are just nouns and are rarely used now. When entering vocabulary from Japanese, there are not only nouns but also verbs, such as "obey, review, support, distribute, customer service, dominate, ration". In addition, most of the basic concepts of natural science and social science come from Japanese. For example: "Philosophy, psychology, ethics, physics, civil engineering, architecture, metallurgy" etc.

3. Vocabulary originating from Japanese is very frequently used in Chinese today. In 1996, a "Characteristic Table of Occurrence Frequencies of Basic Two-syllable Vocabulary" was published in a magazine called "Word Reform". This was published by "Red Flag", "People's Daily", "Guangming Daily", and high schools with the largest number of readers in China. Survey results targeting Chinese textbooks. According to this result, among the 2,285 two-syllable basic words, 88 words have an occurrence frequency of more than 500, and 25 words are derived from Japanese, accounting for 31%. The vocabulary of Japanese origin includes not only nouns and verbs that are commonly used in common language, but also 23 ending words with the ability to form words. These words are very active in modern Chinese. Here are a few examples:

(1) Change - unified, diversified, generalized, formulated (2) Formula - quick question and answer flow, simple formula (3) Inflammation - pneumonia, gastritis, enteritis, arthritis, encephalitis (4) Power - productivity, consumption power, driving force, imagination

5. The meaning of a few Japanese words has changed after entering Chinese, for example

(1) Laborer - (Japanese) worker? (Chinese) laborer

(2) )Defender - (Japanese) lawyer? (Chinese) defender

(3) Combination - (Japanese) trade union? (Chinese) combination

6. A few words are translated into Japanese Words newly coined in China at that time have also become common expressions in modern Chinese, for example:

Based on, about, for, due to, become, regarded as

7, there are some Although the words entered Chinese, they were later eliminated, such as Wannianbi, Risan, Cannian, Xifang, China, Hand Shape, Cut Hands

8. The introduced Chinese and Japanese consonants of agreement. For example, "philosophy" comes from the Western word "Philosophia" which is pronounced "ZHE XUE" in Chinese and "TETUGAKU" in Japanese. The pronunciation is different, but the meaning is basically the same, so neither Chinese nor Japanese will regard it as a foreign word.

This phenomenon can probably only be seen in China and Japan.

IV. The influence of Japanese on Chinese

Regarding the influence of Japanese on modern Chinese, Mr. Gao Mingkai has this discussion in his "Research on Loanwords in Modern Chinese": Japanese on modern Chinese Vocabulary has a huge impact. Most of the loanwords in modern Chinese originate from Japanese. Most of the introduction of Western vocabulary into Chinese was achieved through the introduction of Japanese. The specific impacts are classified into the following three points:

1. Accelerating the polyphonic process of Chinese

In ancient Chinese (called "Hanwen" in Japanese), it consists of two characters or two There are very few words composed of more than 10 characters, and most of them are one character, that is, one word.

The polyphony of words means that one word is made up of two or more characters. Although polyphony is a trend in the transformation process from ancient Chinese to modern Chinese, the entry of loanwords from Japanese into Chinese has accelerated. Such a polyphonic process.

2. The polyphony of Chinese makes the semantics more delicate and the expression more precise and correct.

For example, "行" in ancient Chinese means "walking, running, behavior, action, marching" and other meanings. Through the polyphony of modern Chinese, multiple words can be created, and the expression becomes more accurate.

3. Greatly enrich Chinese vocabulary and Chinese expressions.

The introduction of a large number of Japanese words, especially the introduction of conceptual words in natural sciences and humanities, has filled the gaps in Chinese expression in these fields. It enriches Chinese vocabulary and enhances Chinese expression.

4. The input of Japanese words is also the input process of Western culture.

Most of the Japanese vocabulary that enters Chinese are translations of Japanese Western words. When these words are introduced, in fact

We also introduce Western civilization and culture.

Ending

After the first batch of students studying in Japan arrived in Japan in 1896, they went from learning Japanese, translating Japanese, to using Japanese words and phrases in Chinese, introducing Japanese, and finally to more than 1,000 students. This Japanese word has been completely integrated into Chinese for more than 100 years. Words like "Communist Party, cadres, socialism, economy, procedures" are used by all Chinese, but most people are not aware of them and do not know that these words actually come from Japanese loanwords.

The same situation applies to Japanese. About half of Japanese words are now Chinese words. Most of these words are derived from ancient Chinese, and only a small part are created in Japan using Chinese word-making rules. of. However, Japanese people do not regard Chinese originating from China as a foreign language at all. Few people will realize that their texts are Chinese from China. This is truly an incredible phenomenon.

References

[1] Gao Mingkai, Liu Zheng and Wang Yan "Research on Loanwords in Modern Chinese" (February 1958, China Character Reform Press)

[2]Zhou Zumo's "Chinese Vocabulary" (People's Education Press, August 1958)

[3] Shido Keihide's "History of Modern Japan-China Negotiations" (Early Autumn Society, 1973)

[4] Gao Mingkai. Liu Zheng, Wang Yan, Mai Yongqian. Shi Youwei, "Chinese Loanword Dictionary" (1984 Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House)

[5] Fu Huaiqing, "Modern Chinese Vocabulary" " (Peking University Press, 1985)

[6] Wang Ling "Modern Chinese Literature Translation" ("Journal of Liaoning University" No. 3, 1981)

Sample academic papers for college students Complete Part 2

The Variation of the Chinese Language in the Context of Internet Culture

According to statistics from authoritative departments, the number of Internet users in my country has exceeded 400 million and is close to 500 million. The Internet has experienced tremendous changes in its development over more than ten years, and the popularity of the Internet has also affected all aspects of real life. The lifestyle and culture of Chinese people are also undergoing tremendous changes due to the popularity and large number of applications of the Internet. In order to fully express the user's intention, the same language will change accordingly and exist in various forms according to the meaning that needs to be expressed.

1. Variation of Chinese vocabulary

Open Baidu and search for "Internet vocabulary" in Baidu's search engine. After a while, you will find that there are hundreds of thousands of search results. But no one can say clearly which word is the founder of Internet popular words. But there is no doubt that with the development of the Internet, Internet vocabulary is always being updated. In every period, netizens are using their wisdom to create new Internet vocabulary. The changes in Chinese vocabulary on the Internet reflect the changes in language. As one scholar said, the special environment of modern life prevents people from using traditional language as a communication tool. They need a language or various symbols that can directly touch people so that they can make decisions in a short time. reaction. Since people have a relatively high degree of freedom on the Internet and traditional languages ??have limitations in expression, netizens use the Internet to overcome the limitations of traditional languages, exert their creativity and imagination, and express their individuality. Vocabulary unique to the Internet continues to appear on the Internet, and the traditional Chinese language has mutated.

In the Internet environment, the use of vocabulary has broken the original way. It is no longer dominated by the way of writing Chinese characters. Vocabulary that is different from the original Chinese has appeared. A large number of Chinese pinyin and homophones of Chinese characters have been widely used. to use. With the popularity of the Internet, these words have been used by a large number of netizens.

1. Pinyinization of vocabulary

In order to adapt to the rapid exchange and transmission of information on the Internet and achieve the purpose of communication introduction and effectiveness, a large number of Chinese pinyin is used, and The meaning is fixed according to certain conventional rules. Taking the first letter of Chinese Pinyin as the abbreviation of a word is called Pinyin abbreviation.

For example, mm stands for younger sister, gg stands for older brother, dd stands for younger brother, jj stands for older sister, lm stands for hot girl, lr stands for bad person, etc. These words all reflect the impact of the popularity of the Internet on people. The abbreviation of Hanyu Pinyin has become a characteristic of Chinese on the Internet. The Internet has made people's connections more convenient and brought them closer together. These originally meaningless letters have become rich in meaning, bringing people a bit of happiness and relaxation.

2. Homophony of vocabulary

The homophony of Internet vocabulary may be because the pronunciation of the two words is very similar. For example: porridge means liking, jam means winning.

There is also a more common type of homophony of numbers, such as: 9494 means yes, 4242 means yes, yes, 7456 means you are mad at me, 748 means go to hell, 88 means goodbye, bye. 847 means don’t be angry, 987 means don’t go, 5555 imitates the sound of crying and means crying, 1414 means meaning, 3166 is the pronunciation of goodbye in Japanese and is used here to also mean goodbye, 3q means thank you, 8147 is Don't be angry, 848 means bye, right? 886 means bye. The reason why the application of these numbers is welcomed by most netizens is that the input of these numbers only requires the numeric keypad on the right side of the keyboard. It is convenient and quick to use. The difference in sound quality from Chinese characters is relatively small and easy to understand. At the same time It adds to the fun of language.

3. Increased use of overlapping words

People often use overlapping words to enhance the image of the text when surfing the Internet or leaving messages in forums, using the language in spoken language Instead of written Chinese language, the language will be a bit more cordial and playful, emphasizing the tone of the writer. The most representative example of using this kind of vocabulary with a childish tone is to call "something" "dongdong". Now this Internet term has been brought into real life for use. Internet language The impact is evident. Equally representative are those who call "beautiful" "piaopiao", call schoolbags "bag bags", and call apples "guoguo". There are many, many such examples. Adults frequently use language often used by children on the Internet, which seems to be inconsistent with the rules and contrary to common sense. In fact, this is not surprising at all. The high pressure and fast-paced life of real society make adults have a yearning in their hearts. The innocent children live, longing to return to the time when they were cared for and cared for by their parents in childhood. [1] Only on the Internet, in the virtual world, can people fully vent their dissatisfaction and pressure. Only here is there no competition and pressure. People here are strangers to each other, and they don’t know each other’s true identity, or even their gender and age. This phenomenon is more common among young women. They long for their young minds to be free to play on the free Internet. Therefore, this kind of vocabulary full of childlike fun appears on the Internet, making the Internet a lot more fun.

4. The emergence of new words

The rapid development of the Internet has spread to every corner of people's lives. Now more and more people realize that the Internet not only represents high-tech, but also a new culture and lifestyle. It has had a huge and far-reaching impact on people's lives. With the popularity of the Internet, people's concepts are also changing. The emergence of new vocabulary reflects the psychology of their young people. There are two main types of changes in new words: adding prefixes and adding suffixes.

New words with added prefixes, such as:

Zero: zero remuneration, zero income, zero complaints, zero defects, zero tolerance, zero growth

High: high IQ, high quality, high quality, high return, high quality, high exposure

The other type is new words with added suffixes, such as:

Bar: disco, song bar , leisure bar, chat bar, Internet cafe

Guests: bloggers, hackers, flashers

Family: moonlighters, office workers, car owners

Slaves: House slave, car slave, card slave

There is also a new word, which relies on the original vocabulary. It is influenced by the psychology of netizens pursuing individuality on the Internet and is based on the original basis of modern Chinese language vocabulary. has taken on new meaning in the context of the Internet. Because the Internet has a very good degree of freedom and wide dissemination, many people have gradually become accustomed to this new vocabulary and have integrated these words into their daily life and become a part of their lives. The main occurrences of such words are: Two situations.

A method of secretly changing concepts so that the original ones have new meanings. These words include: control means a person with a certain hobby, Nitian means doing something that goes against common sense, operating means making fun of others, dissecting means analyzing someone, and kimchi means Koreans. As a title, "waste" means a useless person, "pujie" means falling on the street, and "diving" means the behavior of not commenting.

The second is to create associations through the appearance of words.

For example, idol means someone who makes people want to vomit, strong means good, eye-catching means good-looking, corrupt means eating and drinking, anti-corruption means inviting people to eat, dizzy means incomprehensible, and paizhuan means It means to give advice, to pick up girls means to chase girls, and to be high means to be particularly excited. Rich single men are called diamond kings and unattractive girls are called dinosaurs. Skilled people are called talented people, and so on. These words have been accepted by the majority of young people because of their specific meanings. However, because of their inherent shortcomings, these words cannot yet be used in real life. is widely used in.

2. Grammatical variations

The characteristics of Internet language require simplicity, speed and efficiency. When people surf the Internet, they don’t pay special attention to the grammar of the Chinese language, but pay more attention to the meaning behind the words. Therefore, on the Internet, you can often see the appearance of ungrammatical sentences and vocabulary, random combinations of sentences, and words. After this situation occurs for a long time, it is slowly accepted by the public and a new language is formed. This new language combination model mainly has the following situations.

1. There are a lot of arbitrary omissions

When people use the Internet to communicate information, they use the computer keyboard to enter information, which makes people's thinking and There is a certain time difference in the input of text. Because the speed of typing is slower than the speed of speaking, in order to make up for this shortcoming, adapt to the fast pace of the Internet, improve efficiency, save time, and increase the amount of information, ungrammatical omissions appear in text input.

2. Arbitrary word formation and new types of abbreviations

The amount of information on the Internet is very huge. People can read a lot of information online, and they have a lot of information at hand. With the information available for use and the relatively high degree of freedom of people on the Internet, some random combinations of words have appeared one after another. Such as atypical love, etc. There are also some imported products. Some English words that can be expressed in Chinese language are replaced by English pronunciation for simplicity. For example, the English word for "download" in Chinese is "download". For simplicity, on the Internet, the word "download" is "download". In the language, just use "dang" instead. There is also a large number of mixed use of English and Chinese, such as "my e-home", "happy e-life" and so on. The list is endless. [2]

3. Flexible use of parts of speech

The extensive use of Internet words has caused changes in grammar, which has prompted the emergence of this type of vocabulary. The more common ones are: when a noun is used as a verb, have you Baidu? In this sentence, "Baidu" is a noun, so it is used as a verb; when an adjective is used as a verb, a more representative example is, "your computer has been hacked" . In this sentence, black itself is an adjective and is used as a verb here; the noun is used as an adjective, for example, you are too old-fashioned. Among them, antique itself is a noun, and it is used as an adjective here to describe other people's outdated ideas; the adjective is used as an adverb to express exaggeration or enhance the tone on the Internet, such as: I love you so much, which is a typical example.

4. Variations in syntax

In order to show the personality of young people on the Internet, or perhaps due to slips of the tongue, there are often sentence patterns with adverbials placed after them. Among them, I think the most famous sentence is Stephen Chow's classic line "I leave first".

3. Variation at the pragmatic level

Since people are relatively strangers to each other on the Internet, they will inevitably have some sense of self-protection during the initial communication. For example, person A said: Who are you? ?B said: ?Netizen. ?There is zero information exchanged in these two conversations, what we call bullshit. This is different from traditional communication. The variation of Internet language is also reflected in the exaggeration of tone. Sentences can be expressed in various tones, such as affirmation, questioning, appreciation, emphasis, etc. Compared with traditional language, the language on the Internet is more exaggerated, such as :?Begging for answers!? etc., are used very frequently on the Internet. The use of these language techniques can make the tone more vivid, and it is okay to do it occasionally. However, if used too much, it will only show the impetuous mentality of the language users and the lack of language skills, and will not have a great impact on traditional languages. influence.

The direct cause of the prosperity of Internet terms is the 2010 "People's Daily" published an article titled "Jiangsu is awesome? A strong cultural province?" This Internet term was used in the "People's Daily" , making most netizens feel very friendly. For a time, the word "awesome" was used in all major media. The fact that Internet words can be published in the People's Daily reflects that Internet words that were initially considered unrefined have begun to gradually penetrate into daily life and be recognized and accepted by everyone. The emergence of Internet vocabulary is a reflection of social development and scientific and technological progress, and is also inseparable from the unique environment of the Internet itself. It will lose its meaning if separated from the environment. The strong inclusiveness of Chinese is also promoting the development of online vocabulary. [3] Language is alive and will inevitably be updated as society changes, and new Internet vocabulary will appear. At the same time, Internet vocabulary is also a double-edged sword. The correct use of Internet language can make complex ideas more simple and clear when expressed.

Once separated from the Internet environment, many Internet words do not meet the grammatical requirements of the Chinese language, which will have a great negative impact on the development and inheritance of the Chinese language. This adverse effect is more harmful to young people. Teenagers are in the stage of knowledge learning, and their own knowledge system has not yet been fully formed. In addition, teenagers themselves are the main body of Chinese netizens and have been exposed to the Internet for a long time. Therefore, they are easily affected by Internet culture, which is not conducive to their ability to speak Chinese in real life in the future. specification and use.

　[References]

[1]Tu Jing. Internet vocabulary is rich and Chinese vocabulary is very powerful[J]. Caifengzhabi, 2010, (12).< /p>

[2] Sun Xianghua. Thoughts on the standardization of Chinese language in the Internet era [J]. Journal of Jiaozuo University, 2008, (1).?

[3] Sun Xianghua. Chinese language in the context of the Internet Variation analysis of [J]. Journal of Henan University of Science and Technology, 2009, (2).