Where is Tianshan Mountain that Shao Hua said?

The Tianshan Mountains are a large mountain range in central Asia, running across the central part of Xinjiang, China, and extending into Kazakhstan at its western end. It is about 2,500 kilometers long, 250-300 kilometers wide, and has an average altitude of about 5,000 meters. The highest peak is 7435.3 meters above sea level, Khan Tengri Peak is 6995 meters above sea level, and Bogda Peak is 5445 meters above sea level. These peaks are all in China, and the peaks are covered with snow. The three major rivers in Xinjiang - Syr Darya River, Chu River and Ili River all originate from this mountain.

The snow on Bogda Peak, the snowy peak of the Tianshan Mountains, does not melt all year round. People call it the "Snow Sea". On the mountainside of Bogda, there is a lake called "Tianchi", 1,900 meters above sea level and about 90 meters deep. The water in the pool is made of melted ice and snow, and is as clear and transparent as a big mirror. The white snow peaks and green spruce trees reflect in the lake, forming a beautiful picture. It is a famous tourist attraction in Xinjiang.

The Tianshan Mountains divide Xinjiang into two parts: the Tarim Basin in the south and the Junggar Basin in the north. Although these two basins are twin "brothers", their natural characteristics are quite different. The Tarim Basin is surrounded by high mountains and has a particularly dry climate. Most of it is a desert area. Only in the green areas on the edge can grain, cotton and fruits be grown. The mountains on the northwest edge of the Junggar Basin are not very high, and there are many gaps. Air currents from the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans can enter, so the climate is relatively humid. In addition to some oases in the basin where spring wheat, cotton, melons, fruits, etc. can be grown, the climate here is The pastures are excellent and the livestock industry is developed. The famous Karamay Oilfield is also located in this basin. Below is the Kunlun Mountains, and above is the Altai Mountains.

In the Tianshan Mountains, there are about dozens of peaks with an altitude of more than 5,000 meters. In addition to the highest peak, Tomur Peak, there are mainly mountains in the China-Kazakhstan border. Peaks include Khan Tengri Peak, Bogda Peak, Waski Pekaveri Mountain, Draskba Mountain, Solezi Mountain, Skartel East Peak, Zihabajian Mountain, etc. These towering peaks are covered with ice and snow all year round. Looking from a distance, the shining silvery snow peaks are so majestic, solemn and mysterious.

Bogda Peak, with an altitude of 5445 meters, is the highest peak of Bogda Mountain in the eastern Tianshan Mountains. There are two other majestic peaks with an altitude of 5287 meters and 5213 meters respectively. The three peaks stand side by side, resembling a penholder. Local herdsmen call them the three sacred mountains. The peak above 3800 meters is a snow-covered area that does not melt all year round. It is covered with white snow, so it is called the "Snow Sea".

Bogda Peak, 70 kilometers away from Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang, is not only a climbing target for brave climbers, but also a tourist attraction with magical charm. Driving from Urumqi, you can first go to Fukang, then go south through the huge alluvial fan of the Sangong River and enter the mountain pass. The car traces its way up the gourd-shaped valley that is sometimes wide and sometimes narrow. First, there is a green mountain grassland in front of us, and then a dense forest appears. After passing through a deep and narrow stone gorge and climbing up to a 400-meter-high natural dam, a picturesque lake with rippling blue waves appears in front of you. It is Tianshan Tianchi.

Tianchi is an alpine lake formed by ancient glaciers and debris flows blocking river channels. The lake is 1,900 meters above sea level, 3,300 meters long, and a few hundred meters to 1,500 meters wide. The maximum depth of the lake is 104 meters. It is long, narrow, winding, clear and deep. The melted snow water from the surrounding snow peaks gathers here and becomes an endless source of water for Tianchi. Tall spruce, birch, and willow trees grow on the surrounding hillsides. Exquisite pavilions and pavilions are built on the west bank. The calm and clear lake reflects the green mountains and snow peaks. The scenery is beautiful and like a fairyland. No wonder it is said that Tianchi is the "Yaochi", where the Queen Mother of the West gathers all the gods to hold a peach festival. According to the "Biography of Emperor Mu", King Mu of the Zhou Dynasty 3,000 years ago traveled westward to the Tianshan Mountains in an "Eight Horse Carriage", and the Queen Mother of the West met him at Tianchi. King Mu presented a large amount of brocade silk, silk and other specialties from the Central Plains, while the Queen Mother of the West presented rare treasures from the Tianshan Mountains in return and invited King Mu to visit the scenic spots in the Tianshan Mountains. King Mu personally wrote "Mountain of the Queen Mother of the West" as a souvenir. When leaving, the Queen Mother of the West encouraged her to drink again and again, and sang impromptuly: "I wish you a long life, and I hope you will come again." Li Shangyin, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem praising this grand event, which goes:

Aunt Yaochi leaned against the window, Huang The sound of bamboo singing moves the earth to mourn.

Eight horses travel thirty thousand miles in a day. Why does King Mu not do it again?

The majestic Bogda Peak is set against the south side of Tianchi. To climb Bogda Peak, you need to ride a horse from the west bank of Tianchi Lake to the southern end of the lake and go up Dadonggou. The Dadonggou Valley is gentle and open. The valley bottom and shady slopes are densely covered with spruce trees, and the sunny slopes are covered with shrubs. It is above 2800 meters above sea level and the terrain is relatively gentle. In summer, this is a vibrant grassland scene. On the alpine meadows, grasses, Polygonaceae, Carex and other pastures weave green carpets with their thin stems and leaves. Gentians, aster, nasturtiums and anemones also use their bright colors to embroider the green carpets. The green felt is embellished into a beautiful picture of colorful colors. Along the flat river banks, on the raised ancient moraine ridges, and on the gentle slopes facing the mountains, there are herds of cattle and sheep singing melodious pastoral songs. This is the alpine pasture where Kazakh herdsmen graze cattle and sheep.

Going up the valley, you can see well-preserved ancient moraine and glacial erosion landforms everywhere. At the source of Dadonggou, due to the erosion of glaciers, the back wall of an ancient snow basin has been eroded down, becoming only 3,660 meters high. It is the main transportation route for alpine pasture on the north and south slopes of Bogda Peak - Guban Bog. Dashan Pass, also known as the Three Mountains Dashan, is the mountain pass.

Standing on the Guban Bogda Pass and looking out, Bogda Peak and a large glacier on its north slope can be seen at a glance. After the geologist Mr. Li Chengsan inspected Bogda Peak, he once vividly summarized the majesty of its mountains and glaciers with a few short sentences: "Silver peaks rise in anger, ice flows block the valley, and thousands of mountains are robed, but this one is the only one." The effect is powerful. According to statistics, there are more than 300 glaciers in the entire Bogda Mountains, and the Bogda Peak District accounts for more than a quarter. Bogda Peak is surrounded by steep slopes of about 60°, with deep snow deposited on the slopes. There is a lot of snowfall on Bogda Peak, deep snow and steep mountains, which can easily form avalanches. Avalanches are an important source of supply for glaciers and play a huge role in continuing the life activities of glaciers.

A glacier on the north slope of Bogda Peak, covering an area of ??about 11 square kilometers, is the largest glacier in the Bogda Peak area. Its grainy snow area is very steep, but the ice tongue is relatively gentle, and the cracks are crisscrossed and dense like a spider web. This glacier melts intensely in summer, and the melted water merges into many glacial river channels. The largest is a deep meandering river with a width of three to four meters and a depth of five to six meters. The roar of the water is endless. The ice surface is covered with large and small glacial boulders.

When the ice surface around the boulders declines due to melting, the ice covered by the boulders forms icicles, which look like mushrooms. People call this complex of boulders and icicles an ice column. Ice mushrooms. After several ice flows of this large glacier on the north slope of Bogda Peak merge into a unified ice tongue, they flow into the Sigong River on the north slope and the Guban Bogdaguole River on the south slope respectively, becoming the two largest ice streams in northern and southern Xinjiang. Part of an inland watershed.

A large number of past and present glacial activities in the Bogda Peak District have formed rich and colorful ancient glacial relics and periglacial landforms in the area. Almost all the upper reaches of the rivers near Bogda Peak have perfect U-shaped valleys, tens of meters high, on which spruce trees, alpine shrubs or ancient terminal moraine ridges have developed into alpine meadows, with different heights and sizes. Different sheep's back stones, moraine lakes and glacial lakes of different shapes, ancient ice ridges tens or even hundreds of meters high, and ancient cirques remaining on the valley slopes? As typical representatives of periglacial landforms Polygonal soil, stone rings, stone belts, frozen mud flows, thermal melt landslides, etc. are also everywhere here. Being on Bogda Peak is like visiting a living glacier landform museum, which is eye-opening and amazing.

"The bright moon rises above the Tianshan Mountains, among the vast sea of ??clouds." Tomur Peak, which is more majestic than Bogda Peak and reaches straight into the sky, has a unique snow-capped mountain scenery. The highest peak of the Tianshan Mountains is located 20 kilometers southwest of Khan Tengri Peak, the boundary peak between China and Kazakhstan, within the borders of the Republic of China. There are more than ten peaks above 6,000 meters around it. In addition to Khan Tengri Peak, there is also Snow Lotus Peak that looks like a flower. Aktash Peak (White Jade Peak) is covered with white marble and looks like a crouching tiger. Chalebos Peak (Tiger Peak), in commemoration of the victory of the Second Science Conference of the People's Republic of China in 1978, the Science Peak named by the Mountaineering Research Team of the People's Republic of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, etc. These towering peaks are covered with ice and snow like silver helmets, shining with silver light under the azure sky.

The most spectacular scenery in the Tomur Peak area is the Tuihan Tengger Glacier. Among the more than 800 glaciers in the Tomur Peak region, Khan Tengri Glacier is the longest at 60.8 kilometers long and is one of the eight largest valley glaciers in the world. The ice surface of the glacier is covered with rocks of different sizes, and people can walk on it. On the glacier, there are countless unfathomable ice lakes, ice cracks hundreds of meters deep, as well as light blue ice melt holes, ice stalactites, crystal walls, ice towers, ice cones, ice mushrooms, ice tables and Glacier wonderland such as the Bingxia River. The weather here is changeable. Sometimes the sky is clear, and suddenly there is a loud thunder. Looking up, snow dust not far away is billowing and falling down, setting off snow waves tens to hundreds of meters high. The rising snow mist rises and spreads like a mushroom cloud, and the scenery is very spectacular. But this kind of snow-capped mountain wonder that happens from time to time - avalanche, is the most dangerous enemy for glacier researchers and mountaineers. The strange scenery in the thrilling environment of Tomur Peak can only be understood and appreciated by brave warriors who are not afraid of hardships and dangers. It can be said that "the infinite scenery is on the dangerous peak".

In addition to the spectacular glaciers, the Tomur Peak area also has many famous hot springs. Alasan Hot Spring, located on the east side of the Beimuzart Valley, is one of them. In summer, the rivers here are murmuring, the springs are tinkling, and the surrounding dense Tianshan spruce and birch forests are surrounded by yellow sage flowers blooming one after another. This has become a famous health resort in Xinjiang. The spring water in Alasan changes seasonally. It basically dries up in winter and spring, and has the largest amount of water from June to August. Hot spring water contains trace amounts of sulfide and soda and other minerals, which have certain curative effects on many diseases. Every summer, Kazakh, Mongolian, Kirgiz, Uyghur, Russian and other ethnic herders from more than 100 kilometers away come here in groups on horseback to bathe and recuperate, despite the long and dangerous journey.

Although many snow peaks in the Tianshan Mountains are covered with ice and snow all year round, there are still abundant animal and plant resources below the 3,000-meter snow line. The foothills and valleys of Tomur Peak and Bogda Peak are covered with spruce and Tasmania pines, evergreen all year round. The dense forests on the north and south slopes of Tomur Peak are one of the main timber-producing areas in Xinjiang.

There are more than 80 kinds of medicinal plants, including caladium, comfrey, henbane, polygonatum, nepeta, motherwort, rhubarb, etc. in grasslands and forest grasslands; wild roses, dangshen, etc. can be seen everywhere in spruce forests; In the alpine meadows, patches of nasturtiums are blooming in the wind, and their branches are swaying; among the rocks near the snow line, the snow lotuses blooming in the cold cold are exuding fragrance. Looking from a distance, the snow lotuses are like white jade rabbits. A world of ice and snow brings vitality. The Tianshan region is also a gene bank for excellent pastures. There are 55 species of Graminaceae plants that have been discovered, including many fescues, bluegrass, Elymus edulis, Siberian sedge, Stipa psoma, wild oat, wild black grass and so on. Wheat, etc., as well as wild alfalfa, sweet-scented osmanthus, etc. from the leguminous family, are all excellent pastures and play an important role in the development of animal husbandry.

There are many rare birds and animals in the Tianshan Mountains. The peaks below 3,000 meters above sea level, the deep forests of mountains and grasslands are natural places for various birds and animals to inhabit and breed.

Marmots and otters are precious fur animals that are found all over the Tianshan Mountains. The otter skins here are important export products in Xinjiang. The Tianshan argali, snow leopard, lynx, Tianshan deer, Tianshan antelope, etc. are also protected animals.

The goshawks of the Tianshan Mountains are known for their length and ferocity. A goshawk spreads its wings and is more than two meters long, like a small airplane. Sometimes it soars up leisurely, sometimes it hovers carefreely in the air. Once it spots a hare, gazelle or other weak animal, it cuts down across the sky like a sharp sword with lightning speed. These delicate animals soon become a delicious meal for the goshawks. Among the animals in the Tianshan Mountains, the most alert ones are the wild camels. It is timid and suspicious, and will run away at the slightest sign of disturbance. Its limbs are slender and powerful, and its soles are about 5 centimeters thick, as if pressed on rubber pads. It runs as fast and silently as the wind. Its extra-large stomach bag can hold 70 kilograms of water at a time. After drinking enough, it can keep it from drinking water for several months. Therefore, it has become the best vehicle in the desert and has always been known as the "Ship of the Desert". The Tianshan's yellow sheep, big-headed sheep, roe deer, Chateng big-tailed sheep and snow chickens near the snow line are the main hunting targets of Tianshan people, especially the yellow sheep and big-headed sheep, which are distributed in large quantities. After people catch them, they sometimes set up a bonfire and barbecue them on the spot. Paired with fine wine, it becomes a unique and mouth-watering picnic.

The Tianshan region is located inland and has a typical continental climate. Most areas have a dry climate and little rainfall, which is suitable for the development of animal husbandry. In particular, the Ili area in the north of Tomur Peak is mainly engaged in animal husbandry, and is particularly famous for horse breeding. The ancient "Tianma" originally came from here, and was later called Ili horse, and it still enjoys a high reputation today. There are also important production areas for excellent military horses and production horses. Cattle, sheep, and camels are also widely distributed here. In addition, rice and other crops are also grown in the plain area on the southern slope of Tomur Peak in the Tianshan Mountains. Aksu rice has a history of hundreds of years. It was a tribute rice paid to the imperial court in the Qing Dynasty. It is known as "Aksu rice is sweet and fragrant". Tianshan area is also the hometown of fruits. Historically, grapes, alfalfa, flax, melons, walnuts, etc. imported from the Western Regions were introduced to the Republic of China through here. There are more than 10 types of fruit trees in Wensu County in the south of Tomur Peak, mainly including apples, walnuts, grapes, peaches, apricots, pears, angustifolia, cherries, catalpas, red dates, etc., especially apples, walnuts, apricots, etc. , the most diverse.

The Tianshan Mountains, located on the northwest border of the Republic of China, have been an important channel for connecting the Republic of China with Central and West Asia since ancient times. The Zart Valley is an important branch of the ancient Silk Road. In the Western Han Dynasty, Princess Xijun and Princess Jieyou married King Wusun through this route. Xuanzang, a Buddhist monk from the Tang Dynasty who is well-known at home and abroad, also passed here when he went to India to obtain Buddhist scriptures in 629 AD. In his "Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty", he vividly described the thrilling environment in the Tomur Peak watershed area. It is said that Genghis Khan, the "Prodigy of a Generation", once climbed to the Bogda Peak of the Tianshan Mountains and met Qiu Chuji, a real man from Changchun who came to the West to preach at that time. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, the "Yaochi Protectorate" was set up under Bogda Peak to manage the Tianshan area. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Xinjiang Governor Mingliang once climbed Bogda Peak and Tianchi area to survey the terrain, dig mountains and divert water, and set up a stone tablet near the mouth of Tianchi Canal to commemorate this move. There are many places of interest and historic sites near Tianchi. In the past, more than a dozen ancient temples were built here. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the Fushou Temple was built here. Because it was built with blue bricks and iron tiles, it was also called the "Iron Wax Temple". There are also the ruins of Dongyue Temple to the west of Tianchi, and the Wuji Temple under the pool. These scenic spots and historical sites add to the attractive charm of Tianshan Mountain.