Songhua River System in Changbai Mountain Waterfall

Due to the influence of environment and topography, Changbai Mountain is rich in precipitation, and the precipitation center is around Tianchi Lake. Coupled with the volcanic terrain conditions, many rivers, waterfalls, springs, waters and lakes with their own characteristics have developed on the volcanic cone and lava plateau in Changbai Mountain. These beautiful water and blue waves add infinite vitality to Changbai Mountain, and draw a picture of "mountains are more strange because of water, and water is more beautiful because of mountains".

Songhua River originated in Tianchi Lake, Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province. It was called Lishui at the end of Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties, Songwa River at the beginning of Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and Songhua River in Xuande period of Ming Dynasty. Songhua River is a transliteration of the Manchu language "Songga Riwula". "Songgari" means the sky, "Wula" means the river, and Songhua River means the river in the sky. Chestnut powder is all white water. Between Longmen and Tianhuo Peak, Tianchi exit is the mouth of Chengcha River, with a total length of 1, 250 meters. Tianchi water flows through Butian Stone, Niulangdu and Gao Yan Kissing Waterfall, then bells and drums thunder and flying springs hang on the wall, forming Changbai Waterfall at an altitude of 68 meters, and then it flows into Erdaobai River. It is reported that Xu, an early hunter, once saw a canoe crossing the east coast by the river. When Liu Jianfeng went to Changbai Mountain to find the source of Songhua River, he also found a tree leaning against the river. In ancient times, there was a story of going to Tianhe by boat (raft), so it was named after the boat. Liu Jianfeng also wrote a poem, "Songhua River is a tourist and Tianchi is believed to be active".

Butian lion

Nuwa stone is the stone of the goddess of mending heaven in Han mythology. According to "Huainanzi Lan Mingxun", "The past four poles were abolished, Kyushu was divided, and the sky was not covered, which was not good. The fire burns without extinguishing, and the water is inexhaustible. Wild animals eat people, while birds prey on the old and the weak. So nuwa refined five-color stones to make up the sky. " The poem "Bitter Rain" written by Mei in Song Dynasty: "Sprinkle the river between heaven and man, and steam the Nuwa stone. Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain has a water outlet, which seems to be the defect of Tianchi Lake.

The arc-shaped stone on the west side of Tianchi outlet, such as "Tian". One of the characters "Si", which is about 50 meters long, rises gradually from the center of the lake, and the highest point is 10 meter. The stone pointed out into the lake and half left the lake, which seems to make up for the defects of Tianchi, hence the name "Tian Tian Shi". The stone surface is smooth and flat, and tourists often take the fork river here to taste the water of Tianchi and enjoy the lakes and mountains, which is one of the most scenic spots in Tianchi. Looking from a height, it is better than a huge ivory sticking into Tianchi, and it is like giving the word "Tian" a slap in the face. "Changbai Mountain Ganglue" wrote: "The sky-filling stone is on the east side of Longmen Peak, at the water outlet of Tianchi. Half of the stones live in the water and half live on the top of the mountain, especially when they rise high. Judging from its situation, Duchi Shuikou, as the mainstay, seems to have the image of making up for the defects of Tianchi. "

In Changbai Mountain area, there is also a myth of "repairing Shi Tian Smelter", and people associate this kind of stone with Nu Wa. In addition, this boulder was formed by the freezing of magma after volcanic eruption, and it was burned. There are many bubbles and scratches on it, especially its shape, like a long dough, which fell from the sky. There is no exact calculation of the specific height and length of Tiantianshi. Only according to the comparison between people and mountains, it is estimated that the highest point is five or six meters and the length is more than 50 meters. It is a pocket peninsula extending to Tianchi and a tourist attraction with cultural connotation in Changbai Mountain.

Mr. Chen Jinghe, an expert in Jilin Dream of Red Mansions, found that the cultural roots of A Dream of Red Mansions lie in Changbai Mountain and Shaman culture through in-depth study of Shaman culture and Manchu culture. He thinks that the "barren hill" mentioned in the opening of A Dream of Red Mansions refers to Changbai Mountain, and the homonym of "nonsense cliff" is "Mo Ai Fu" (Mo Ai Fu is an ancient nationality in Changbai Mountain, which was called by the Manchu ancestor Nvzhen earlier), and the homonym of "Geng Qingfeng" is "Qinggenfeng", which is the root of Manchu. Jia Baoyu's "psychic Baoyu" is an unrepaired stone under Geng Qingfeng.

Niulangdu

Niulangdu is located on the bank of the city. This is a stone crossing the river. It is like a small bridge to help people cross the river. After that, after crossing the fork river, you can reach Zhinv Peak, hence the name. Thus, the love story of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, Tianhe Pei, found physical evidence in Changbai Mountain.

Tianchi water has just flowed into the city branch river, which is as level as a mirror and crystal clear. The river glowed blue, reflecting blue sky, white clouds and mountain shadows. The silence of the countryside hangs over the wilderness, revealing a quiet poetry. Just looking at this place, you can't see the thin momentum of the barren hills at all, but there is an idyllic style. At the narrowest part of the river, people can walk on stones, and young people can even jump over them. At the bend of the river, there is a huge stone tablet. The boulder in the shape of a lying cow is engraved with the three characters "Cowherd Crossing". Now, many young men and women take pictures here to show their loyal love. Niulangdu boulder has become a love stone.

Niulangdu is not far from the mouth of Chengcha River. A piece of bluestone is inserted obliquely at the bottom of the river, and people can cross it. After that, check the river during the tread, and you can reach Zhinv Peak, which is famous for crossing the cowherd.

Zhinv Peak

Located on the east bank of Chengcha River, between Tianhuo Peak and Tiebi Peak. At an altitude of 2530 meters, there is a famous Range Rover on the peak. According to legend, when the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl meet on the seventh day of July every year, they once visited the lake to enjoy the moon, which is called the Weaver Girl Peak.

The Weaver Girl is a fairy in the ancient legend of China. While traveling around the world, she fell in love with the loyal and honest cowherd Yong Dong. However, it was strongly opposed by the Queen Mother, who separated the Cowherd and the Weaver Maid with Tianhe as the boundary. Only on the seventh day of July every year can she meet across the Tianhe Magpie Bridge. People call Chengcha River Tianhe, and Niulangdu on Chengcha River is also like a magpie bridge connecting Zhinv Peak.

Vega is the brightest star in Lyra, opposite Altair across the Milky Way. Zhinv Peak is also the most beautiful one by the pool. Standing on the top of the mountain, crossing the fork river, the cowherd enters the eye.

Supporting mechanism stone

"Taiping Yulan" Volume 8 is quoted from Liu Yiqing's "Forest Collection of Southern Song Dynasty": "Once upon a time, a man was looking for the source of a river and saw a woman washing gauze ask him, saying that the Tianhe River was also returned with stones. Asked Yan Junping, Yun said,' This machine is also a stone'. Here, Zhang of the Han Dynasty was ordered to find the source of the river and take the moon to Tianhe. He saw a woman weaving in the moon, a husband drinking river water with a cow, and a weaver girl with a machine stone and money. There is a poem in Ming River in Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty: "The weaver will support the machine stone and travel to Chengdu to sell divination. There is a poem in He Jingming's Tanabata in the Ming Dynasty: "Every year, there will be a cloudy night in Hehan. "This supporting stone has become too heavy because it has returned to the world. North Zhang Qian stayed under Gaihua Peak next to Skyfire Peak.

Funiushi

The Chengcha River is divided into two streams by a huge Funiu stone on the cliff. This bull stone is facing the skyfire peak, leaving its tail under the cliff and struggling to climb up. This cow was originally raised by a cowherd. Because the cowherd was anxious to leave the Weaver Girl in the sky, he pulled it down. He rushed up to chase after it along the city branch, but was held back by the swift current. After a long time, it becomes a hard stone and is fixed there.

jiaolong pubu

The two streams flowing from Changbai Waterfall were originally two silver dragons guarding Longmen Peak. Just because Zhang Qian sneaked into the Moon Palace by crossing the river, he got a glimpse of the mysterious life of heaven and earth, and took away the supporting stone for weaving the dragon robe, and was punished by the Jade Emperor. A board knocked them down and punished them for guarding the nearest skyfire peak. However, the board broke their backbones, so they had to both hang unruly people. Tianchi water flows out along the fault canyon "Lumen" formed between Skyfire and Longmen Peak, flows through the Chengcha River with a length of1.250m, and then falls from the cliff with a height of 68m, becoming "Changbai Waterfall", about 1km north. The warm water of the hot spring flows back to the right bank, and then rolls over the depth of10m, with a width of 6540. 79 kilometers from the source to the north, there are five white rivers that come from the east, inject into the right bank, and then go west to the north. On the right bank, there are two estuaries where Beiyuan Gudong River meets. The intersection is called Erdaobaihe River. The total length of Erdaozi River is 105km, with an average gradient of 7%. The basin covers an area of 2993 square kilometers.

Liuqian River is narrow and deep, with steep slope and rapid flow, and the riverbed is mostly gravel and pebbles. Many canyons and waterfalls. Above Erdaohe Town, 50 kilometers away from Tianchi, with a drop of 1.300 meters. Due to the rapid flow of water and the supply of spring water, it is still not frozen in the severe winter of MINUS 30-40 degrees. Due to groundwater recharge, the average runoff depth for many years is 8 14.3mm, which is greater than the average precipitation depth for many years of 770.7 mm. According to the measured data of 1958- 1980, the average annual flow is between 4.33-6.24 seconds cubic meters, and the average monthly flow for many years is 4./kloc-in February. Erdao Songhua River is named after Erdao Baihe and Gudong River. The river turns northwest along the boundaries of Antu, Fusong and Dunhua, and turns southwest along the boundaries of Hua Xun and Fusong at the junction of Dunhua and Huadian. Coastal areas: Zuonatou Road, Baihe River, Lvshui River, Xilin River and Wudao Yaoyu River: Sidao Lazi River, Sandao Lazi River, Toudao Lazi River, Yina Jinyinbei River, Wudao Liuzi River, Sandao Liuzi River, Erdao Liuzi River, Toudao Liuzi River, and Songhuajiang River at Xialianghekou Zuohuitou Road. The total length is 256 kilometers, and the drainage area is 106 15 square kilometers.

Alpine cliffs on both banks: the river channel is narrow and deep, the river channel is curved, the river bottom is extremely uneven, there are many deep pools of rocks, and the river bed is gravel, with an average river slope of 2. 1%. The vegetation coverage rate is 9 1.7%, with good vegetation and low sediment concentration. The average annual sediment concentration for many years is 0.065 kg/m3, the cultivated land rate is 3.8%, and the population density is 16.5 people /km2. There are 1 12 rivers with a basin area of more than 20 square kilometers, with a theoretical hydraulic reserve of 532,700 kilowatts, an average annual runoff of 3.8 billion cubic meters and a water production of 358,000 cubic meters per square kilometer. Among them, the runoff from June to September accounts for 60.6% of the whole year. Tianchi water flows into Erdaobai River and Erdaosonghua River and flows down. After it reached the back road of the two estuaries, it was called Songhua River in history. It turned out to be blue water, copper and iron bottom. After flowing northwest from Jilin City to Nenjiang River, the largest tributary of Sancha River in Fuyu County, it turns northeast at right angles and enters the sea in Heilongjiang Province. Songhua River runs from Botianchi to Heilongjiang, with a total length of 1745 km. Above the mouth of Nenjiang River is the upstream reach, once known as the second Songhua River, with a total length of 849 kilometers, all in Jilin Province. Ships with 50- 100 tons can pass below the urban area of Jilin, with an annual freight volume of 6,543,800 tons.

This section of the river is 849 kilometers from Tianchi to Liu Hui estuary of Nenjiang River, with a total drainage area of 72,875 square kilometers (excluding Huifa River and Erdaobaihe River outside the province), with an average river gradient of 2.4‰. * * * Antu, Fusong, Helong, Jingyu, Hunjiang, Dunhua, Huadian, Liuhe, Hailong, Dongfeng, Huinan, Panshi, Jiaohe, Yongji, Yitong, Shuangyang, Huaide, Jiutai, Lan Shu, Dehui, Yushu, Nong 'an, Fuyu, Guo Qian and Jilin. The total cultivated land area is 2160,000 hectares, the cultivated land rate is 30%, the total population is1126,000 people, and the population density is 154. 1 person/square kilometer. The average annual runoff of rivers is 65.438+068 billion cubic meters, and there are white mountains, fullness and red stones in the basin. These reservoirs have reduced the flood disasters of tributaries and can irrigate 2,654.38+0.5 million hectares of paddy fields.

The larger river that flows into this section of Songhua River is Huifa River. Hui Fahe, Liao called Hui Postscript, Jin called black hair, Ming called grey steak, all of which are the tone sandhi of Hui Fa. Huifaman means blue, which means that the vegetation of ancient rivers is good. The upstream section is called "Yangshuhe", and below the mouth of Xixi River in the mountain town is called "Daliuhe", which is called Huifa River from the mouth of Triassic. The river originates from the north side of Longgang Mountain Range in qingyuan county, Liaoning Province, flows northward into meihekou city, Jilin Province, and then turns northeast. Zuonaxi River and Meihe River pass through meihekou city, Zuonalian River and Dasha River from the east and enter huinan county. In the east and right of Chaoyang Town, Yitong River joins with Tangsan River, passes through Zuonadangshi River, along Rock, huinan county Boundary, Right Nama River and Shidao River, and exits Huinan and enters the rock.

Above the mountain city is the upstream, which belongs to the hilly area, with narrow and shallow rivers and sandy riverbeds; The middle reaches from Shancheng Town to Shidao Estuary, with flat banks, belong to Hailong Basin, which has been reclaimed into large paddy fields with fine sand riverbed and dikes on both sides, and is the main agricultural area in the basin. In the downstream area below Shidao estuary, most of the banks are hills and hills, and only Huadian County has a small basin. At the estuary, the water surface is 270 meters wide and the water depth is 2.3 meters.

The main rivers are 294 kilometers long, with an average gradient of 0.5‰, and the drainage area is 15 136 square kilometers, of which 146 12 square kilometers are in Jilin Province. The cultivated land rate is 25.7%, and the population density is 1.49 people/km2. The average annual runoff of rivers is 3.65 billion cubic meters, and the irrigated paddy fields are 810.7 million hectares, accounting for 210.7% of the cultivated land. Soil erosion in the basin has increased year by year, and the ancient "clear water" has disappeared. When I arrived in the Tang Dynasty, I was sweating like a pig. The golden age was called Huerha River, the Yuan Dynasty was called Huerha River, tomorrow it was called Huerhai and Huerha River, and in the Qing Dynasty it was called the upper reaches of Peony River, and below Jingbo Lake it was called Huerha River.

Mudanjiang originated in the eastern foot of Mudanling, Dunhua City, and the cold came from the north of the ridge. Mudanling is named after it. Mudanling in Manchu is Mudan Hada, and Huerha and Mudan both mean "Wan Zi", that is, the river in the bend of the Bay. Mudanjiang flows northeast through the Dashi River in Zuo Na, meanders north through the eastern part of Dunhua City, Huangni River in Zuo Na, Shahe River in Zuo Na and Zhuduo River in Zuo Na, then turns east, Zuonaling crosses the river and Guandi River in Zuo Na, turns northeast at Dashanzui, and Yu Xiaoshan Zuizi leaves Dunhua City in Jilin Province and enters Jingbo Lake in Heilongjiang Province.

Jilin Province is the upper reaches, with a river length of 229 kilometers. The average annual runoff in Jilin Province is 3.09 billion cubic meters, and the water yield per square kilometer is 288,000 cubic meters. Water resources are second only to Tou, Erdaojiang and Yalu River, ranking fourth. The mainstream is the river, which was called Nuoan River in Yin San in ancient times. The Manchu meaning of "Yin San" is good, and the Manchu meaning of "Nuoan" is flowing. Originated in the north valley of Wangtian Swan Peak, 35 kilometers southwest of the main peak, it flows northwest from the soda factory river in the northeast valley of Wangtian Swan, and then flows northwest. Zuo Hui originated in the old Heihe River in the northwest valley of Wangtian Swan, and then flowed through Manjiang Town to the northwest, reaching Najinjiang River at 4 kilometers. There are many mountains and valleys on both sides of the river, with dense virgin forests and unpredictable wild animals. The bottom of the river is composed of big stones and gravel, and the water can drop to more than ten meters, forming many small waterfalls. After the Manjiang River and Jinjiang River flow, it is called Toudao Songhua River.

It goes north along the border between Fusong County and Jingyu County, receives water from Lu Xiao ditch in the south of Fusong County, and receives Songjiang in the north of the county. To the west and north, Zuonabaijiang River, Zhuzi River and Naerhong River flow into Songhua River at the next two estuaries. Toudao Songhua River is 233 kilometers long, with an average annual runoff of 3.7 billion cubic meters and a water output of 47 1 10,000 cubic meters/square kilometer, of which the runoff from June to September accounts for 54.5% of the whole year. The tributaries of Toudao Songhua River are: a canyon 0.5 km north of Longmen Peak, with an altitude of 2,275 meters. The waterfall is named after the confluence of the undercurrent of Longmen Peak and the north of the peak. The waterfall is 20 meters high and falls from a peach-shaped cliff with a loud noise. Looking from the Yuehua Tower, it looks like a flying stream hanging upside down in the sky.

After the waterfall falls, it hides in the forest along the canyon on the north slope of Jinbi. There is a lot of water in rainy season, but it is small or even cut off in dry season. Since 1980, the waterfall is getting bigger and bigger. It is adjacent to Changbai Waterfall across the jade wall, one north and one south, and the size is accompanied, which is more spectacular. There is a yellow pine on the east side of the waterfall, which is more than one meter high and is about 50 years old. It is called "Waterfall Pine". The rushing mountain stream dripped from a boulder with a straight edge, woven into a thread on the stone surface, and fell to a larger right angle below, splashing countless flying flowers and broken jade, raising a blurred mist. Under the sunlight, the waist of the waterfall turns into a rainbow of seven colors.

This is the most peculiar landscape of Swan Canyon-Rainbow Waterfall.

Rainbow changes color and outline with people's steps. When people walked into the waterfall, she hid in the rock wall like a shy girl and refused to come out to meet people. But when people returned to their original places, she quietly appeared again, and the peach blossoms were still gorgeous and exciting. On the dark volcanic rock wall, the shape of passion is solidified, which makes strong convex and concave edges and corners appear on the gently inclined rock surface; The clear mountain stream falls on the rocks from a height, splashing layers of waves, like the stars in the Milky Way falling in succession, more like the green Chun Xue sweeping down the rock surface and falling all the way to the deep tan.

This is the most colorful landscape in Wangswan Canyon-Jiudie Waterfall.

In the silent valley, Jiudie Waterfall is like a huge dulcimer, playing a clear, cheerful and joyful movement. People can hear the notes she plays with her body, which is a never-ending song of life. A crystal clear water curtain overflowed from the dense wormwood at the end of a cliff more than 40 meters wide and fell into a stream more than 20 meters deep, like a string of bright pearls, extending a fantastic dream.

This is the most magical landscape of Swan Canyon-Pearl Waterfall.

The spacious grotto-like cliffs in the waterfall, with obvious twisted stone wrinkles, are the landscape formed by volcanic eruption of basic magma lava flow with the temperature as high as1.100℃-1.200℃. When it overflows intermittently, it is in a molten state when it freezes, which is pushed and rubbed by the lava flow in the later period. Three waterfalls of different sizes fell side by side to the bottom of the rock wall from a height of more than 20 meters. The one in the north is the largest, and the two in the south are smaller, just like mother and son marching hand in hand.

This is the most gentle landscape of the King Swan Canyon-Mother and Child Waterfall.

In the stream below the waterfall, on a huge iron-blue rock, a generous stone turtle is poking its head out to find its way and crawling up slowly, as if to eat in Tambo under the waterfall.