Who can talk about the recent situation in Serbia? Including economic, political and social life and the Kosovo issue.

The following is an overview of Serbia and an introduction to the Kosovo issue:

Overview of Serbia:

Physical geography is located in the north-central Balkan Peninsula, bordering Romania in the northeast, Bulgaria in the east, Macedonia in the southeast, Albania in the south, Montenegro in the southwest, Bosnia and Herzegovina in the west and Croatia in the northwest. The land area is 88,300 square kilometers. One fifth of the Danube, the second largest river in Europe, flows through its territory.

The population is 7.33 million. Among them, Serbs account for 62.6%, Albanians account for 16.5%, and there are other ethnic minorities such as Montenegro and Hungary. The official language is Serbian, and English is widely used. Most residents in this country believe in the Orthodox Church. ..

Belgrade, the capital, is located in the core of Balkan Peninsula, where the Danube and sava river meet. It is connected with the middle reaches of the Danube River, with Vojvodina Plain in the north and Shu Madia Mountain, an extension of Laoshan Mountain in the south. It is located in the land and water transportation arteries of the Danube and the Balkans. It is an important contact point between Europe and the Near East, and it has very important strategic significance. It is called the key to the Balkans. Beautiful sava river passes through the urban area, dividing Belgrade into two parts, one is the antique old city, and the other is the new city with concentrated modern architecture. The terrain is high in the south and low in the north, belonging to temperate continental climate. The lowest temperature in winter can reach -25℃, the highest temperature in summer is 40℃, and the annual precipitation is 688 mm, which varies greatly during the year. It covers an area of 200 square kilometers. The population is about 654.38+900,000 (2008). Most of the residents are Serbs, and the rest are Croats and Montenegrins.

Brief History In the 6th-7th century, some Slavs crossed the Carpathian Mountains and moved to the Balkans. Since the 9th century, some Slavs who migrated to the Balkans began to establish countries such as Serbia. After World War I, Serbia joined the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After World War II, Serbia became one of the six republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 199 1 year, the former south began to collapse. 1992, Serbia and Montenegro formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On February 4, 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed Serbia and Montenegro (Serbia and Montenegro for short). On June 3, 2006, Montenegro declared its independence. On June 5th, the Republic of Serbia announced its succession to Serbia and Montenegro as the main body of international law.

[politics]

Political stability in Serbia has fluctuated. On June 3, 2006, Montenegro declared its independence. The Republic of Serbia announced on the 5th that it will inherit Serbia and Montenegro's status as the main body of international law. Serbia and Montenegro achieved peaceful disintegration. Serbia also includes Vojvodina and the autonomous province of Kosovo. Kosovo was once an autonomous province of Serbia, the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and was entrusted by the United Nations from June 65438 to June 0999. In February 2006, under the auspices of Ahtisaari, Special Envoy of the United Nations Secretary-General for Kosovo status negotiations, the process of Kosovo status negotiations was launched. Serbia advocates solving the problem within the framework of "higher than autonomy and lower than independence", while Albanians insist on independence.

Constitution 165438+20061October 8, Serbia's * * * Parliament held a special meeting to formally promulgate a new constitution, replacing the current Constitution of Serbia formulated by 1990. The new constitution will take effect as of the date of promulgation. According to the Constitution, Serbia is a country composed of Serbs and all citizens living in its territory, and it implements parliamentary democracy. The preamble of the new constitution clearly points out that Kosovo enjoys a high degree of autonomy and is an inalienable part of Serbian territory. In addition to the preface, the new constitution is divided into 10 parts and 206 paragraphs.

The president of the head of state is directly elected for a term of five years.

Parliament is the highest organ of state power, with a unicameral system. Members are elected by direct election in proportion for a term of four years.

[Military]

The Serbian army was formed after the disintegration of Serbia and Montenegro in June 2006 on the basis of accepting the former Serbian and Montenegrin army. Army Day is 65438 February 2005. The president is the supreme commander of the armed forces, and the Ministry of National Defense is the military leading body of the armed forces. The General Staff Department is the military command organization of the armed forces.

Serbia implements a military service system that combines contract military service with compulsory military service. Citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the obligation to perform military service, and the service period of conscripts is 6 months. 20 10 will cancel the compulsory military service system. The term of service of contract soldiers is 3 years, and it will be renewed after the expiration. All citizens who have served in military service have been put into reserve. By the end of 2008, the total strength of the Serbian army was about 28,000. In 2008, the national defense budget was1200 million US dollars, accounting for 2.4% of the GDP.

[diplomatic relations]

The Serbian government regards integration into the Euro-Atlantic integration process as the primary strategic goal of its diplomacy, and attaches great importance to its relations with big countries in the United States and Europe and Russia. Adhere to good-neighborliness and friendship and actively participate in regional cooperation. Attach importance to economic diplomacy.

Relations with China: China and Serbian people have a profound traditional friendship. In recent years, high-level exchanges between the two countries have been close. 195565438+1On October 2nd, Yugoslavia established diplomatic relations with China. On June 14, 2006, Kong Quan, Director of the European Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, met with Serbian Ambassador to China Udovic and informed Serbia that from now on, the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of China people in Serbia and Montenegro will be changed to the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of Ren Zhonghua people in Serbia and Montenegro, and the embassy of China people in Serbia and Montenegro will be renamed as the people of China. In August 2009, President Tadic paid a state visit to China, and the two countries established a strategic partnership. In June 2065, Premier Cvetkovic paid a working visit to China. On July 20 10, Chairman Wu Bangguo paid an official goodwill visit to Serbia.

Tsukiji

Serbia is rich in water resources. The Danube River, which is nearly 600 kilometers long, is its main source of fresh water. Rivers flowing through the country include sava river, Morava River and Tisza River. These rivers, large and small, as well as artificial canals, form a 2000-kilometer-long waterway in Serbia, enabling this landlocked country to easily reach all parts of Europe.

In recent years, Serbia's economic development has steadily increased, and in 2008, its GDP reached 50 1 billion US dollars.

Currency name: dinar. Exchange rate (May 2006): 1 USD ≈ 67.8 dinars.

Resources and minerals include coal, iron, zinc and copper. The forest coverage rate is 25.5% and the water resources are abundant. ?

The main industrial sectors are metallurgy, automobile manufacturing, textile, instrument processing and so on.

Agriculture, animal husbandry and agriculture play an important role in Serbia's economy. Fertile land, abundant rainfall and good agricultural production conditions. Agricultural land is 510.2 million hectares, accounting for about 66% of the national territory, mainly concentrated in the northern part of Vojvodina Plain and central Serbia. There are 4.24 million hectares of arable land, including 3.33 million hectares of arable land, 239,000 hectares of orchards, 64,000 hectares of vineyards and 609,000 hectares of grassland. The main crops are corn, barley, soybean, sugar beet and so on.

Tourism has developed well. The main tourist areas are beaches, resorts, ski resorts and national parks.

Transportation mainly depends on railways and highways. There are five airports in Cyprus, and the main airport is Belgrade nikola tesla Airport.

Foreign Trade In recent years, Serbia's foreign economic and trade activities have become increasingly active, and its foreign trade volume has increased steadily. The main export products are: steel, non-ferrous metals, fruits, vegetables, clothing and other manufactured goods. The main imported products are: petroleum and its finished products, automobiles, ordinary machine tools, natural gas and steel. The main trading partners are: Germany, Russia, Italy, Bosnia and Herzegovina and so on.

Eight years compulsory education. The main universities in China are Belgrade University, Novi Sad University, Nishi University, Kragujevac University and Pristina University.

In 2006/2007, the situation of schools at all levels in Cyprus was as follows: 665,438+900,000 students, 284,000 middle school students and 238,000 college students. There are 87,000 teachers of all kinds.

[Status of Kosovo]

Kosovo is an autonomous province of Serbia, the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, bordering Albania and Macedonia in the south, with an area of about 10900 square kilometers and a population of about 2 million, of which 90% are Albanians and the rest are Serbs. Since the late 1980s, Kosovo Albanians have been seeking Kosovo independence.

1On March 24th, 1999, NATO began bombing Yugoslavia for 78 days under the banner of "preventing the humanitarian crisis in Kosovo" without the authorization of the United Nations. On June 10 of the same year, the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1244 on the political settlement of the Kosovo issue, reaffirming the sovereignty of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia over Kosovo and demanding that all United Nations Member States fully respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. According to this resolution, Kosovo is administered by the United Nations Mission and provided with security by the international peacekeeping force led by NATO.

Since Kosovo was entrusted by the United Nations, Yugoslavia and its renamed Serbia and Montenegro, as well as today's Serbia, have always adhered to the norms of international law, respected national sovereignty and territorial integrity, and opposed Kosovo becoming an independent country. However, Kosovo Albanians have been demanding Kosovo's complete independence.

On June 5+065438+ 10, 2005, the future status negotiations of Kosovo were officially launched. However, due to the great differences between the parties, many rounds of negotiations failed to make substantial progress. In March 2007, UN Special Envoy Ahtisaari submitted a proposal for Kosovo's independence under international supervision to the UN Security Council. However, due to Russian opposition, the proposal failed to be voted by the Security Council. Subsequently, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon authorized the Troika (EU, US and Russia) to start a new round of talks.

Since August 2007, Serbia and Kosovo Albanians have held several rounds of negotiations on the final status of Kosovo under the auspices of the special envoys of the European Union, the United States and Russia. However, due to the great differences between the two sides, the negotiations eventually failed. 12 19, the UN Security Council held closed-door consultations on the future status of Kosovo. Due to serious differences between the two sides, no specific conclusion was reached.

On February 14, 2008, the UN Security Council held an emergency meeting to discuss the situation in Kosovo, but it still failed to break the deadlock. On February 17, 2008, the Kosovo Assembly held a special meeting and adopted a declaration of independence, declaring Kosovo as an "independent sovereign state" separated from Serbia. Serbian President Tadic issued a statement on Kosovo's declaration of independence, saying that Serbia will never recognize Kosovo's independence. On February 17 of the same year, at the request of Russia, the UN Security Council held a special meeting to discuss Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence, but the meeting failed to break the deadlock among the members of the Council on this issue.

On April 7, 2008, Kosovo leaders signed the draft constitution of Kosovo. On the 9th, the special session of the Kosovo Assembly adopted a new constitution. According to this constitution, Kosovo is a "parliamentary republic", and the official languages are Albanian and Serbian. Kosovo will establish good-neighborly relations with all its neighbors and contribute to the stability of the region and Europe as a whole. It is expected that this constitution will come into force on June 52005, when the deployment of the EU civilian mission will be completed. 654381October 8th, the 63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted the draft resolution submitted by Serbia by a simple majority vote, asking the International Criminal Court to give an opinion on Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence.

On June 26th, 2008, 165438+ The UN Security Council unanimously adopted a presidential statement, agreeing that the EU should deploy a civilian mission with police, judicial and customs functions in Kosovo. On February 9, 65438, the European Union Mission officially began to deploy in Kosovo, taking over the power of police, justice and customs from the United Nations Mission.

From June 5438+0/KLOC-0 to February 2009, local elections were held in Kosovo, which was the first local election organized by a local government since Kosovo unilaterally declared independence in 2008.

20 10 On July 22nd, the International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion on Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008, which did not violate any applicable rules of international law. This advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice is only advisory and not legally binding. On July 28th, Serbia submitted a new draft resolution on Kosovo to the United Nations General Assembly, clearly pointing out that unilateral declaration of independence is an unacceptable way to solve the territorial problem and demanding new negotiations on the status of Kosovo. On September 8, the Serbian government issued a statement saying that Serbia decided to submit a new draft resolution to the UN General Assembly after consultation with the EU. The statement said that the text is the product of cooperation and compromise between Serbia and the European Union, which will end the relevant procedures of the International Court of Justice and call on Serbia to start a dialogue with Kosovo. The 64th UN General Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution on the 9th, acknowledging the contents of the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice and welcoming the EU's assistance in promoting the dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244

1 June 1999 10, the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1244 on the political settlement of the Kosovo crisis with 14 in favour and10 abstentions.

The resolution pointed out that the Security Council "bears in mind the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and its primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security" and is committed to solving the serious humanitarian crisis in Kosovo. The resolution reaffirms Yugoslavia's sovereignty over Kosovo and demands that "all United Nations Member States respect Yugoslavia's sovereignty and territorial integrity". At the same time, it also reaffirms that Kosovo should be granted "substantial autonomy".

In order to solve the Kosovo problem politically, the resolution requires Yugoslavia to "start and complete the withdrawal of all troops, police and paramilitary forces from Kosovo in stages according to a fast timetable". The resolution stipulates that a certain number of Yugoslav military police can be allowed to return to Kosovo to carry out tasks including mine clearance after the withdrawal of Yugoslav troops.

The resolution also stipulates that with Yugoslavia's withdrawal from Kosovo, international civilian and security personnel will be deployed in Kosovo. The resolution "authorizes member States and relevant international organizations to establish an international security presence in Kosovo" to be responsible for Kosovo's security and maintain peace; "Authorize the Secretary-General of the United Nations to establish an international civil presence in Kosovo with the help of relevant international organizations" to be responsible for temporarily administering Kosovo and ensuring the normal life of Kosovo residents. The Secretary-General of the United Nations will appoint a special representative to be responsible for humanitarian relief and other civilian work in Kosovo.

After the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1244, the Yugoslav army and police forces withdrew from Kosovo. At that time, Kosovo was managed by the United Nations Mission and provided with security by the international peacekeeping force led by NATO.

In February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed "Serbia and Montenegro". In June 2006, Montenegro broke away from Serbia and Montenegro and became an independent country. However, from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to Serbia and Montenegro, and now to Serbia, they have always advocated respecting national sovereignty and territorial integrity, solving the Kosovo issue in accordance with Security Council resolution 1244, and opposing Kosovo becoming an independent country.