The Present Situation of the Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties

Existing Old Road: After the Sui and Tang Grand Canal was established as the capital of Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the Southern Song Dynasty, it was abandoned for a long time and gradually buried underground under the rule of Song and Jin Dynasties. At present, there is still an old canal with water in Sixian County, starting from Tanghe River in the west and ending at Shuikouwei in the east, with a total length of about 28 kilometers. The river mouth is 30-50m wide and 6-8m deep, with a gradient of 1.2, a water depth of1.5-2m (in dry season) and a new siltation depth of about1-2m. Although the boat is out of reach, it also has the benefits of irrigation. The unified standard for dredging of water conservancy projects from the west of the city to Tanghe River is that the estuary is 30m wide and 6m deep, and the slope ratio is 1.2, so the width of the estuary is less than the original 10m (general history of China: 40 grades wide).

Tianjin Bridge, Luoyang: Tianjin Bridge is an important subsidiary relic of Luoyang section of the Sui and Tang Grand Canal. It is located in the south of Luoyang City, on the connecting line from yingtianmen to Dingdingmen. It is an important part of the central axis of Luoyang city in Sui and Tang Dynasties and an important symbol of the urban pattern. Tianjin Bridge lasted more than 600 years, and the site is located in the riverbed about 400 meters west of Luoyang Bridge.

Tianjin Xiaoyue: Tianjin Xiaoyue is also one of the eight scenic spots in Luoyang. Tianjin Bridge was founded in the third year of Sui Dynasty. It was originally a pontoon bridge, which is the hub of Luoyang's north-south traffic. In the Tang Dynasty, it was changed to a stone bridge, also known as Luoyang Bridge. In the north, it corresponds to the south gate of the imperial city, and in the south, it is connected with Dingdingmen Street. There are four-corner pavilions, railings and watchposts on the bridge, and the elegant and quiet artistic conception makes "Tianjin Xiaoyue" a famous landscape. Unfortunately, since the Song Dynasty, wars have been raging, most of the buildings have been destroyed, and Tianjin Bridge has not been spared. During the period of the Republic of China, a stele pavilion was built nearby, standing in the middle of the Luohe River, and two bridges were built in the west.

Tongji Canal: Tongji Canal is divided into east, middle and west sections, with a total length of about 2,000 li. During the Southern Song Dynasty, with the southward movement of the political center, the water transport status of Tongji Canal gradually weakened, and the riverbed of the canal gradually silted up and stopped flowing.

Title of Yangqu: According to relevant data and field research and analysis, it can be judged as "ditch", which means manual excavation. "Yang" means the water in the north or Shan Zhinan. "Yangqu", Luoyang section is also called "Gushui". It can be seen that the water system belongs to the confluence of the valley at the southern foot of Mangshan Mountain. Also known as "Nanyang Canal" and "Beiyang Canal". Later, the Han and Wei Archaeological Team in Luoyang discovered the east of Luoyang, which is 18km long from east to west, 4-5.5m deep, 60-80m wide and 100m at its widest point. It is connected with the back of the red pool of the Luohe River, and it is a "Beiyang Canal" with strict planning and construction. This is actually a "three for one" water supply from the west, a moat in the old city of Luoyang in the middle of Han and Wei Dynasties, and an early water transport "canal" in the old city of Luoyang in the Han and Wei Dynasties, connecting the Luohe River in the east.

"Yanluo Caotong": This section is located at Dongshiba, Xishiba and Houshiba in the south of Yihe River, and reaches the head of Xianluo River in the north. This is the Guluo River (abandoned), which was diverted manually by "Yan Luo Cao Tong", which is consistent with the record of "Nanyang Canal". In today's Yanshizhai Town and Dianzhuang, there are also the ruins of Taicang Wharf in Luohe and village names such as "Shiba Dog" and "Hetou". It can be seen that this section of Luohe River was the "Nanyang Canal" at that time, which was a key water conservancy project newly built because the valley water source of Beiyang Canal could not meet the needs of the ancient city of Luoyang in Han and Wei Dynasties. It was also a canal that was later than Beiyang Canal and was mainly used for water transportation in Luoyang in Han and Wei Dynasties.

The Tongji Canal dug in Luoyang during Yang Di's reign introduced Luohe and Shui Gu to the west of Luoyang in Sui and Tang Dynasties, flowed eastward into Nanyang Canal, the ancient city of Luoyang in Han and Wei Dynasties (now Yanshi), and then left Luokou to flow eastward into the Yellow River. In this way, the western section of the Grand Canal leading to Jiqu was formed. Yangqu, Tongjiqu and Luohe are the same thing.

Border Clearing Project: During the Northern Song Dynasty, Luoyang was Xijing. In the second year of Song Yuanfeng (AD 1079), in order to solve the siltation problem caused by diverting water from the Bianhe River into the Yellow River, the Bianhe River Project was carried out. Open the canal for 50 miles and directly lead the Ilo River into the border river, which is no longer connected with the Yellow River. But this is only a historical stage, and the direct entry of the Luo Yi River into the Yellow River is still the mainstream of history.

Hanjiacang: Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties located in the middle and lower reaches of Luohe River. This is a large-scale national royal granary in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. As a royal granary, it accommodates the rented rice paid by counties east of Kyoto. Including jiacang, it is 612m wide from east to west and 7 10/0m long from north to south, with a total area of 430,000 square meters. 197 1 year, the relevant departments of the state began archaeological excavation of Hanjiacang site, and now 287 underground grain cellars have been found in Cangcheng, which are arranged in a dense and orderly manner. According to historical records, in the eighth year of Tang Tianbao (AD 749), Han Jia stored a total of 5.8 million stones of grain, which was a famous large-scale official warehouse in China. Hanjia Cangcheng has a management organization and a garrison guarding Cangcheng. 1972 When it was excavated again, it was found that there were about 500,000 Jin of carbonized millet in a warehouse, and the particles were clear and debatable.

According to the inscription brick unearthed from the site, when the grain enters the cellar, the time, quantity, variety, source, place of entering the cellar and the name of the grain awarding official should be engraved on the inscription brick and put into the cellar. However, most of the inscriptions on Ming bricks were in the period of Tang Gaozong, Wu Zetian and Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty, and they had the titles of regulating Lu, adding color, longevity and kaiyuan. The stored grain varieties include brown rice, millet and adzuki bean. Its sources are Yuezhou, Suzhou, Xuzhou, Chuzhou, Runzhou (Zhenjiang), Chuzhou, Suizhou (Xingtai), Jizhou (Jixian, Hebei), Dezhou, Zhou Pu (Puxian, Shandong) and Weizhou (Daming, Hebei). Such a geographical scope and super-large scale can be called one of the largest granaries in ancient China. Grain is transported through the Grand Canal. No wonder the Grand Canal has the nickname "Grain River".

Falling warehouse: also known as star falling warehouse. Luohe is located at the edge of Luoyang basin and enters the Yellow River estuary, hence its name. It was built in the second year of Sui Daye (AD 606). It is the largest granary built in the Sui Dynasty and a famous granary in the whole country during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. More than 20 miles around Cangcheng, 3,000 big pits were dug, and 8,000 stones of grain were stored in each pit. The location of Xingluocang is very scientific: firstly, Xingluocang is located in the axis of the water transport artery and the core area of Beijing, Shaoxing and Xi 'an, which is convenient for gathering and radiating everywhere; Second, it is located at the intersection of the Luohe River and the Yellow River, close to the capital Luoyang, and the grain can quickly meet the transportation needs of Luoyang through the Luohe River; Third, it is located at the crossroads of Heishiguan Shi Jing and has close military ties with Luoyang, which can ensure food security and there will be no problems without major riots; Fourth, it is built on the top of Beimang, with dry soil and deep soil layer, which is most suitable for building pits to store grain.

At the end of Sui Dynasty, Zhai Rang and Shi Biao led 7000 soldiers of Wagang Peasant Army to conquer Xingluocang. Then he ordered the warehouse to be opened, and the grain was distributed to the masses, and the ranks of the Wagang Army quickly grew to several hundred thousand people. In addition, Luokou City, with a circumference of 40 miles, was built near Xingluocang, serving as the base of the rebel army.

Li Mi: Located in the northwest of Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, on the north bank of the lower reaches of Luohe River. At the end of Sui Dynasty, Shi Mi's Wagang Army marched straight into Jinyong City in the northwest of Luoyang, an ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, after capturing Luokou Warehouse. In order to strengthen the defense, a lot of construction has been carried out in Jinyong City, so the local people still call it "Shimi City". After Shi Biao entered Jin Yong City, he often gave banquets on this high platform to discuss the world situation and tell military strategies, making it a strategic stronghold for remote control of Heluo, attacking Luoyang and defending the estuary, so it was later called "wine table". When Emperor Taizong of Li Shimin was not a prince, Jin Yong, a night scout, was captured by Shi Biao and held in the prison in Longhutan, Yanshi today.

Nangong, the ancient city of Luoyang in Han and Wei Dynasties: Located near Longhu Beach in Jinshan City on the north bank of Luohe River, it existed before the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhou cheng; Qin is here, Lu is carefully managed and magnificent; Liu Bang used it when he passed Luoyang in the Western Han Dynasty. It was officially used as a palace in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is the core of the five dynasties cities of Eastern Zhou, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin and Northern Wei.

The confluence of the Yiluo River: that is, the confluence of the Yiluo River and the Luohe River in the lower reaches of the Luohe River, commonly known as the "confluence of the two rivers". Now it is located in Yangcun, Yanshi. The scenery here is very beautiful, and Zhong Ling is very beautiful. It is surrounded by mountains and waters, giving you a panoramic view. Luo Yi confluence, Yangcun late crossing, Jiahe fishing songs, spring scenery in the south of the city and farming in Sizhuang are all among the eight scenic spots in Yanshi. This can be seen from the fact that the eight scenic spots rank fifth.

Jiulong Temple: Located on the north bank of Luo Yi River in Shiduan, yanshi city, it is a sacrificial temple built to commemorate Huang Shoucai, the king of water control and the "living river god". The inscription "Two Curbs in Ding Wei", that is, the water conservancy king Huang Shoucai is here, will definitely curb the flooding of the Luo Yi River. When boatmen leave the river, they all hold sailing ceremonies here to burn incense and pray for peace. Near the mouth of the Ilo River into the Yellow River, there is also the Wong Tai Wong Temple, which is similar in scale and nature to the Kowloon Temple. It is also a key cultural relics protection unit in Henan Province.

Kang Million Manor: Located on the west bank of Luohe (also known as Luo Yi River or Qinghe River) near the south bank of the Yellow River, it has become the richest man in China due to the benefits of the canal, and is now a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Xiaoyi Fort: Heishiguan fortress in Luohe, a military center in Luoyang throat.

Heluo Interchange: Located at the intersection of today's Gongyi River and Yellow River. It is the eastern end of the Luoyang section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and the western section of the Tongji Canal, and it is the place and the "Jingkou" where Yang Di goes south of the Yangtze River.