Geography elective 3 knowledge points

Geography compulsory three review outlines and consolidation exercises.

The basic meaning of 1. 1 region

1, the concept of region: the spatial unit of the earth's surface is divided by people according to certain indicators and methods on the basis of geographical differences.

2. The basic characteristics of the region: it has certain boundary, similarity and continuity within the region, difference and correlation between regions, and integrity.

3. Spatial structure of the region: the relative positional relationship and spatial distribution form of various elements in the region. Agriculture is usually flat, traffic routes are linear and reticulate, cities and industries are dotted, and urban agglomerations and industrial areas are islands.

The main factor affecting the regional spatial structure is the level of social and economic development.

4. Regional industrial structure: in traditional agricultural areas and areas with low development level, the primary industry accounts for a relatively large proportion; In industrial areas or areas where industrialization is accelerating, the secondary industry accounts for a large proportion. In areas with high development level, the proportion of tertiary industry is relatively large, and the proportion of output value of tertiary industry presents a pattern of "321".

1.2 regional development stage

1. Indicators for measuring regional development level: commonly used are per capita GDP, per capita national income, and the proportion of output value of three industries. Other indicators such as human development index (life expectancy, education level and GDP).

2. Characteristics of each stage of regional development.

Regional development stage, with traditional agriculture as the main body, industrialization stage and efficient comprehensive development stage.

Low level of economic development, low per capita GDP, high level of industrialization and urbanization, and high per capita GDP.

Traditional agriculture accounts for a large proportion of industrial structure. The proportion of the secondary industry, which is dominated by resource-based industries and labor-intensive industries, has risen rapidly. The tertiary industry accelerated its development. The tertiary industry has surpassed the secondary industry, with capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries as the main industries.

The degree of opening to the outside world is low, and the scale of foreign trade is small, showing the characteristics of self-sufficiency.

Modern traffic lines are few and sparse, traffic construction is obviously accelerated, and modern traffic and information networks are gradually improved.

The level of urbanization is low, and there is a lack of large-scale central cities. The development speed of central cities is higher than the regional average, and the differences within regions are small.

Development state, low-level equilibrium state, unbalanced growth, high-level equilibrium state

1.3 regional development differences

1, the difference between eastern, central and western China.

(1) Division of three economic zones:

East: 12 coastal provinces (Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Qiong, Guangxi) (note: excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan); 9 central provinces (Heilongjiang, Kyrgyzstan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan); 10 western provinces (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing, Tibet)

(2) the development differences between the eastern and central and western regions:

East China: The social economy is relatively developed, the level of industrialization, urbanization, science and technology education is relatively high, and the development speed is faster than that of the central and western regions. Opening to the outside world is early, with a high degree, the secondary and tertiary industries are relatively developed, and the industrial structure is mainly mixed with light and heavy.

Central and western regions: with a vast territory and rich resources, the overall development level obviously lags behind the western region. Agricultural economy occupies a large proportion in the national economy. The western part of the industrial structure is dominated by traditional heavy industry, while the central part presents certain transitional characteristics.

③ Time-space differences of reform and opening up (see textbook figure P 19).

2. North-South differences (the eastern monsoon region is bounded by the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River, and divided into north and south)

north and south

Regional characteristics span warm temperate zone, middle temperate zone and cold temperate zone, with plain plateau as the main area. The mountainous and hilly areas are rich in forest, coal, oil, iron ore and other resources, rich in heat and water resources, and rich in non-ferrous metal minerals, biological resources and hydraulic resources.

The limiting factors are the shortage of water resources, serious drought and flood disasters caused by soil erosion in the Loess Plateau, environmental pollution and broken mountain and hilly terrain.

Development direction: adjust the industrial structure, open wider to the outside world, promote the upgrading of eco-environmental industries, promote industrialization and urbanization, and control pollution.

3. Western Development

Scope: 10+2+3 (western region, Inner Mongolia, Guangxi 10 provinces). Xiangxi, Hunan, Enshi, Hubei, and Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture of Jilin have also implemented development and opening up in accordance with the relevant policies for the development of the western region.

Conditions: Mineral resources, oil and gas, hydropower and land resources have outstanding advantages and great development potential. However, the infrastructure in the west is backward, and talents, technology and funds are scarce.

Measures: do a good job in infrastructure and ecological construction; Accelerate the development of superior resources and develop characteristic industries; Develop science and technology education and open wider to the outside world.

Significance: transform the resource advantage of the west into economic advantage, narrow the development gap between the east and the west, and promote the coordinated development of regional economy; Realize the common prosperity of the people of all ethnic groups in China, strengthen national unity, and safeguard social stability and border security; Expand domestic market demand; Implement the strategy of sustainable development.

1.4 regional economic ties

1. Two major development trends of the world economy today: regional economic integration and economic globalization. (EU, ASEAN, APEC, etc. )

2. Cross-regional allocation of resources

Significance: It is conducive to the rational allocation of resources, narrowing the regional economic gap and realizing the sustainable development of social economy.

(2) South-to-North Water Transfer Project: Plan three water transfer lines in the east, middle and west, connecting the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River, forming an overall layout of "four horizontals and three verticals", and realizing the north-south allocation of water resources in China and mutual assistance between the east and the west.

Eastern, Central and Western Lines

Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han River near Yangzhou in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Tongtian River, Yalong River and Dadu River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

The water transfer line carries water northward along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to Shandong Peninsula and Tianjin to dig tunnels, and the Yangtze River water is transferred to the upper reaches of the Yellow River.

Water regulation is bigger, smaller and bigger.

The water quality is the worst.

③ West-to-East Gas Transmission: The main project is to lay a gas pipeline from Lunnan, Tarim Basin, Xinjiang to Shanghai to transport natural gas from Tarim Basin and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region to the Yangtze River Delta region. It also includes transporting natural gas from Sichuan Basin to Hubei and Hunan. The construction of this project is conducive to promoting the development of the western region and stimulating the economic development of the western region; Alleviate the energy shortage in the eastern region, improve the energy structure and effectively control environmental pollution.

④ Power transmission from west to east: develop power resources (hydropower, coal-fired power) in Qinghai, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other western provinces and regions, and transport them to Guangdong, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Beijing, Tianjin and other power-deficient areas. It is divided into three lines: north, middle and south. Significance: Ensure the energy supply in the eastern region, accelerate the development of resources in the western region, and stimulate related industries.

⑤ Impact of cross-regional resource allocation on the environment. Taking the South-to-North Water Transfer Project as an example, there will be some ecological and environmental problems in the transfer-in and transfer-out areas and along the line.

3. Industrial transfer

Reasons: ① Cost reduction: Regional differences in raw material prices, wages and land prices, and public utility fees lead to the transfer of industries to low-cost areas. ② Develop the market ③ Reduce the internal transaction cost.

Impact: Promote economic development in underdeveloped areas and narrow regional differences. At the same time, it will also bring about problems such as aggravated environmental pollution.

2. 1 ecological problems

1, soil erosion problem

Typical areas of China: Loess Plateau and southern hilly areas.

Cause: (1) Natural cause: monsoon climate with concentrated precipitation and heavy rain; The surface vegetation is scarce; Loess Plateau with loose soil).

(2) Man-made reasons: the destruction of vegetation; Irrational farming system; Mining.

Control measures: compress agricultural land and expand forest and grass planting area; Afforestation; Comprehensive management of small watersheds.

The significance of governance: it is conducive to adjusting the industrial structure according to local conditions, making agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry develop in an all-round way, increasing farmers' income, promoting local economic development, improving farmers' living conditions and improving their quality of life; Conducive to improving the local ecological environment and establishing a benign ecosystem; The establishment of ecological agriculture model is conducive to promoting the sustainable development of ecology and economy.

Desertification: Land degradation caused by climate change and human activities. According to the driving forces, it can be divided into wind erosion desertification, water erosion desertification, freeze-thaw desertification and soil salinization.

(1) Causes of Desertification in Northwest China

Natural causes: dry climate, frequent gale, sparse vegetation and strong wind erosion.

Man-made reasons: rapid population growth and excessive environmental and ecological pressure; Unreasonable production activities: over-cultivation and logging, over-grazing, over-cutting firewood, unreasonable use of water resources, etc. , which has intensified the trend of desertification.

(2) Harm: land degradation, agricultural and animal husbandry production reduction or even no harvest; Ecological deterioration, biodiversity reduction; Destroy infrastructure construction; Intensify the frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as sandstorms.

(3) Prevention and control measures: ① Shelterbelt (Three North Shelterbelt) construction; (2) Returning farmland to forest and grassland; (3) Protection and restoration of natural vegetation (measures such as closing sand and forbidding grazing, firewood logging and ecological migration). ); ④ Rational use of water; ⑤ Control population growth.

2.2 Development and protection of wetland resources

1. Wetland: Land whose water level is often close to the surface or covered by shallow water belongs to the land-water transition zone. Types: rivers, lakes, swamps, beaches, shallow seas with water depth less than 6 meters at low tide, mangroves, coral reefs, reservoirs, rice fields, etc.

2. Functions of wetlands: conserving water resources, providing water resources, regulating floods, regulating climate, beautifying the environment, purifying water pollution, protecting biodiversity, shipping and sightseeing, and providing agricultural and sideline products, minerals and energy. It is known as "kidney of the earth", "Cradle of Life" and "Paradise for Birds".

3. Problems and countermeasures in wetland utilization.

Highlight problem management measures

Due to excessive reclamation and siltation, wetlands are reduced and their functions are degraded, returning farmland to lakes and marshes, and restoring and rebuilding wetlands; Afforestation, soil and water conservation.

The problem of water pollution is outstanding, and water pollution prevention and control

Overhunting and overexploitation lead to a sharp decline in wetland biodiversity, protect wild animals and plants, and prohibit overfishing and hunting; Establish a wetland nature reserve. Establish laws and regulations to protect wetlands and enhance the awareness of wetland protection.

2.3 Integrated management and development of river basins

1. Geographical environment of Tennessee River Basin: Tennessee River originates from the western slope of Appalachian Mountains and is a secondary tributary of Mississippi River. The middle and upper reaches of the basin are mountainous hills, and the lower reaches are alluvial plains. This river has a large drop and is rich in hydraulic resources. It belongs to subtropical monsoon humid climate with abundant precipitation, with more precipitation in winter and spring. The main flood season of the river is 65438+February to April of the following year.

2. Development and management measures of Tennessee River Basin: Take the comprehensive development of water resources as the core, carry out cascade development of rivers in the whole basin, and give play to comprehensive benefits such as flood control, shipping, power generation and irrigation; Take the electric power industry as the leader and establish a complete industrial system with high energy consumption industries as the backbone; Develop agriculture according to local conditions and vigorously develop forestry; Attach importance to the protection and construction of ecological environment and develop tourism.

3. Governance experience: ① set up special development institutions in the whole basin, improve laws and regulations and improve management level; (2) Choose development priorities according to local conditions and form distinctive development models; (3) continuously increase development efforts; ④ Improve the openness of the river basin.

2.4 Sustainable development of regional agriculture

Geographical conditions in Northeast China

① Climatic conditions: Climate is the most difficult natural condition in regional agricultural production.

(2) Terrain and soil conditions: providing conditions for agricultural diversification;

Black soil and chernozem are widely distributed, with deep soil layers and high organic matter content, which is beneficial to agricultural production.

③ Socio-economic conditions: Industry: an important industrial base in China, promoting agriculture and animal husbandry.

Transportation: The transportation is developed, the external contact is convenient, and the export-oriented agriculture is developed.

The development time is late and the population density is low, which is conducive to the development of green agriculture and large agriculture.

Three mountains and three plains: Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain, Xiaoxing 'anling, Daxinganling and Changbai Mountain in Liaohe Plain.

Agricultural layout characteristics

Farming and agricultural areas: mainly distributed in three plain areas.

Forestry and specialty areas: mainly distributed in Daxinganling and Changbai Mountain areas.

Changbai Mountain is the main producing area of precious medicinal materials such as pilose antler and ginseng in China, and apples and pears are produced in Yanbian. Liaodong and peninsula hilly areas are the largest tussah cocoon producing areas in China. Southern Liaoning is an important apple producing area.

Animal husbandry area: mainly distributed in the western plateau, the western Songnen Plain and some forest grasslands, it is an important production base for sheep, cattle and horses.

Sanhe area of Hulunbeier City: Sanhe Niu and Sanhe Ma; Western Songnen Plain: Northeast Red Bull

Production characteristics of northeast commodity grain base

① Large-scale mechanized production ② Regional specialized production

Agricultural development direction

Plain area: develop high-quality special varieties to meet processing needs and improve product quality and competitiveness;

Accelerate the development of agricultural products processing industry, promote grain transformation and extend the industrial chain;

Building a green food base.

Western grassland area: vigorously develop ecological agriculture and house-feeding animal husbandry.

Mountain agriculture: realizing the transformation from raw material production to raw material and product processing.

2.5 Rational development of mineral resources

1. The main geographical conditions for the rise of Ruhr area are: ① rich coal resources; ② Convenient land and water transportation; ③ Adequate water resources; ④ Broad market, etc.

2. Reasons for the decline of Ruhr area: ① the decline of coal energy status; (2) the influence of the new technological revolution; ③ serious environmental pollution; ④ The industrial structure is single.

3. The main measures to implement sustainable development in Ruhr district are: ① adjusting industrial structure and developing emerging industries and tertiary industries; ② Centralized transformation of existing enterprises; ③ control environmental pollution; ④ Strengthening infrastructure construction; ⑤ Develop science and technology and higher education.

2.6 regional industrialization and urbanization process

Industrialization and Urbanization in the Pearl River Delta

1. Location factors of Pearl River Delta development: ① superior geographical location: the southern coast, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, close to Southeast Asia; ② Convenient land and water transportation; ③ Opening-up policy; (4) There are many overseas Chinese, which facilitates the introduction of capital and technology; ⑤ Low terrain and abundant water resources.

2. The urbanization process in the Pearl River Delta

Causes and characteristics of phased urbanization process

In the early days of reform and opening up, the development of small towns was dominant, industrial enterprises developed rapidly and were widely distributed, urban-rural integration was dominated by labor intensity, and agriculture and non-agricultural industries were mixed.

After the mid-1990s, the radiation from regional central cities (Guangzhou and Shenzhen) promoted the rapid development of high-tech industries. Urban agglomeration system centered on the core city (Guangzhou)

3. The role of industrialization in promoting urbanization: industrialization has accelerated the concentration of non-agricultural industries in cities; Industrialization has accelerated the concentration of population to cities; Industrialization has accelerated the transformation of people's concepts and lifestyles.

4. Problems and countermeasures of industrialization and urbanization in the Pearl River Delta.

Problems: ① The level of industrial structure is low, mainly labor-intensive industries, the proportion of high-tech industries and service industries is not high, and the scientific and technological strength and talent team are at a disadvantage; ② Urban construction is relatively backward; (3) Overdense towns and industries, occupying a lot of cultivated land, and the ecological and environmental problems are becoming more and more serious.

Countermeasures: ① Promote industrial integration and upgrading and strengthen regional division of labor; ② Perfecting the urban system and optimizing the spatial structure of urban and rural areas; ③ Promoting the development of regional infrastructure network; ④ Strengthening ecological construction and improving urban and rural environment; ⑤ Strengthen regional economic ties and cooperation and develop the Pan-Pearl River Delta Economic Zone.

Promoting the process of industrialization and urbanization in Jiangsu

exist problem

1 Urbanization lags behind industrialization.

Industrial development has produced environmental problems.

3. Problems caused by decentralized development of township industries.

The scale of the city is relatively shrinking.

5 the advantages of the city are not prominent, and the characteristics are not obvious, which is not conducive to radiation and driving the surrounding development.

6. Lack of megacities.

Thoughts on Urbanization Construction

1 Accelerate the realization of "urban modernization, rural urbanization and urban-rural integration".

2. Break the administrative divisions under the dilapidated system.

Moderately develop megacities, accelerate the development of big cities, actively and rationally develop small and medium-sized cities, and focus on cultivating central towns.

Main measures to promote industrialization and urbanization

1 adjustment of administrative divisions.

2. Develop urban agglomerations and build three "urban circles".

3 Industrial development promotes the construction of small towns.

The interests of farmers entering cities are protected by systems and policies.

3. 1 Geographic Information System and Its Application

1, Geographic Information System (GIS): used for collection, storage, management, analysis and description. It consists of hardware, GIS software, geographic data, GIS personnel and application model. Workflow: geographic data input and storage (digital process) → geographic data operation and analysis → geographic information output. (Geographic data is divided into attribute data and graphic data. Data storage adopts "layered" technology, and different layers store different map elements. )

2. Geographic Information System and Urban Management (omitted)

3.2 Remote Sensing (RS): A detection technology, which uses instruments sensitive to electromagnetic waves to sense surface objects from a distance. Remote sensing technology system consists of remote sensing platform, sensor, information transmitting and receiving device, digital or image processing equipment, etc. According to different vehicles, it can be divided into space remote sensing, aerial remote sensing and near-earth remote sensing. Workflow: object radiates and reflects electromagnetic waves (spectral characteristics) → sensor acquisition → emission and reception → information processing and analysis → application results. Advantages of modern remote sensing: wide field of vision, wide monitoring range, instantaneous imaging, real-time transmission, rapid processing, rapid information acquisition and dynamic monitoring. Uses: used for resource investigation, environmental monitoring, disaster early warning, military reconnaissance and other ground features change analysis, etc.

Advantages of the concept of type

Space remote sensing uses remote sensing instruments such as satellites, space shuttles, spaceships and space stations to cover a large area and is not restricted by airspace.

Repeated irregular observations can be made.

Aerial remote sensing uses remote sensing instruments carried by aircraft. Strong operability and high resolution.

Remote sensing less than tens of meters above the ground has high resolution and small range.

3.3 Global Positioning System (GPS): A system for all-round real-time three-dimensional navigation and positioning on a global scale. It consists of GPS satellite constellation, ground monitoring system and user system (receiving equipment). There are three main types of GPS signal receivers: navigation receiver, geodesic receiver and timing receiver. Features: All-round (land, ocean, aviation, aerospace), global, all-weather, continuous and real-time. Application fields: military, transportation, post and telecommunications, geology and mineral resources, architecture, agriculture, meteorology, land management, finance, public security, crustal movement monitoring, engineering management, tourism exploration, etc.

3.3 Digital Earth: Digital Earth refers to a digital earth, that is, a technical system managed by a computer network after the whole earth information is digitized. Digital Earth is the virtual contrast of the Earth.