“One Village, One” Agricultural Economic Management Graduation Thesis

Existing research shows that on the one hand, there are differences between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait in terms of natural resources and ecological environment, scientific and technological level, capital strength, labor resources and market conditions; on the other hand, there are language connections and geographical proximity. and other natural advantages, so the differences and complementarity of agricultural resources are very obvious, and agricultural development and agricultural product trade have certain complementary advantages and cooperation potential [1-2]. As the "Common Recommendations of the Cross-Strait Economic and Trade Forum" points out: "Cross-Strait agriculture is highly complementary. The two sides should combine the agricultural advantages of both sides to strengthen their R&D, technical management and marketing capabilities to achieve mutual benefit and win-win, and expand cross-Strait agriculture." A platform for technical exchange and cooperation”①. This article intends to briefly analyze and compare the proposal and development of agricultural circular economy on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, and draw out the similarities and differences in the development of circular agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, as well as the possibility and necessity of cross-strait cooperative development, in order to promote the coordinated development of agricultural circular economy on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.

1. The Proposition and Development of China’s Agricultural Circular Economy

Man and nature are an eternal contradiction. As human beings' ability to transform and dominate nature continues to increase, especially the traditional extensive economic growth model and predatory resource development, it has directly led to the increasing tension between man and nature. Faced with the tremendous pressure of population growth, resource shortages, environmental damage and ecological imbalance, through profound reflection on past development theories and practices, the sustainable development strategy has gradually become a common choice and trend around the world. It is worth noting that in the late 1990s, the new economic development paradigm - circular economy [3-4] - was first proposed and put into practice by countries such as Germany, Japan, and the United States. Through recent developments and evolution, it is now regarded as It is an important carrier and the best model for implementing the sustainable development strategy, and it is also the fundamental means to protect the environment and reduce pollution. Some developed countries have regarded the development of circular economy and the establishment of circular society as an important way to achieve coordinated development of environment and economy.

In mainland China, "circular economy" is gradually rising from an unfamiliar term and concept to an important principle and strategy guiding national and regional social and economic development and environmental protection, both in connotation and denotation. There have been great developments. At present, mainland China has carried out pilot projects in Liaoning, Guiyang, Guigang, Guangxi, Nanhai, Guangdong, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, Shihezi, Xinjiang, Changsha, Hunan and other regions. But overall, even in the industrial system, the circular economy has just started, and it is even more difficult in agriculture, which is a weak link. But this does not mean that it is difficult for circular economy to make progress in agriculture. On the contrary, agriculture also needs to vigorously develop circular economy. What's more, compared with the general circular economy, due to the uniqueness of agriculture itself and its industrial structure, agricultural development of a circular economy also has many innate advantages!

Inspired by the ideas and methods of circular economy, and based on many years of fruitful exploration of China’s ecological agriculture and other sustainable agricultural theories and practices, people further realized that only by guiding and stimulating them from the perspective of circular economy, Only by coordinating the relationship between various systems and levels of modern agriculture, as well as agricultural production and resource allocation, can we finally fully realize a virtuous cycle between ecological quality, biological production and economic income. Therefore, people tried to reconstruct agricultural production and ecosystems by simulating and following the laws of material circulation and energy flow in natural ecosystems, and then gradually developed a new agricultural development model - circular agriculture, so that the agricultural system can More harmoniously integrated into the material cycle and energy cycle process of the natural ecosystem [5].

Generally speaking, among the documents officially published in my country, the earliest mention of agricultural circular economy was Wu Tianma’s (2002) article "Circular Economy and Sustainable Agricultural Development" [5] , the term "circular agriculture" or "circular agriculture" first appeared in the article "Circular Agriculture - The Development Model of China's Future Agriculture" written by Chen Demin and Wang Wenwen (2002) [6]. However, in 2003, there was still very little academic research in this area across the country; it was not until 2004 that some literature discussed this; in the past year of 2005, the development and theoretical research on agricultural circular economy in various places was booming. good momentum.

2. The development status and trend of circular agriculture in mainland China

(1) About the development model

Although the circular economy has only been proposed in my country in recent years However, our country has actually already had the practice of circular economy, such as ecological agriculture, ecological industry, etc., and many cases have been summarized (Xie Zhenhua②, 2003). From a practical point of view, the rich and colorful agricultural circular economy practices in some places have been ahead of theoretical research, and avant-garde village models such as Henan Tianguan Enterprise Group, Guangxi Guitang, Beijing Crab Island Green Ecological Resort, Shanghai Chongming, and Liaoning Province’s “four-in-one” solar greenhouse ecological agriculture demonstration zone and other advanced models. Among them, the "four-in-one" solar greenhouse energy ecological project pioneered by farmers in Liaoning Province, with biotechnology as the main body and biogas as the link, is essentially a circular economy based on agriculture and the embodiment of a new line of agricultural modernization.

In addition, Fujian Shengnong Group Co., Ltd. has also developed a "resources" industry chain in recent years by focusing on the main broiler industry chain, the bioengineering side industry chain and the organic fertilizer side industry chain "one main and two auxiliary" industrial chains ③ - products - renewable resources"; Suqian City, Jiangsu Province has gradually developed seven models suitable for local development based on the development advantages and influencing factors of circular agriculture: "ecological home" recycling model, Edible fungus biological chain cycle model, organic agriculture development model, facility agricultural ecological model, three-dimensional planting cycle model, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery integrated cycle model and flower seedling ecological agriculture model (Gao Liangmin et al., 2004).

At the same time, Liu Hui'e et al. (2005) proposed the use of a series of agricultural high and new technologies such as energy saving, environmental protection, green and clean production to build a "low consumption-no pollution-high efficiency" with ecological agriculture as the core. According to the actual conditions of Shaanxi and Qingdao, Shandong, Liu Zhi (2005) and Wang Luming et al. (2005) summarized several typical models of local agricultural circular economy development and their Technical support system; Heilongjiang and other ethnic areas have also developed some typical models (Chen Qing, 2005; Li Yuming, 2005; Yuan Jiuhe, 2005). Li Shumin et al. (2005) discussed the main technical routes to achieve three-stage recycling of crop straw and two-stage utilization of livestock and poultry manure with animal husbandry as the core; Wang Huaijian (2005) discussed several agricultural ecological projects suitable for the development of agricultural circular economy. model; Wang Kuiqi et al. (2005) proposed three basic alternative models for the implementation of circular economy in my country's aquatic industry: "social circulation", "inter-enterprise circulation", "intra-enterprise circulation", etc.

However, the above-mentioned various models do not represent all of my country’s circular agriculture. When researching and designing specific development models, various regions should also proceed from local realities. Either one model or multiple models can be adopted. Modes used together. And no matter what model is implemented, it must strictly follow the objective laws of ecology, rationally utilize natural resources and environmental capacity, and integrate the economy harmoniously into the material cycle of natural ecology. Due to space limitations and practical conditions, we cannot conduct a systematic analysis and classification of the booming circular agriculture in various places. However, Huang Xianjin et al. (2004) have comprehensively summarized the general models that can be used to develop circular agriculture: regional recycling model, energy Comprehensive utilization model, ecological breeding model, comprehensive utilization model of agricultural waste, and green and organic agriculture model; and it is believed that each of the above types of models also contains some specific practice forms, such as: ecological breeding model, including based on the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry livestock and poultry breeding model, rice field ecological breeding model, efficient intensive breeding and healthy breeding model, etc. [7].

(2) Regarding the direction of development

Regarding how to develop circular agriculture in our country, Wu Tianma earlier proposed two models (paths) of sustainable agricultural development oriented towards circular economy. : The first is a progressive circular economy development model based on ecological agriculture construction, and the second is a leapfrog circular economy development model based on organic agriculture construction; and believes that the former has wider adaptability and practical significance and should be vigorously promoted. The latter provides a more direct way to fundamentally coordinate the relationship between humans and nature and promote sustainable human development [5]. Chen Demin and others also believe that in order to achieve the unification of agricultural economic benefits and environmental benefits and the optimization of social benefits, agricultural cleaner production must be implemented and my country's circular agriculture must be developed based on my country's ecological agriculture [6].

In October 2005, at the "High-level Seminar on Circular Economy Development Strategy" held by the Economic Daily, Yang Chaofei, Director of the Policy and Regulations Department of the State Environmental Protection Administration, pointed out that various types of pollution in my country's agricultural products are too serious and exports are becoming more and more serious. In view of the increasingly difficult reality, ecological agriculture is believed to be the direction of future agricultural development, and ecological agriculture under the circular economy should be the ultimate direction of agricultural development④. In this regard, Ji Kunsen (2005) also wrote an article stating: It is generally believed that the application of circular economy in agriculture is ecological agriculture; in fact, the application of circular economy in agriculture has a broader field, and its essence is that the principles of circular economy are used in the development of ecological agriculture. The application in agriculture can be called circular economy ecological agriculture.

(3) About development strategies

Compared with leading countries such as Germany, there is a big gap in my country's theoretical research and practice of circular economy. Generally speaking, the "Chinese circular agriculture" proposed by reflecting on the environmental consequences of traditional agriculture and inspired by the idea of ??circular economy does not even have a clear and unified definition. Research in this area is basically still in the initial stage of understanding or conceptual development. In particular, quantitative research and systematic analysis that reveal the most essential content of agricultural circular economy, such as material circulation and value proliferation, are rare. There are still many Many theoretical, technical, policy, legal and regulatory issues await academic research and resolution.

Specifically, firstly, there is an urgent need for a more systematic and in-depth theoretical analysis and scientific explanation of circular agriculture to truly understand and grasp the rich scientific connotation and development direction of agricultural circular economy; secondly, in view of The rich and colorful practices in various places have to some extent been ahead of theoretical research. For the more representative circular agricultural development models in various places, such as: three-dimensional agriculture, recycling of agricultural production materials (large-scale pig farming, etc.), The optimal allocation model of land, technology, capital and labor (leisure and sightseeing agriculture), the industrial chain connection model of the primary, secondary and tertiary agricultural industries (new agricultural industrialization), and the development and utilization of bioenergy (new model of circular agriculture development) fields), etc., conduct more systematic and in-depth analysis and research (mainly conduct material metabolism analysis and economic benefit accounting, etc., focusing on the three aspects of recycling process, benefit evaluation and ecological nature in the case), and strive to both summarize experience ( Echoing theoretical research), it is also very urgent and beneficial to work hard to discover shortcomings and put forward suggestions or measures for improvement; third, before a unified and standard evaluation index system for circular agriculture has been introduced across the country, there is no need to evaluate circular agriculture. Conducting all-round exploration and multi-perspective scientific research to gradually establish an agricultural circular economy evaluation index system and development plan suitable for local characteristics is also a realistic topic that needs to be vigorously studied by the academic community; fourth, people should also consider the endowments of local resources and environment, as well as Starting from the current reality of the development of circular agriculture, we selectively analyze and compare the general experiences and lessons of the development of circular agriculture in relevant countries or domestic advanced areas (including Taiwan), and analyze the circular agriculture from the macro, meso and micro levels. Conduct research on development strategies and institutional (policy) innovations to provide solid theoretical basis and practical guidance for the construction of agricultural circular economy.

3. Discussion on the coordinated development of circular agriculture across the Taiwan Straits

(1) Current status and trends of circular agriculture development in Taiwan

Although there are few such projects in Taiwan There are terms such as “circular agriculture”, but Taiwan Province has made great progress in the development, R&D and development strategies of sustainable agriculture and accumulated a lot of useful experience. On the other hand, we have also noticed that Taiwan is one of the more economically and socially developed regions in the world. Especially in recent decades, Taiwan's rapid economic growth has resulted in serious industrial and agricultural pollution, and people's health and living environment are increasingly threatened. On the one hand, people's requirements for the quality of life are constantly improving, especially food safety. Green (organic) fruit and vegetable products are widely favored by consumers; on the other hand, human activities have caused harm to the environment and long-term consequences. The adverse consequences are gradually worsening and spreading, which are having a negative impact on the living environment and social development. Therefore, facing the advent of the era of circular economy, people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait should re-explore from a higher level what humans should produce, how to produce, how to consume, and how to live...

For example: the pig industry has always been It is the most important livestock industry in Taiwan, and its output value has ranked first among Taiwan's single agricultural products for many years. However, how to reduce the wastewater pollution generated by the pig industry is one of the primary factors that directly affects and determines the development of this industry. According to reports, the daily production of wastewater BOD in Taiwan in 2004 was 4,223 tons, of which 673 tons were livestock wastewater. In order to effectively control pig wastewater pollution, the environmental protection department formulated specific "water discharge standards" in accordance with the "Water Pollution Prevention and Control Act" "In order to meet the above-mentioned control standards, in 1990 they began to provide guidance to operators in setting up wastewater treatment equipment. Currently, pig farms in Taiwan mainly use a "three-stage wastewater treatment system" that includes three stages of solid-liquid separation, anaerobic treatment and aerobic treatment. However, overall, the pig industry still faces the dilemma between industrial development and environmental protection, and its technical efficiency must be further improved (Xiao Jingkai et al., 2006).

Take the issue of processing waste (waste residue) from mushroom production on the island as an example. In 2004, Taiwan's total mushroom production was 4,866 tons, of which 4,714 tons were bag-grown mushrooms, accounting for approximately 97% of the total production. In addition to residues such as sawdust, bagged mushrooms also produce a large amount of plastic waste. Obviously, in the face of such a large amount of waste, the township garbage disposal sites can no longer handle it, and such a large amount of waste cannot be solved by traditional methods of burying and incineration. To this end, some scholars have proposed to carry out "source reduction" and "resource recovery and regeneration" through legislation and private assistance to reduce waste cleanup costs and avoid environmental problems caused by waste cleanup; further, they proposed The “two policy tools” of “taxation” and “subsidy” based on the economic incentive mechanism have been developed, etc. (Wei Gancheng et al., 2006).

Taking tea, which is familiar to Chinese people, as an example, the manufacturing technology of semi-fermented tea in Taiwan is among the best in the world, and its varieties, cultivation technology, garden facilities, etc. are all ahead of the mainland; and Taiwan Province has been in the industry since 1987 The concept of organic agriculture was introduced in 1995. Since the trial planting in 1995, by 1998, 35 households with 22 hectares have invested in organic tea production, and the scale of organic tea production is still growing...

As Chen Qijun, executive secretary of the Taiwan Organic Agriculture Development Association, said: Only by returning to the origin of "living with nature" again to obtain safe food is the way to the sustainable survival of the environment and mankind.

To a certain extent, all this is precisely what the mainland, the motherland with rapid industrialization and urbanization, needs to further face and properly solve. In this sense, the development of circular agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait is in the initial stage of development, and there is an urgent need to further promote the development of circular agriculture and sustainable agriculture, and its development prospects are promising.

(2) Strategic choices for the coordinated development of circular agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait

In order to promote the coordinated development of circular agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, combined with the current development status and trends of circular agriculture, it is recommended that as soon as possible Research and establish institutional arrangements for cross-strait circular agricultural exchanges and cooperation.

First, we must make full use of the existing scientific and technological cooperation policies and personnel exchange channels between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, and actively carry out mutual visits and lectures, mutual recruitment of guest researchers, and exchange training of graduate students for circular agricultural researchers from both sides of the Taiwan Strait. The exchanges will drive the exchanges and cooperative development between industries;

The second is to hold more than one comprehensive seminar on the theoretical and practical development of circular agriculture in the two places every year through consultation and discussion between cross-strait science and technology exchange institutions. The conference will provide a new platform for information exchange and results sharing for theoretical research and practice workers on circular agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. Generally speaking, Fujian Province has certain geographical advantages in this regard. It is recommended that the Fujian-Taiwan Science and Technology Exchange Association take the lead in organizing and mobilizing relevant scientific research and teaching units on both sides of the Taiwan Strait to actively participate in the research and practice of circular agriculture, and take the lead in organizing cross-strait Academic seminar on the theoretical and practical development of circular agriculture;

The third is to conduct in-depth research and explore specific projects and methods for cross-strait circular agriculture exchanges and cooperation. Looking at cross-strait agricultural technology cooperation projects in recent years, there are currently no projects in circular agriculture. Starting from the practical needs of integrating agricultural resources, technology and markets on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, we can consider specific methods and approaches such as the selection of projects, joint research and development, separate investment, and maximum sharing of results. Moreover, we suggest that as a national cross-strait agricultural cooperation pilot zone, the science and technology administrative department of Fujian Province should add a Fujian-Taiwan (cross-strait) circular agricultural cooperation demonstration zone as soon as possible in Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and other traditional agricultural science and technology cooperation demonstration zones with Taiwan; < /p>

Fourth, we must take this cross-strait economic and trade forum as an opportunity to seize the opportunity to build and manage the newly added "Cross-Strait Agricultural Cooperation Experimental Zone" and "Taiwan Farmers Entrepreneurship Park". In particular, we must actively create convenient conditions, welcome Taiwanese farmers and agricultural enterprises to invest and start businesses in the mainland, and actively seek various forms of cooperation and common development with Taiwan's circular agriculture experts and investors.

It is certain that through the above efforts and institutional arrangements, various forms of exchanges and cooperation between experts and practical explorers on both sides of the Taiwan Strait will be effectively promoted. On this basis, we suggest that we start with the proposal and connotation of circular agriculture in mainland China and Taiwan, the development process and effectiveness, the progress and results of research, the model and direction of development, the strategies and goals of development, as well as the problems that exist in the development process. In terms of problems and potential, we should conduct an in-depth analysis and comparison of the development status and prospects of circular agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, and draw conclusions about the similarities and differences in the development of circular agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, as well as the possibility and necessity of cross-strait cooperation; at the same time, further research and discussion should be carried out The goals, models, approaches and supporting measures of cross-Strait circular agriculture cooperation are discussed, and then a framework strategy and goals for the development of cross-Strait circular agriculture cooperation are proposed, in order to promote the coordinated development of circular agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.

4. Conclusion

Circular economy is a specific practical model gradually explored and summarized by the international community in the theoretical and practical research on sustainable development. The agricultural circular economy has also quietly emerged around the world. , and has become one of the focuses of academic attention at home and abroad in recent years. The article first briefly describes the proposal and connotation of China's agricultural circular economy, focuses on the current situation and existing problems of the development of circular agriculture in the mainland, and preliminarily analyzes and compares the similarities and differences in the development of circular agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait and the possibility and necessity of coordinated development between the two sides. sex. From the above analysis and discussion, it can be seen that the two sides of the Taiwan Strait have not only formed their own characteristics in the development, research and development, and management of circular agriculture, but also shown a complementary trend; through cross-Strait exchanges and cooperation, we can fully understand the Taiwan region In the process of industrialization and urbanization, we can further understand the operation trajectory and policy measures of agricultural development and sustainable agriculture in Taiwan, and further understand a series of development models and lessons learned about sustainable agriculture in Taiwan. Through the comparative analysis of the development of circular agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, we can also put forward some suggestions. Some development models and countermeasures that can be learned from each other, as well as the goals, models and supporting measures for the cooperative development of circular agriculture across the Taiwan Strait, can achieve the goal of promoting the optimization and improvement of cross-strait circular agricultural science and technology, information, resources, environment, etc. sharing, promoting the coordinated development of circular agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, and creating new opportunities for both sides of the Taiwan Strait to jointly meet the challenges of economic globalization and regionalization.