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George Washington (1732- 1799), the first president of the United States, was the commander-in-chief of the continental army during the American Revolutionary War. He symbolizes discipline, aristocratic duty, military orthodoxy and persistence in adversity, which are regarded by his contemporaries as signs of mature political leadership.

Washington was born in westmorland, Virginia on February 22, 732. He was Augustine Washington (1694? 743), Virginia planter, Mary Bauer Washington (1708? 9) Although Washington had little or no formal education, his early notebooks showed that he had read geography, military history, agriculture, manners and composition, and showed some talents in measurement and simple mathematics. In his later years, he developed a style of speech and writing, which was not always perfect, but clear and powerful. Tall, strong and fond of action, he is an excellent rider and likes the robust sports and social occasions of Virginia Plantation Owners Association. When he 16 years old, he was invited to a party to measure the land owned by the Fairfax family (he is related to the Fairfax family by marriage) in the west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. His trip made him interested in the development of western land for life. In the summer of 1749, he was appointed as the official surveyor of Culpepper Company. In the next two years, he made many surveys for the landlords on the Virginia border. 1753, he was appointed as an adjutant of a district to which Virginia belongs, with the rank of major.

Early military experience.

Washington played an important role in the struggle before the outbreak of the French-Indian War. He was selected by Robert Dinwiddie, the deputy governor of Virginia, to issue an ultimatum to the French army, asking them to stop invading the Ohio River basin. The young messenger was also ordered to observe the strength of the French army, the location of their fortress and the route they might get reinforcements from Canada. After successfully completing this task, Washington, then a lieutenant colonel, was ordered to lead a militia force to protect the workers who built the fort at the fork of the Ohio River. Knowing that the French had expelled the Workers' Party and renamed this place Fort Duquene, he stationed his troops in a camp called Fort Necessity, waiting for reinforcements. A successful French attack forced him to accept surr ender's article, and he left the remnants of his company.

Washington resigned from his post in 1754, but in May 1755, he began to serve British general edward braddock as a volunteer adjutant, and he was sent to Virginia with a regular British army. A few kilometers from Fort Duquene, Brock's men were ambushed by a group of French soldiers and Indians. Brock was ashamed, and Washington, who showed bravery in the conflict, almost died. In August, he was appointed (colonel rank) to command the Virginia regiment, responsible for the defense of the long border in the western part of the colony. The war between France and Britain was officially declared in May 1756. When the main struggle was transferred to other areas, Washington successfully kept the Virginia border relatively safe.

American Revolution.

In his half-brother Lawrence (17 18? Washington inherited a plantation called Mount Vernon. /kloc-the amazing increase in tobacco prices in the 0/730s? 0s, and he married Martha custis in 1759. Martha is a young widow with a large fortune, which makes him one of the richest people in Virginia. Elected to the House of Commons in 1758, he served conscientiously for 17 years without any special performance. As the sheriff of Fairfax Company, he also gained political and administrative experience.

Like other Virginia planters, Washington was shocked by the repressive measures taken by the British royal family and parliament in the1760s and early days? 0s。 1774 in July, he presided over a meeting in Alexandria, which adopted the Fairfax resolution, calling for the establishment and implementation of a strict boycott of British imports before the first continental conference took similar actions. Coupled with his service in the House of Commons, his public response to unpopular British policies won the election in Washington, D.C., and he attended the first continental congress in September and 10 and the second continental congress in 1774 as a representative of Virginia.

The initial battle of the war.

When the war broke out between Massachusetts and Britain in 1775, Congress appointed Washington as the newly established commander of the Continental Army, hoping to promote the unification between New England and Virginia. In mid-July, he commanded the temporary troops that besieged Boston. When the enemy left the city in March, he transferred the troops to new york. After being defeated by General William Howe there in August, he retreated from Manhattan and established a new defense line in the north of new york. 1 1 month, he crossed the Hudson River and retreated to New Jersey. A month later, he crossed Delaware to reach safety in Pennsylvania.

Although Washington was frustrated by the "easy occupation of new york City and northern New Jersey", he found the place where the British army had overstretched. 1776 1 On the evening of February 25th, he crossed the icy Delaware again, occupied Trenton in the raid the next morning, and defeated the British army in Princeton on 17771March 3rd. These two battles restored the morale of patriots, and by the spring there were 8,000 new recruits in Washington. This indomitable spirit left a deep impression on Howe. He postponed the attack on Washington until the end of August, when he landed an army at the top of chesapeake bay. Washington wanted to fight. In the battle of Brandy Creek in September, he tried to stop Howe from advancing to Philadelphia, but he failed. Follow the British occupation forces. He fought a small battle with them in Germantown, but their numerical superiority forced him to retreat. The following winter, Washington and his soldiers spent in Ji Gu, west of Philadelphia. In these months, when his luck seemed to have reached its lowest point, he defeated his enemies in Congress and the army's plan to dismiss him as commander-in-chief.

On June 1778, after the French side of the United States entered the war, the new British commander Sir henry clinton left Philadelphia and marched to new york by land. Washington attacked him in monmouth, New Jersey, but was copied again. Washington accused General Charles Lee of "disobeying orders in battle", which was the climax of the long-simmering contradiction between the two men.

Victory.

In the next two years, Washington was relatively active, and his troops formed a long semicircle around the British fortress in new york. Connecticut to New Jersey. 1780, about 6,000 French soldiers arrived in Rhode Island under the leadership of Count Rochambo, which strengthened his strength, but the weak American government was on the verge of bankruptcy. Washington knew that he had to defeat the British in 178 1 year, or he would see his army collapse. He hoped to conduct a joint air strike between the United States and France in new york, but in August, he received news that a French fleet was heading for chesapeake bay, preparing to conduct joint land and sea operations against another British army in Virginia, so he reluctantly agreed to March south.

Washington and Rochambeau "In less than five weeks, 7,000 stooges, half of them French, moved from New York to Virginia, which is a masterpiece of execution. Washington sent a message to the Marquis of lafayette, who was in command of American troops in Virginia, in advance to prevent the British commander Lord Cornwally from leaving his operational base in Yorktown. At the end of September, French and American troops joined lafayette. In number, it surpassed Britain by two to one, and 36 French ships went offshore to prevent Yorktown from being rescued by sea. After a short siege, Washington forced Kang Hua Rees to surrender in 10. Although peace and British recognition of American independence did not come until two years later, Yorktown proved to be the last major land battle in the War of Independence.

Washington as a military leader.

Washington's contribution to American victory is enormous, and the analysis of his leadership reveals the essence of military and political conflicts. His choice of place and time to fight the British main force prevented his enemies from using their strongest assets, the professionalism and discipline of their soldiers. At the same time, Washington is still a traditional officer. He rejected General Charles Lee's proposal to disperse the guerrillas in the early days of the war. As a conservative, he is afraid of social chaos and wealth redistribution caused by this conflict; As a hillbilly, he is determined to show the world that American officers can be as civilized and elegant as their European counterparts. The practical result of this caution and even suppression is that when the loyalty to the American government becomes fragile, the Continental Army is still an obvious manifestation of the American government.

Political leadership.

In his last act as commander, Washington sent a circular letter to the states, begging them to form a vibrant national government. In 1783, he returned to Mount Vernon, and in the mid 1780' s, he became an enterprising and effective agronomist T. Shay rebellion, which was an armed rebellion in Massachusetts. Convince many Americans that a stronger government is needed. Washington and other Virginia nationalists promoted the constitutional convention 1787 to promote this goal. Washington, who was elected as a representative by the Virginia Congress, was elected president. In this position, whether formally or behind the scenes, he played almost no role in the definition of the convention; However, his reticence and lack of wisdom probably enhanced his objectivity in the eyes of the delegates, thus contributing to the unconscious giving and receiving, which is the symbol of the framers? Discuss. In addition, Washington may become the first president, which may lighten the task of the design office. He attended the Constituent Assembly and supported the ratification of the Constitution, which was crucial for the success of the Constitution in the state meetings of 1787 and 1788.

First time in power.

Washington was elected president in 1788 and re-elected president in 1792. He presided over the formation and initial operation of the new government. His stiff dignity and proper limit delayed the appearance of intense participation, which would be the characteristics of his three successful governors, john adams, Thomas Jefferson and james madison. He also made several far-reaching decisions. He established a cabinet, although the constitution did not envisage such an institution. He stayed away from Congress socially, thus avoiding the development of the court and the opposition. By appointing alexander hamilton as Treasury Secretary and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, he brought two of the most capable and principled people in the revolutionary generation to important positions. Washington supports Hamilton's financial policy innovation, subsidizes national debt, establishes Bank of America, and undertakes state debt and consumption tax, especially whiskey. The federal government will maintain its power by levying controversial taxes and import taxes to pay interest on new national debt. Similarly, he allowed Jefferson to pursue the policy of seeking trade and cooperation with all European countries. Washington didn't see Hamilton and Jeff. The "Eisen" policy is ultimately inclusive. Hamilton's "national debt expansion plan" has brought attractive returns to investors who rely on national debt. High-level trade with Britain generates enough import tariff revenue to pay off debts. Therefore, Hamilton felt that he had to interfere in foreign policy and even leaked secret dispatches to the British.

The second management.

1793 The war between the French Revolution and the allied forces led by Britain, Prussia and Australia endangered the foreign policy of the United States and weakened the foreign policy design of Jefferson's opponents. When French adventurer Edmund Gen Kan arrived in Charleston in April 1793, he began to recruit American privateers and promised to help land speculators who wanted France to help drive Spain out of the Gulf Coast, Ashington insisted that the United States condemned Genkan on the Jefferson Reserve and remained neutral in the Anglo-French war. Washington's anti-French tendency, coupled with the aggressive attitude of the new French regime towards the United States, led to the victory of Hamilton's pro-British foreign policy, which was constructed by Jay Treaty 1795 and solved the outstanding differences between the United States and Britain.

Many Americans think that the treaty contains many British ideas, but it has caused a heated debate. Senators evaluated this, but opponents in the House of Representatives tried to block funding for the establishment of an arbitration mechanism. In a rare political farce, Washington questioned the legitimacy of the House of Representatives' tampering with the treaty. This time, his aggressiveness made him lose his precious reputation as a party leader, but it was also the decisive factor to get 5 1? The House of Representatives voted to implement the treaty. Washington realized his important role in shaping the presidency, and of course he was hurt by the fierce attack on Jay Treaty advocates. He carefully prepared a farewell speech to mark the end of his presidency and called on the United States to avoid tangled alliances and partisan hatred.

After leaving office in 1797, Washington retired to Mount Vernon and died on 141February 1799.

Evaluation.

Washington Square in the eyes of Americans is a fashionable chapter in the intellectual life of this country. Crete proved the value of citizen soldiers, enlightened gentlemen, peasants and realistic nationalism in stabilizing the culture and politics of this young Republic. Shortly after the death of the President, Mei Sen Locke weems, an Anglican priest, wrote a book "Fantasy Life in Washington" for children, emphasizing greatness, honesty, piety, diligence, patriotism and wisdom. This book has gone through many versions, and there is a story that Washington gave up lying in order to escape the punishment of cutting down his father's "cherry tree" when he was a child. Washington road. Ng, along with the national flag, the Constitution and the 4th of July, became a symbol of American identity. In the1920s, the era of revealing American biographies included the American writer Rupert Hughes (1872? 956), which helps to distort Americans? Understand their national origins. The worship of the hero and the criticism of him all ignore one point, that is, his leadership and personal principles just meet the needs of his generation. Later historians carefully studied the thought of the founding father and the nature of the war in the revolution, and they came to the conclusion that Washington's "special contribution to this new country, if anything, was somewhat underestimated by early academics."