Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Travel guide - What are the calculation methods of ecological environment capacity?
What are the calculation methods of ecological environment capacity?
(1) empirical measurement method. The empirical calculation method of eco-tourism environmental capacity is to obtain its empirical value or empirical formula through a large number of field investigations and studies. This measurement method is suitable for ecotourism space, natural resources, ecotourism atmosphere and tourists' ecotourism environmental capacity. Commonly used methods are:
① Self-experience method. That is to say, as an eco-tourist, the investigator experiences the minimum space needed, feels different tourism densities, and perceives the influence of the number of tourists and the intensity of activities on the eco-tourism environment.
② Survey and statistical methods. In different eco-tourism areas, communities, road sections, etc. Investigate different eco-tourists, understand their cognition, feelings and needs on various aspects of eco-tourism environmental capacity, and make statistical processing.
③ Aerial photography questionnaire. Take aerial photography to understand the number and distribution of eco-tourists, and at the same time take the form of questionnaire to investigate the views of eco-tourists, and get the empirical value or related conclusions of eco-tourism environmental capacity through analysis and comparison.
(2) Theoretical speculation. Theoretical speculation is often based on investigation or empirical measurement to calculate the eco-tourism environmental capacity, in order to find a more suitable eco-tourism environmental capacity. There are mainly single speculation and comprehensive speculation, among which single speculation is more commonly used.
(1) Single speculation method. It refers to the establishment of a simple linear relationship model to infer a certain capacity factor in the eco-tourism environmental capacity system.
② Calculation of environmental capacity of natural eco-tourism. The determination and calculation of the environmental capacity of natural eco-tourism is based on maintaining the original local natural ecological quality, including two aspects: First, the ecological environment can withstand the direct negative impact brought by eco-tourism (such as tourists trampling on plants, etc.). ), that is, the regenerative ability of the ecological environment itself can quickly eliminate these negative effects; Second, the natural ecological environment can completely absorb and purify the pollutants produced by eco-tourists. For example, the water pollution caused by the gathering of eco-tourists can be purified by the local natural ecosystem in a short time. The basic requirement is that the ecosystem of the tourist destination is maintained in a stable and virtuous cycle. The following is a formula for calculating the eco-tourism environmental capacity of eco-tourism areas:
Where: F is the daily capacity of natural eco-tourism environment, Si is the quantity (quantity/day) of Class I pollutants absorbed by natural eco-environment, and Ti is the natural purification time of various pollutants, generally taking 1 day. The pollutants in non-scenic spots may be slightly longer than 1 day, but the accumulated pollutants should be completely purified within 1 year at the latest, and N is the number of tourist pollutants.
③ Measurement of the environmental capacity of ecotourism space. The determination and calculation of eco-tourism spatial environmental capacity includes the sum of the capacity of tourist routes, scenic spots and scenic spots, plus the number of tourists accepted by inactive areas:
Where: t is the spatial environmental capacity of eco-tourism, Di is the I-th scenic spot capacity, Si is the I-th scenic spot capacity, Ri is the line capacity in the I-th scenic spot, m, n and p are the number of scenic spots, the number of scenic spots and the road coefficient respectively, and c is the capacity of accepting tourists in the inactive area.
④ Calculation of environmental capacity of natural resources. In many eco-tourism destinations, the quantity of some main natural resources is often limited by water supply, such as water environmental capacity W= total water supply T/ per capita water consumption We, which is the water supply capacity of the place. The per capita water consumption includes two parts: the per capita water consumption of lodging tourists and the per capita water consumption of floating tourists.
⑤ Calculation of environmental capacity of social eco-tourism. The relationship between local residents' perception of eco-tourists can be expressed as follows:
R=A? Pa formula: r is the environmental caPacity of social eco-tourism, a is the residential area (or area) in eco-tourism area or community, and pa is the tourist density that local residents are not disgusted with. If the residential area and tourist destination (community) are combined into one, the Pa value will be greater, that is, local residents can accept greater tourism density; If the residential area is basically separated from the tourist area and community, but as its support point, Pa is small; If tourist areas, communities and residential areas are not related, the social eco-tourism environmental capacity R is infinite.
⑥ Determination of tourists' eco-tourism environmental capacity. The eco-tourism environmental capacity of tourists is the psychological perception ability of eco-tourists. According to the principle of environmental psychology, individuals have certain requirements for the surrounding space when engaging in activities. The entry of any outsider will make individuals feel violated, depressed and crowded. , will lead to emotional anxiety and unhappiness. This space is called personal space, and its size is influenced by three factors: the nature of activities and the characteristics of the site; Personal factors, such as age, gender, race, socio-economic status and cultural background; Interpersonal factors such as familiarity and liking between people, composition and status of groups. Personal space value is the basic space standard in planning and management. Tourism psychological capacity refers to the maximum value of tourism activities that a region can accommodate when tourists engage in tourism activities in a certain region without reducing the quality of activities. The eco-tourism environmental capacity Ci of tourists is the carrying capacity of eco-tourism area when eco-tourists meet the maximum degree, which is equal to the reasonable capacity of eco-tourism resources to some extent. The general measurement formula is:
Where: Cp is the daily capacity, Cr is the time capacity, A is the spatial scale of resources, and K is the reasonable capacity per unit space; T is the daily opening time, and T0 is the per capita use time.
(3) Comprehensive speculation method. The environmental capacity of eco-tourism is comprehensively speculated. As a comprehensive speculation, it often follows the law of minimum factor restriction, that is, the size of eco-tourism environmental capacity is often limited by the smallest sub-capacity or factor in eco-tourism environmental capacity, which determines the whole eco-tourism environmental capacity, just like Koninkin's law. The environmental capacity of eco-tourism is expressed by a quantitative formula (e);
E=min(E 1, E2, E3, E4…, E 10), where E 1 is the environmental capacity of natural eco-tourism, E2 is the environmental capacity of eco-tourism space, E3 is the environmental capacity of natural resources, E4 is the political environmental capacity of eco-tourism, and E5 is the environmental capacity of "harmony between man and nature" cultural tourism. E8 is the environmental capacity of regional eco-tourism, E9 is the environmental capacity of social eco-tourism, and E 10 is the environmental capacity of tourists, that is, the minimum value of a certain component limits the environmental capacity of eco-tourism.
As far as the environmental capacity of farmhouse eco-tourism is concerned:
E=min(E 1, E2, E3, E4…, E9), where E 1 is the environmental capacity of natural eco-tourism, E2 is the spatial environmental capacity of eco-tourism, E3 is the environmental capacity of natural resources, E4 is the political environmental capacity of eco-tourism, E5 is the environmental capacity of external eco-economic tourism, E6 is the environmental capacity of internal eco-economic tourism, and E7 is the atmospheric environment of regional eco-tourism.
In practical application, the study of eco-tourism environmental capacity should pay attention to the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. At present, some eco-tourism environmental capacity can be determined and measured by empirical values, such as the above-mentioned individual capacity speculation, while others are difficult to measure quantitatively, such as eco-tourism political environmental capacity, but with the deepening of research, quantitative measurement methods may be gradually found.
It should be emphasized that the analysis of ecotourism capacity is the basic method to determine the tourism development, the maximum utilization of tourists and the best utilization of tourism resources, and cannot replace the impact assessment and continuous observation of the socio-economic and ecological environment of the destination. The determination and measurement of eco-tourism environmental capacity is one of the important scientific bases for the sustainable development of eco-tourism, but its concept system, connotation and measurement still need to be further deepened to make it operable in practical application.
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