Who was the first discoverer of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Mausoleum?

The terracotta warriors and horses in Qin dynasty found various statements of people.

Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, known as eight wonders of the world, were seen after we came back from Yan 'an on October 29th, 2005. I was here ten years ago. The equipment was very simple at that time. Now I have built a building and an exhibition hall. It is worthy of the charm of the eight wonders of the world. According to historians' records, the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses used more than 700,000 people and took 37 years to build. Judging from this figure, this is no small matter. It has been buried underground for more than 2000 years. There is also a short story about its discovery:

According to our tour guide Xiao Lu, there is a farmer named Yang Zhifa in Xiyang Village, Lintong District, Xi, where the Terracotta Warriors and Horses are located. 1974 is still a production team. During the drought, he and several team members were responsible for drilling wells to fight drought. In the process of drilling wells, they found several mud heads underground. They don't know what they are used for. They took them back to the village out of curiosity, and the villagers saw them. Some say they dig ghosts, others say they dig the temple of the city god, and superstitious villagers burn incense and worship for the city god. After doing this for a while, Yang Zhifa was afraid. In order to avoid people's criticism, he ran to the mountain and hid.

Later, the story of digging out the mud head reached the ear of a reporter. The reporter rode a bicycle to the village for field observation and took away two clay figurines. In fact, he didn't know what it was, so he found an acquaintance in the county cultural center and studied it according to his knowledge. Cultural centers began to pay attention to this discovery and reported it to Beijing step by step. Beijing World Expo Park attached great importance to this discovery, specially sent people to the scene, and finally brought several cars of clay figurines to Beijing. After many textual researches, it was confirmed as a terracotta warrior, which caused a sensation in the world. One year, when the Queen of England visited China, she arranged to visit the Terracotta Warriors in Xi 'an. The queen offered to meet the discoverer of the Terracotta Warriors. The relevant departments found Yang Zhifa and met the Queen. The queen asked him to sign it as a souvenir. At that time, Yang Zhifa didn't understand any big characters, so he put a handprint on the paper. Later, local leaders found a famous calligraphy tutor, Yang Zhifa, to sign and appointed Yang Zhifa as honorary curator of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Exhibition Hall. Since then, Yang Zhifa has changed his destiny. He practiced writing autographs for tourists and worked hard for the exhibition hall. Now people are praising Yang Zhifa's professionalism.

I can't forget this story for a long time, but I am dubious about some plots. "Can't farmers in New China even write their own names?" "Is the superstition in the rural areas of New China enough to force a person who accidentally finds pottery figurines to become the dutiful son of the deceased?" "Where did the forces that forced him come from?" I'm confused. Later, after consulting the relevant information, it happened for a reason. This matter also involves the lawsuits of Guangzhou Daily, Selected Works and Readers:

On June 4th, 2002, at 65438, Guangzhou Daily published a short article entitled "Three Circles" signed by Zhao Mu. This paper takes the character Ah Q in Lu Xun's novels as a foil and contrast, and reports by name that Yang Zhi's attack is untrue. In this paper, Yang Zhifa is described as an illiterate. 1998, when then US President Clinton visited the Terracotta Warriors in Xi 'an, he asked to see the discoverer of the Terracotta Warriors. Under the persuasion of the staff, "Yang Zhifa drew three small circles in his notebook." In order to demonstrate "fate" and "comedy", this article even fabricated a false story, saying that "the highest authority instructed Yang Zhifa, the most famous local calligraphy instructor, to practice calligraphy for several months-specializing in signature" and "Yang Zhifa was appointed honorary curator of the Terracotta Warriors Museum with a monthly salary of 8,000 yuan. It is said that if Yang Zhifa, who is over 70 years old this year, has 10 days a month to sit in the museum and sign autographs for Chinese and foreign tourists, he will also.

In March, 2002, the third issue of Interpretation of Life reprinted The Man with Three Circles, and at the same time, it was specially accompanied by a cartoon with a title, in which a little man opened his arms and stuck his arms between the teeth of a giant. At the end of the article, he commented on the title: "Sometimes a person's fate is really beyond his control, and it is often decided by someone's mouth." … ..

In June, 2002, Reader's 12 "Society" column also reprinted "People in Three Circles" with illustrations, and painted Yang Zhifa as ragged as Ah Q, kneeling and kowtowing, eagerly looking at the coins being turned over, with chopping cards and hoes beside him, hanging a whistle.

Yang Zhifa's ugly and derogatory remarks to the three media. I think I was born in March 1938, with a primary school education. 1958 joined the army, 1964 retired and went back to his hometown to farm. He served as the company commander of the militia and the production captain for many times. 1966 joined the China * * * production party. 1974, villagers dug up the buried Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses while drilling wells for the production team. June 1995 was invited by Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum Tourism Service Company to sign autographs for tourists. 1In June, 998, when they met with visiting American President Bill Clinton, they gave him an autograph. It is a fact to sign tourists' names, but he has never served as honorary curator of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum, and there is no saying that his monthly salary is 8,000 and his allowance is 5,000. Third, the publication, reprinting and headlines of "people with three circles" in the media have caused great adverse effects on their lives. So as to sue the three media in court.

After the Lintong District People's Court accepted the case, it quickly formed a collegiate bench and held a public hearing in accordance with the law.

During the trial, Guangzhou Daily, the first defendant, reached a settlement agreement with Yang Zhi, the plaintiff, and Guangzhou Daily published an apology statement in the Daily Leisure page of the newspaper to eliminate the influence and restore the plaintiff's reputation. And compensated the plaintiff for RMB 4,000, which was allowed by the court.

The defendant "Selected Works" magazine replied that "Three Circles of People" did not infringe on the plaintiff, and the articles were all selected from news media reports, and the articles did not derogate from and vilify the plaintiff. The article highlights the simple and honest image of the plaintiff as a farmer, and any reader who reads this article will pay tribute to the plaintiff without any sense of irony and ugliness. It is considered that the plaintiff's demand for mental compensation is unfounded in law, which is to speculate on reality in the name of litigation. Asked to dismiss the plaintiff's claim, but did not appear in court.

The defendant "Reader" magazine did not reply and did not appear in court to participate in the lawsuit.

On June 8, 2002, the Lintong District People's Court made a first-instance judgment. The court held that newspapers and periodicals have the obligation to verify the facts of works published under the real names of real people, and the things reflected should be true. The author of "People in Three Circles" fabricated fictional facts and other plots, and when he selected essays and reprinted them by readers, he added illustrations that obviously belittled and vilified the plaintiff, which caused certain damage to the plaintiff's reputation and should bear legal responsibility. According to Article 120 of the General Principles of Civil Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Civil Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), it was ordered to publish Essay and Reader in their respective journals, so as to rehabilitate the reputation of the plaintiff Yang Zhifa and eliminate the influence, and compensate the plaintiff for his reputation loss of 20,000 yuan each and bear the litigation costs.

After the verdict was pronounced, neither the original defendant nor the defendant filed an appeal, and the verdict has taken legal effect. "

After reading the court's judgment, I have a clearer understanding of the discoverer of the Terracotta Warriors. But are there any other discoverers? On June 5438+ 10/0, 2003, Shaanxi Daily published an article entitled "Four Discoveries of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Lintong", which explained some of the people who found Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses at that time and talked about four people:

Yang Zhifa

Yang Zhifa, a farmer in Lintong, is recognized as one of the parties. According to Yang Zhifa, these terracotta warriors and horses were discovered when he and villagers Wang Puzhi and Yang dug wells. That day, as usual, he carried an old hoe from home and went to the ground. When the well was dug to a depth of more than 2 meters, a red soil layer was found. This red soil layer is hard, but it is different from the raw soil layer. There are many black things in it that look like flint ash. When he put his head into the west wall of the shaft, a big clod fell and a round pottery was exposed in the pit. He continued to dig and dug up a life-size "black tile man", then dug down and dug up the head of this "black tile man". The first terracotta warriors and horses were thus rediscovered. At that time, the three of them carried the Terracotta Warriors to the well. At first, no one knew what this cultural relic was, but it looked like a temple statue. Later, they and several people in the village used trolleys to transport seven or eight unearthed statues to Lintong Cultural Center. Two discoverers, Wang Puzhi and Yang, have passed away.

Yang

According to 75-year-old Yang, these terracotta warriors were discovered by him and Yang Zhifa. Of the eight people, four "discoverers" have passed away, and now there are only four people left: He, Yang Zhifa, Yang Xinman and Yang. The old man recalled that he was the captain of the village at that time and there were three groups below. Chairman Mao called for the construction of water conservancy, and the commune instructed to drill wells to fight drought. He and Yang Wenxue, the vice captain, took a pole and a rope and drew the well position first. This well is called "Dakeng Well" with a diameter of 4 meters. It was very cold in March that year. When everyone was tired, they "rested and warmed up" underground. He drilled this well. After drilling almost 3 meters deep, red soil was found. When Tao Jing reached 4m, it found a layer of "lead brick" and dug up seven or eight incomplete terracotta warriors and horses. Most terracotta warriors and horses have one arm in the east and one leg in the west, with their bodies above and their heads below. Everyone takes turns to go to work, so it is a "collective discovery." He made a report to the commune leaders and arranged for Yang Zhi to be sent to Lintong Cultural Center. When he sent it, he covered the cultural relics on the car with paper.

Yang xinman

Yang Xinman said that the county museum only admitted that it and Yang, Yang Zhifa and Yang were "the discoverers of Qin figurines". 1May, 995, Zhao Weihe, Yang Zhifa and Yang, the directors of the county cultural center, reissued the certificate of "discoverer". Yang died the year after he discovered it.

a surname

Zhao, 68, was a curator and research librarian of Lintong County Museum. According to Zhao, there were six farmers digging wells at that time, namely Yang, Yang Zhifa, Yang and Yang Xinman. On March 25th 1974, the well was dug, and on March 27th, it encountered hard stew soil and rammed soil. On the 29th, after Yang Zhifa dug out the terracotta warriors and horses on the western wall of the shaft wall, he dug up seven or eight individual terracotta warriors and horses one after another. They don't know that this is an important cultural relic, let alone the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty. As a result, the terracotta warriors and horses that were transported to the well were thrown on the ground and nobody cared. Some of them are squatting, their heads are put on trees, and some kind men and women burn paper in front of incense. The excavated "bronze arrow" (that is, the arrow of the machine) is also sold as scrap iron to the waste collection station. It was not until the 28th day when the Terracotta Warriors were dug up, that is, on April 25th, 1974, that Fu Yongren, secretary of the commune, made a report, and Li, who arranged the documents, called the county museum to report, and the fate of the Terracotta Warriors turned for the better. At that time, I was the full-time curator of the county museum. After receiving Li's call, I immediately rushed to the scene with Ding Yaozu, deputy curator and staff member, and informed me to stop working immediately and carry out excavation. In the process of excavation, more villagers participated in it. According to the pair of lead bricks unearthed from Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, as well as the "Waren" costumes and "bronze arrows", I inferred and named them "Qin warrior pottery figurines" at that time, belonging to the burial pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. After the official excavation, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses were discovered and won the unified title of "Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang". Because of his discovery and naming, he was approved by the State Council as an expert with outstanding contributions, enjoyed the special allowance of the State Council, and was also rated as an advanced worker in the national cultural and artistic front. Zhao said that according to the definition of "discovery" in Ci Hai, "existing things or laws are unknown without exploration and research", which is called discovery. Judging from this, I am a well-deserved discoverer of the terracotta warriors. "

In order to have a clearer understanding of this "archaeological" reality, I also read an article written by Zhao, a reporter from Sanqin Metropolis Daily, "Yang Zhifa, the discoverer of Qin figurines, came to our hotline yesterday to recall an unforgettable scene":

Yesterday morning, Yang Zhifa, a 68-year-old discoverer of Terracotta Warriors and Horses, accompanied by Zhang Jianjun, general manager of the Friendship Store of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of the First Qin Dynasty, visited the news hotline room of this newspaper and exchanged topics such as "Discovering Terracotta Warriors and Horses" and "Protecting Cultural Relics" with readers by telephone.

In response to the reader's inquiry, Yang Zhifa told the story of the discovery of Qin figurines in those years:1On March 29th, 974, he and villagers Wang Puzhi, Yang and others, as usual, carried old shovels and continued to dig wells underground. At that time, the well had been dug to a depth of more than two meters, and a red soil layer appeared, which contained many things that looked like ashes. This well is called square pit well, with a diameter of 4 meters. Everyone takes turns digging and moving earth. When it was his turn to go down to the bottom of the well, a shovel head dug into the western wall and dug into a hard object. When the clod fell to the ground, a black thing appeared on the shaft wall, and then it was dug out, and a "black tile man" as high and low as a real person was dug up. In this way, the first batch of terracotta warriors and horses that have been sleeping for more than 2000 years have come to light again. The eighth wonder of the world shocked the world under his old shovel.

After the discovery of the Terracotta Warriors, it caused a sensation in China and shocked the world. 19791kloc-0/,after the official opening of the Terracotta Warriors Museum, Chinese and foreign tourists poured in and foreign heads of state poured in. Many tourists asked to meet the discoverer, take a group photo, ask the discoverer to sign as a souvenir, and listen to the story of the miracle told by the discoverer. As a result, 58-year-old Yang Zhifa was hired by Zhang Jianjun, general manager of the Friendship Store of the Terracotta Warriors Museum, to sign books. From then on, Yang Zhifa bid farewell to agricultural production and received a monthly salary like a city dweller. "

This is the general process of the discovery of Qin terracotta warriors and horses. I believe Yang Zhifa's introduction. But there are some specific details and the role played by specific people at that time, which I can't verify. As a tourist, I just want to know about the topics discussed after dinner. In our life, we often encounter some simple things, but they are very complicated.